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A habitat is the natural environment in which plant, animal or other organism lives. Characteristics and quality of habitat are important in the sustainable management of game animals in the hunting grounds, and maintaining the ecological balance of the natural habitats and wild fauna and flora. The Dinaric Mountain chain stretches in NW-SE direction in length of 650 km. It consists of more than 200 mountains shared among seven countries, among which are Croatia and Montenegro. The main parts of the mountains are formed of Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks, mostly limestone and dolomite. Due to dissolution of these rocks a typical karst landscape with numerous surface and underground features appear. Three hunting grounds were chosen for analyses and comparison of habitat structure and suitability for management of main game animal species. From Croatia: VIII/2 “Bjelolasica”, located in the Gorski kotar region and XVII/6 “Maglaj-Cista” in the middle Dalmatia ; and hunting ground “Dragišnica” from Montenegro, located in northern part of the country, bordering to the National Park “Durmitor”. Altitudinal range is 350-1, 534 m in “Bjelolasica”, 397-928 m in “Maglaj-Cista”, and 651-1, 998 m in “Dragišnica”. In “Bjelolasica” forest habitats prevail with 80% of total surface area, the most widespread are Dinaric beech and fir forests, subalpine beech forest and Mugho pine forest which forms the upper boundary of forest vegetation. Mountain grasslands and pastures make 15.5 %. The least presence is of the agricultural land and freshwater habitats. In “Maglaj-Cista” dominate (78%) sub-Mediterranean coppiced woodland and scrubs consisting of pubescent oak and oriental hornbeam, or hop hornbeam, and scrubs of Jerusalem thorn. Dry xerophilous rocky grasslands make 15%, while agricultural land make 6%. In “Dragišnica” forest habitats make 31%, composed of beech and fir forests, subalpine beech forest and bushy Mugho pine, which is similar to “Bjelolasica”. Among studied hunting grounds, the highest presence of grasslands (meadows and pastures) is in “Dragišnica” with share of 30%. Diversity of habitats is most suitable for the roe deer and wild boar in all three studied hunting grounds. Good habitat conditions for red deer and particularly brown bear are present in “Bjelolasica” ; for the European hare and Rock Partridge in “Maglaj-Cista”, and for the chamois, brown bear and European hare in the hunting ground “Dragišnica”.

Composition, distribution and suitability of habitats for managing game species was analyzed and compared for two selected hunting grounds in the Sava River basin floodplain in Croatia. The first is III/28 “Posavina Forests” (surface of 14.071 ha), and the second is XII/107 “Garčin” (7.496 ha). Anthropogenic impact on landscape and biodiversity is stronger in “Garčin” since 65% of habitats belong into class of cultivated land. In “Posavina Forests” the percentage of these habitats is 23%. Comparison of forests habitats showed higher value (57%) in “Posavina Forests” while in “Garčin” it is 28%. Forest habitats comprise mainly deciduous mixed forests of pedunculate oak and common hornbeam ; pedunculate oak, black alder and field ash forests. Patchy distribution of open, large agricultural surfaces with grasslands, thickets, forests and channels in “Garčin” hunting ground enables management of roe deer, the European hare and pheasant as the main hunting game. More forested „Posavina Forests“ hunting ground, with lack of open habitats, has good conditions for management of red deer, roe deer and wild boar. Negative impact of flooding is more frequent in the “Posavina Forests”. During some extreme events about 80% of the hunting ground can be flooded, which cause mortality and migration of game. Thus, the appropriate mitigation measures in game management needs to be planned.

