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For more than 50 years, organotin compounds have been used in almost all sectors of industry. As a consequence, specific parts of theenvironmentare affected by the emission of these xenobiotics. The emissions oforganotin compounds into the environmentfrom paints usedin the shipbuilding industry for ship hull coating and from plant protection productsare particularly significant.In 2001, the IMO introduced a global ban on the use of organotins in antifouling systems. However, despite the introduction of laws restricting the production and application of organotin compounds, these contaminantsstill pose a threat to the environment.Organotin compoundshave a very negative effect onlive organisms, therefore monitoring different parts of the environment for their presence is extremely important. Sampling and determination of organotin levels is a complex process that requires several analytical activities such asthecollection, transport, and storage of samples, extractionof analytes from biological samples, derivatization, purification,and the final determination. Most techniques used for analyzing organotin compounds are based on gas chromatography, although recently somemodifiedliquid chromatographymethodsand capillary electrophoresishave also been applied.In this study the literature information on the following topics is presented: toxicity, environmental fate, and analytical methods used fordeterminingorganotin compounds in environmental samples. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Developed and validated analytical methods for the determination of a wide spectrum of pesticide residues in honey and honeybee samples after the modification of QuEChERS extraction in combination with gas chromatography–tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography–tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were discussed and compared. The developed methods were evaluated regarding the utilized equipment and reagents using Eco-Scale and compared in terms of extraction time, accuracy, precision, sensitivity and versatility, with similar procedures. The results proved that the QuEChERS protocol in combination with LC and GC techniques fulfills the requirements of green analytical chemistry, so it can be used as a tool in environmental monitoring. The recovery was 85–116% for honey and 85.5–103.5% for honeybee samples. The developed methods were successfully applied in monitoring real samples collected from three districts of Pomerania in Poland. Analysis of real samples revealed the presence of the following pesticides: bifenthrin, fenpyroximate, methidathione, spinosad, thiamethoxam, triazophos, metconazole and cypermethrin at levels higher than the MRLs established by the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The investigation of terpenes and terpenoids emissions from tobacco products was performed. • Tobacco products from Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Mexico, Cuba, and India were analyzed. • Applied solventless analytical procedure allows to screening assessment of the quality of tobacco products. • The assessed values of nicotine emissions were from 0.079 to 10.3 µg·g−1 (at 60 °C) and from 14.1 to 276 µg·g−1 (at 120 °C) • The total volatile organic compounds emissions were from 0.58 to 28 µg·g−1 (at 60 °C) and from 26 to 430 µg·g−1 (at 120 °C). The aim of the research was to verify the use of the solvent-free, non-destructive and easy to operate analytical method to study and compare the emissions of 16 representatives of terpenes and terpenoids from commercially available cigars, cigarillos and bidis − a potential screening analysis for the quality of combustible tobacco products. To assess the amount of organic compounds emitted to the gaseous phase from investigated tobacco samples, the stationary emission chambers system (at the sample conditioning stage) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (at the final analyte determination stage) were used. Studied samples represented five origins: the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Mexico, Cuba, and India and two manufacture approaches: machine-made and handmade. The assessed values of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) was from 0.58 to 28 µg·g−1 (at 60 °C) and from 26 to 430 µg·g−1 (at 120 °C). For Dominican products, Camphene and α-Cedrene were characterized by the highest emission level (233 ± 34 ng·g−1 and (3.7 ± 1.4) × 102 ng·g−1, respectively). In a case of Mexican and Cuban products it was noticed that the emission level of determined terpenes and terpenoids is higher in the case of hand-rolled tobacco products than mechanically manufactured ones. In a case of Nicaraguan hand-rolled products, Camphene, L-(−)-Fenchone, and α-Cedrene were characterized by the highest emission rate at 120 °C (213 ± 81 ng·g−1, 191 ± 45 ng·g−1 and 213 ± 84 ng·g−1, respectively). The highest emission level for Indian products in 120 °C was observed for α-Cedrene and Geranyl Acetate – respectively 181.6 ± 4.4 ng·g−1 and 101 ± 13 ng·g−1. The results of this study may indicate that sometimes cheaper products such as cigarillo have an emission profile that classifies them between expensive products such as "large cigars." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]