In the Republic of Croatia both sylvatic and domestic infection cycles of Trichinella spreading are known. Domestic trichinellosis, caused by Trichinella spiralis, is a primary infection of domestic swine, and rats are the main carriers. The percentage of prevalence during the 1980-ies was under 0.10% and increased to 0.79% in the 1990-ies. That was the reason for the increased number of human infections. Eradication of domestic trichinellosis has been prescribed by following the regulations and systematic monitoring. Sylvatic trichinellosis exists latently, with T. spiralis and T. britovi as the main etiological factors. So far it is being proved in wild boar, bears and badgers and also in red foxes and wolves, wild animals, which enables the maintenance and dissemination of the infection in the wild on Croatian territory. The meat of wild boar, bear and badger consumed by people is a potential health risk. Studies indicate the constant presence of sylvatic Trichinella infection in the aforementioned wild animal species. They are a key factor in the circulation of sylvatic trichinellosis in natural ecosystems. No detailed data are available on sylvatic trichinellosis in Croatia. The prevalence of Trichinella spp. has only been studied in selected animal species and the intensity of infection or species composition were not determined. In order to identify areas with presence of the sylvatic trichinellosis, there is a great need to establish monitoring of hunted and dead carnivoric and omnivoric wild animals. This would make it possible to eradicate it, and to stop the transmission between wild and domestic animals.

In the Republic of Croatia both sylvatic and rural infection cycles of spreading the Trichinella are known. Rural trichinellosis, caused by Trichinella spiralis, is primary infection of domestic swine, and rats are the main carriers. During the 1990-ies its frequency was very high, which resulted in the increased number of people reported to be infected. Eradication of rural trichinelosis has been prescribed following the regulations and systematic monitoring. Sylvatic trichinellosis exists latently, with T. spiralis and T. britovi as the main etiological factors. Up today it is being proved in wild boar, bear and badger. The meat of these animals is also consumed by the people, which is potential risk for the health. Sylvatic Trichinella infection has been confirmed in red fox and wolf, wild animals which enables retainability and dissemination of the infection in nature. The researches are indicating constant presence of sylvatic Trichinella infection in aforementioned wild animal species. They are key factor in retaining and transmission of the sylvatic trichinellosis in the natural ecosystems in Croatia. Sylvatic trichinellosis has not been surveyed in details so far, only in the selected animal species, and mainly the frequency of Trichinella sp. has been determined. Issues like the invasion intensity or genetical typification was neglected. In order to identify areas with presence of the sylvatic trichinellosis, there is strong need for establishing monitoring of shooted and dead carnivoric and omnivoric wild animals. Thus it would be possible to eradicate it, and to stop the transmission between wild and domestic animals.

Analiza lovnog gospodarenja u desetogodišnjem razdoblju (2007.-2017.) napravljena je na području 35 zajedničkih županijskih i vlastitih državnih lovišta ustanovljenih na području Koprivničko-križevačke županije. Glavne vrste krupne divljači su jelen obični, divlja svinja, srna obična, a od sitne divljači zec obični, fazan i divlja patka. Gospodarenje navedenim lovištima i divljači usklađeno je s uvjetima zaštite prirode, koji čine sastavni dio svake lovnogospodarske osnove i osiguravaju da su svi gospodarski parametri i zahvati u lovištu planirani prema uvjetima zaštite prirode. To se prije svega odnosi na gospodarenje matičnim fondovima prirodne gustoće, spolne i dobne strukture, s prirodnim prirastom, otpadom uz optimalnu prihranu i prehranu te moguće unošenje umjetno uzgojene divljači iz uzgajališta. Sumirajući navedene podatke matični fondovi su u granicama dozvoljenog. U analiziranom periodu evidentiran je rast broja odstrijeljenih grla divljači ali i trofejne vrijednosti. Ukupno je ocijenjeno 1368 trofeja srne obične od čega je 180 u medalji. Kod divlje svinje ocijenjeno je 866 trofeja, a 102 su u medalji, dok je kod jelena običnog ukupno ocijenjeno 423 trofeja od kojega je 205 u medalji., The analysis of hunting management in the ten-year period (2007.-2017.) was made in the area of 35 joint county and state-owned hunting grounds established in the area of Koprivnica-Križevci County. The main species of game are: from large game -red deer, wild boar, roe deer, and from small game - rabbit, pheasants and wild ducks. The management of these hunting grounds and game is harmonized with the conditions of nature protection, which form an integral part of every hunting management basis and ensure that all economic parameters and interventions in the hunting ground are planned according to the conditions of nature protection. And this refers to the management of parent funds of natural density, natural sex and age structure, with natural growth, waste with optimal nutrition and nutrition, and the possible introduction of artificially bred game from the farm. Summarizing the above data, the parent funds are within the permitted limits. In the analysed period, an increase in the number of game heads shot, as well as the trophy value, was recorded. A total of 1.368 roe deer trophies were evaluated, of which 180 were medals. In wild boar, 866 trophies were evaluated, and 102 were in medals, while in red deer, a total of 423 trophies were evaluated, of which 205 were in medals.

Tema ovog završnog rada je uređenje lovišta. Pod uređenje lovišta podrazumijevaju se sve one radnje u lovištu koje služe direktno ili indirektno uzgoju i zaštiti divljači. Lovište je točno određena cjelina koja prati lovnogospodarsku osnovu kao i zakone o lovstvu. Teme koje ćemo u daljnjem tekstu objasniti su sljedeće: lovnogospodarska osnova, prihrana i prehrana divljači, divljač u lovištu i štete od divljači, dobrobit divljači, lovnotehničke i lovnogospodarske objekte. Uzgajati divljač u lovištu znači omogućiti joj sve potrebno za njen opstanak i reprodukciju što će jamčiti njezinu brojnost, zdravstvenu kondiciju i kvalitetne trofeje. Kvalitetni trofej pokazuje kvalitetu lovišta i razinu lovnog gospodarenja., The topic of this thesis is the arrangement of hunting grounds. The arrangement of the hunting grounds means all those activities in the hunting grounds that directly or indirectly serve the breeding and protection of game. A hunting ground is a precisely defined entity that follows the hunting management basis as well as hunting laws. The topics that we will explain in the following text are the following: fundamentals of hunting management, feeding and nutrition of game, game in the hunting grounds and damage of game, well-being of game, hunting technical and hunting management facilities. Raising wild game in a hunting ground means providing it with everything necessary for its survival and reproduction, which will guarantee its abundance, health condition and quality trophies. A quality trophy shows the quality of the hunting grounds and the level of hunting management.

Analizira lovnog gospodarenja u desetogodišnjem razdoblju (2010.-2020.) napravljena je na području 35 zajedničkih otvorenih lovišta ustanovljenih na području Zadarske županije. Glavne vrste divljači su: od krupne divljači – svinja divlja, srna obična, a od sitne divljači - zec obični, fazani-gnjetlovi, trčka skvržulja, jarebica kamenjarka-grivna. Od ostale vrste divljači koje su bitne u gospodarenju lovištima a nalazimo ih u na području lovišta Zadarske županije, za istaknuti je od krupne vrste divljači - muflon, divokoza, smeđi medvjed, jelen običan i jelen lopatar. Gospodarenje navedenim lovištima i divljači usklađeno je s uvjetima zaštite prirode, koji čine sastavni dio svake lovnogospodarske osnove i osiguravaju da su svi gospodarski parametri i zahvati u lovištu planirani prema uvjetima zaštite prirode. A to se odnosi na gospodarenje matičnim fondovima prirodne gustoće, prirodne spolne i dobne strukture, s prirodnim prirastom, otpadom uz optimalnu prihranu i prehranu te moguće unošenje umjetno uzgojene divljači iz uzgajališta. Sumirajući navedene podatke odstrjela i prikazanih trofeja divljači možemo biti zadovoljni s prikazanim stanjem u lovnom gospodarenju analiziranih lovišta, pošto analizirana lovišta spadaju u brdske, gorske i mediteranske tipove lovišta s krupnim predatorima u kojima moramo računati na gubitke u populaciji kod krupne i sitne divljači, The analysis of hunting management in the ten-year period (2010-2020) was made in the area of 35 joint open hunting grounds established in the area of Zadar County. The main species of game are: from large game - wild boar, roe deer, and from small game - rabbit, pheasant-gnjetlovi, ruNarodne novine brojing squirrel, partridge rock-hryvnia. Of the other game species that are important in the management of hunting grounds and we find them in the hunting grounds of Zadar County, it is worth mentioning of the large game species - mouflon, chamois, brown bear, red deer and fallow deer. The management of these hunting grounds and game is harmonized with the conditions of nature protection, which form an integral part of every hunting management basis and ensure that all economic parameters and interventions in the hunting ground are plaNarodne novine brojed according to the conditions of nature protection. And this refers to the management of parent funds of natural density, natural sex and age structure, with natural growth, waste with optimal nutrition and nutrition, and the possible introduction of artificially bred game from the farm. Summarizing the above data of shooting and presented game trophies, we can be satisfied with the presented situation in hunting management of analyzed hunting grounds, since the analyzed hunting grounds belong to mountain, mountain and Mediterranean types of hunting grounds with large predators in which we have to count population losses in large and small game.

Na području Republike Hrvatske nalazi se 1.084 lovišta, čija površina iznosi 5,476.038 hektara. Ukupna duljina cestovna mreže iznosi 26.958,5 kilometara. U 2018. godini bilo je registrirano 2.148.062 motornih vozila. U promatranom razdoblju (2008.-2017.) zabilježeno je 9.787 slučajeva naleta vozila na divljač. Najviše ih je zabilježeno u 2014. (2.333) i 2017. (3.798). godini. Tijekom 2014. najviše naleta zabilježeno je na području Istarske (236), Karlovačke (226) i Primorsko-goranske (202) županije, a tijekom 2017. na području Karlovačke (358), Istarske županije (353) i Osječko-baranjske (302) županije. U 84 % naleta vozila su naletjela na srnu običnu i u 10 % na divlju svinju. Najveći rizik od nesreća je u travnju i studenom., On the territory of the Republic of Croatia there are 1,084 hunting grounds, with a surface of 5,476,038 hectares. Road network extends over the length of 26,958.5 kilometers. In 2018 there were 2,148.062 registered motor vehicles. During the surveyed 10-year period (2008-2017), total 9.787 cases of game-vehicle collisions had been recorded. The majority was recorded in Istarska (236), Karlovačka (226) and Primorsko-goranska (202) Counties. During the 2017, the majority was recorded in Karlovačka (358), Istarska (353) and Osječko-baranjska (302) Counties. In 84 % of vehicle collisions tarrgeted game animal was Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus), and in 10% it was Wild Boar (Sus scrofa). The highest risk of game-vehicle collision is in April and November.

Još od prapočetaka ljudske zajednice pas je bio čovjekov vjeran pratilac i pomagač u lovu. FCI ( Federation Cynologique Internationale) kao stručna organizacija koja pse dijeli u 10 skupina, istarskog goniča je svrstao u VI skupinu. Prvi standard istarskog kratkodlakog goniča od FCI-a objavljen je 02. travnja 1955. godine, a standard za istarskog oštrodlakog goniča objavljen je 06. travnja 1955. godine. Na zahtjev Hrvatskog kinološkog saveza FCI je na Glavnoj skupštini održanoj 30. svibnja 1999. godine istarskog kratkodlakog i istarskog oštrodlakog goniča priznala kao hrvatske pasmine pasa. Velika zasluga za priznavanje istarskog goniča kao hrvatske autohtone pasmine pasa zasigurno se može pripisati i bosansko đakovačkom biskupu Petru Bakiću koji je u svojim rukopisima iz 1719. godine detaljno opisao istarskog kratkodlakog goniča. Istarski kratkodlaki gonič je pas plemenitog izgleda, srednje veličine, elegantnog i vitkog tijela. Dlaka kod ovog psa je fina, snježno bijele boje s karakterističnim narančastim mrljama po glavi i ostatku tijela. Ovi psi imaju veoma živahni temperament, te ne pokazuju znakove agresivnosti i plašljivosti. Isti su omiljeni među lovačkom populacijom jer lako stječu „lovačku naobrazbu“. Prilikom glasanja karakterizira ih jaki glas s naglašenom dubinom. Razlika između istarskog kratkodlakog i oštrodlakog goniča je u tome što oštrodlaki gonič ima karakterističnu oštru dlaku zbog koje ovaj varijetet djeluje robusnije te je pogodniji za lov u planinskim hladnijim područjima, Since the early days of the human community, the dog was a man of faithful companion and helper in hunting. FCI (Federation Cynologique Internationale) as a professional organization that divides dogs into 10 groups, the Istrian hound is classified into VI group. The first standard of the Istrian short-haired FCI was published on April 2, 1955, and the standard for the Istrian scoundrel was published on April 6, 1955. However, on the persistent insistence of the Croatian Cynological Association, the FCI acknowledged as a Croatian dog breed at the General Assembly held on May 30, 1999 of the Istrian short-haired and Istrian scoundrel. The great merit of recognizing the Istrian hound as a Croatian autochthonous dog breed can certainly be attributed to the Bosnian bishop Peter Bakić, who in his manuscripts from 1719 described in detail the Istrian short-haired hound. The Istrian shorthair hound is a dog of noble appearance, medium size, elegant and slim body. The hair in this dog is fine, snowy white with characteristic orange spots on the head and the rest of the body. These dogs have a very lively temperament, and do not show signs of aggression and frivolousness. They are the same among hunters because they are easily trained in hunting training. Voting is characterized by a strong voice with pronounced depth. The difference between the Istrian shorthaired and sharp-eared hound is that the hoofed hound has a distinct sharp hair that makes this variant more robust and is more suitable for hunting in mountainous cold areas.

Na podruĉju Karlovaĉke županije ustanovljeno je 76 lovišta, od ĉega 22 vlastitih lovišta (državna – vlasništvo RH) i 54 zajedniĉkih lovišta (na zemljištima raznih vlasnika). Isto tako, županija broji 75 lovišta otvorenog tipa i 1 uzgajalište divljaĉi (uzgajalište divljaĉi IV/15 Draganići). Ima 12 nizinskih lovišta, 16 nizinsko - brdskih, 54 brdska, 3 brdsko - planinska i 1 planinsko lovište, dakle ima najviše brdskih lovišta iznad 200 m nadmorske visine. Ovdje postoje dobri prirodni uvjeti za obitavanje raznih životinja pa tako i lovne divljaĉi, prevladavaju šumska staništa sa 68% ukupne površine, brojni su pašnjaci, vodene površine, a klima ima obilježja umjerene kontinentalne i planinske klime. Postoji duga tradicija organiziranog lovstva, fond divljaĉi je vrlo stabilan. Matiĉni fond planirani/ostvareni za 2012/2013. godinu je bio za jelena obiĉnog 368/383 grla, njime se gospodari kao jednom od glavnih vrsta divljaĉi u nekoliko lovišta, srnu obiĉnu 4.657/4.612, a ima je gotovo u svim karlovaĉkim lovištima, svinju divlju 1.467/1.553. Iako je divlja svinja posljednjih godina u ekspanziji u 2013. godini je došlo do poplave, stoga su zabilježena velika stradavanja ove vrste naroĉito na pomlatku. Za smeđeg medvjeda procjenjeno brojno stanje iznosi 160 jedinki, a obitava u državnim brdskim i brdsko - planinskim lovištima. Od sitne divljaĉi gospodari se sa zecom obiĉnim, fazanom, trĉkom skvržuljom iako je brojno stanje trĉke u stalnom padu. Prepelica pućpura je prolaznica, kao i šljuka bena, dok se divlja patka gluhara i liska crna uzgaja u relativno visokom broju zbog obilja vodotokova, a posebice paĉarnika u Šumbaru. S obzirom na povoljne prirodne uvjete za obitavanje i gospodarenje divljaĉi u planu je izrada Strategije lovnog i ribolovnog turizma koja bi trebala biti okosonica za dalje smjernice razvoja ove dvije znanstvene, gospodarske i turistiĉke grane., There are 76 hunting grounds established in region of Karlovac county, of which 22 are own hunting grounds (state hunting grounds – owned by the Republic Croatia) and 54 common hunting grounds (established on property owned by different owners). There are 75 open hunting grounds in Karlovac county and 1 game breeding site (game breeding site IV/15 Draganići). There are 12 lowland hunting grounds, 16 lowland - highland, 54 highland, 3 highland - mountainous and 1 mountainous hunting ground, therefore there are mostly highland hunting grounds above 200m altitude. Here are good natural conditions for habitation of various animals including game, forest habitat prevails with 68% of total area, there are numerous grasslands, water surfaces, and the climate has features of moderate continental and mountain climate. There is a long tradition of organized hunting and the game number is very stable. The main game number planned/achieved for year 2012/2013. was 368/383 for reed deer. It is managed as one of the major game species in several hunting areas. For roe deer it was 4.657/4.612, which can be found in almost every hunting ground in county. For wild boars it was 1.467/1.553 units. Even though the wild boars is in an expansion in last few years, flood occurred in 2013., therefore big casualties of this species were registered, especially of the youth. There is estimated unit number of 160 units for brown bear, which habitats in highland and highland-mountainous hunting grounds. It is managed with small game: brown hare, pheasant and gray partridge, even though the unit number of partridge is in steady decline. Common quail is pipeline, eurasian woodcock also, while wild mallard and common coot are grown in relatively high numbers because of the abundance of waterways, especially duck ponds in Šumbar. Considering all this, the Strategies of hunting and fishing tourism.

Tema ovog rada je usporedno utvrđivanje kvalitete i strukture kapitalnih trofeja divljači stečenih na području Republike Hrvatske od lovne 2007./2008. do 2011./2012. godine kroz 5 lovnih godina u 1079 lovišta čija je ukupna površina 5 212 921 hektar. Podaci su prikupljeni i sistematski obrađeni iz ETD obrazaca koje su lovoovlaštenici dostavili Hrvatskom lovačkom savezu prema broju i vrstama, strukturi, županijama i lovoovlaštenicima gdje su trofeji stečeni što predstavlja kvalitetnu bazu za ovu vrstu analize. Tijekom 5 lovnih godina ukupno je stečeno 45 985 trofeja divljači od čega je kapitalnih 6 685 što iznosi 14,54 %. Broj ocijenjenih trofeja kao i udio kapitalnih grla iz godine u godinu pokazuje tendenciju rasta, kao i vrijednost trofeja obzirom na strukturu dodijeljenih medalja. Kvalitetnu bazu podataka predstavljaju ETD obrasci obzirom na zakonsku obvezu i činjenicu da svake naredne godine sve više lovoovlaštenika dostavlja obvezne evidencije ocjenjenih trofeja divljači. Prikupljeni podaci su obrađeni, a rezultati prikazani u nekoliko tablica i grafičkih prikaza, a analizom dobivenih podataka nameće se zaključak kvalitetnog gospodarenja populacijama divljači i staništem. Podizanjem brojnog stanja i trofejne vrijednosti divljači stvorit će se pretpostavke za razvoj lovnog turizma i omogućit će se ekonomičnost i financijska isplativost lovnog gospodarenja na razini lovoovlaštenika, županije, regije i Republike Hrvatske., Theme of this work is comparatively determining the quality and structure of capital game trophies acquired on Croatian territory from hunting 2007./2008. to 2011./2012. year through five years of hunting in 1079 hunting area with a total area of 5 212 921 hectare. Data were collected and analysed systematically from ETD forms that hunting ground delivered to the Croatian Hunting Federation according to the number and types, structure, counties and hunting ground concessionaires where trophies are earned, where allocated which represents a high quality base for this type of analysis. During the five years of hunting it is acquired 45 985 game trophies which capital was 6 685 (14,54%). The number of estimated trophy as well as number of capital trophies from year to year shows an increasing tendency, same as the values of trophies given to the structure of medals. Quality database represent ETD forms given the legal obligation and the fact that every year more and more concessionaire delivers required evidence-rated game trophies. The collected data were analysed and the results are presented in several tables and charts. The data analysis leads to the conclusion of quality management of wildlife populations and habitat. Raising the number and wildlife trophy values will create conditions for the development of hunting tourism and will allow the economy and the financial viability of hunting management at the level of hunting managers, county, region and Croatia.