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We investigate how the stellar rotational support changes as a function of spatially resolved stellar population age (⁠|$D_n4000$|⁠) and relative central stellar surface density (⁠|$\Delta \Sigma _1$|⁠) for MaNGA isolated/central disc galaxies. We find that the galaxy rotational support indicator |$\lambda _{R_\mathrm{e}}$| varies smoothly as a function of |$\Delta \Sigma _1$| and |$D_n4000$|⁠. |$D_n4000$| versus |$\Delta \Sigma _1$| follows a 'J-shape', with |$\lambda _{R_\mathrm{e}}$| contributing to the scatters. In this 'J-shaped' pattern rotational support increases with central |$D_n4000$| when |$\Delta \Sigma _1$| is low but decreases with |$\Delta \Sigma _1$| when |$\Delta \Sigma _1$| is high. Restricting attention to low- |$\Delta \Sigma _1$| (i.e. large-radius) galaxies, we suggest that the trend of increasing rotational support with |$D_n4000$| for these objects is produced by a mix of two different processes, a primary trend characterized by growth in |$\lambda _{R_\mathrm{e}}$| along with mass through gas accretion, on top of which disturbance episodes are overlaid, which reduce rotational support and trigger increased star formation. An additional finding is that star-forming galaxies with low |$\Delta \Sigma _1$| have relatively larger radii than galaxies with higher |$\Delta \Sigma _1$| at fixed stellar mass. Assuming that these relative radii rankings are preserved while galaxies are star forming then implies clear evolutionary paths in central |$D_n4000$| versus |$\Delta \Sigma _1$|⁠. The paper closes with comments on the implications that these paths have for the evolution of pseudo-bulges versus classical bulges. The utility of using |$\rm D_n4000$| – |$\Delta \Sigma _1$| to study |$\lambda _{R_\mathrm{e}}$| reinforces the notion that galaxy kinematics correlate both with structure and with stellar-population state, and indicates the importance of a multidimensional description for understanding bulge and galaxy evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We try to understand the trends in the mass density slopes as a function of galaxy properties. We use the results from the best Jeans Anisotropic Modelling (JAM) of the integral-field stellar kinematics for near 6000 galaxies from the MaNGA DynPop project, with stellar masses |$10^9\ {\rm {\rm M}_{\odot }}\lesssim M_*\lesssim 10^{12}\ {\rm {\rm M}_{\odot }}$|⁠ , including both early-type and late-type galaxies. We use the mass-weighted density slopes for the stellar |$\overline{\gamma }_*$|⁠ , dark |$\overline{\gamma }_{_{\rm DM}}$| and total |$\overline{\gamma }_{_{\rm T}}$| mass from the MaNGA DynPop project. As previously reported, |$\overline{\gamma }_{_{\rm T}}$| approaches a constant value of |$\overline{\gamma }_{_{\rm T}}\approx 2.2$| for high σe galaxies, and flattens for |$\lg (\sigma _{\rm e}/{\rm km\ s^{-1}})\lesssim 2.3$| galaxies, reaching |$\overline{\gamma }_{_{\rm T}}\approx 1.5$| for |$\lg (\sigma _{\rm e}/{\rm km\ s^{-1}})\approx 1.8$|⁠. We find that total and stellar slopes track each other tightly, with |$\overline{\gamma }_{_{\rm T}}\approx \overline{\gamma }_*-0.174$| over the full σe range. This confirms the dominance of stellar matter within R e. We also show that there is no perfect conspiracy between baryonic and dark matter, as |$\overline{\gamma }_*$| and |$\overline{\gamma }_{_{\rm DM}}$| do not vary inversely within the σe range. We find that the central galaxies from TNG50 and TNG100 simulations do not reproduce the observed galaxy mass distribution, which we attribute to the overestimated dark matter fraction, possibly due to a constant IMF and excessive adiabatic contraction effects in the simulations. Finally, we present the stacked dark matter density profiles and show that they are slightly steeper than the pure dark matter simulation prediction of |$\overline{\gamma }_{_{\rm DM}}\approx 1$|⁠ , suggesting moderate adiabatic contraction in the central region of galaxies. Our work demonstrates the power of stellar dynamics modelling for probing the interaction between stellar and dark matter and testing galaxy formation theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present dynamical scaling relations, combined with the stellar population properties, for a subsample of about 6000 nearby galaxies with the most reliable dynamical models extracted from the full Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) sample of 10 000 galaxies. We show that the inclination-corrected mass plane for both early-type galaxies (ETGs) and late-type galaxies (LTGs), which links dynamical mass, projected half-light radius R e, and the second stellar velocity moment σe within R e, satisfies the virial theorem and is even tighter than the uncorrected one. We find a clear parabolic relation between |$\lg (M/L)_{\rm e}$|⁠ , the total mass-to-light ratio (M / L) within a sphere of radius R e, and |$\lg \sigma _{\rm e}$|⁠ , with the M / L increasing with σe and for older stellar populations. However, the relation for ETGs is linear and the one for the youngest galaxies is constant. We confirm and improve the relation between mass-weighted total density slopes |$\overline{\gamma _{_{\rm T}}}$| and σe: |$\overline{\gamma _{_{\rm T}}}$| become steeper with increasing σe until |$\lg (\sigma _{\rm e}/{\rm km\, s^{-1}})\approx 2.2$| and then remain constant around |$\overline{\gamma _{_{\rm T}}}\approx 2.2$|⁠. The |$\overline{\gamma _{_{\rm T}}}\!-\!\sigma _{\rm e}$| variation is larger for LTGs than ETGs. At fixed σe the total density profiles steepen with galaxy age and for ETGs. We find generally low dark matter fractions, median f DM(< R e) = 8 per cent, within a sphere of radius R e. However, we find that f DM(< R e) depends on σe better than stellar mass: dark matter increases to a median f DM(< R e) = 33 per cent for galaxies with |$\sigma _{\rm e}\lesssim 100$|  km s−1. The increased f DM(< R e) at low σe explains the parabolic |$\lg (M/L)_{\rm e}\!-\!\lg \sigma _{\rm e}$| relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first paper in our series on the combined analysis of the Dynamics and stellar Population (DynPop) for the MaNGA survey in the final SDSS Data Release 17 (DR17). Here, we present a catalogue of dynamically determined quantities for over 10 000 nearby galaxies based on integral-field stellar kinematics from the MaNGA survey. The dynamical properties are extracted using the axisymmetric Jeans Anisotropic Modelling (JAM) method, which was previously shown to be the most accurate for this kind of study. We assess systematic uncertainties using eight dynamical models with different assumptions. We use two orientations of the velocity ellipsoid: either cylindrically aligned JAMcyl or spherically aligned JAMsph. We also make four assumptions for the models' dark versus luminous matter distributions: (1) mass-follows-light, (2) free NFW dark halo, (3) cosmologically constrained NFW halo, (4) generalized NFW dark halo, i.e. with free inner slope. In this catalogue, we provide the quantities related to the mass distributions (e.g. the density slopes and enclosed mass within a sphere of a given radius for total mass, stellar mass, and dark matter mass components). We also provide the complete models which can be used to compute the full luminous and mass distribution of each galaxy. Additionally, we visually assess the qualities of the models to help with model selections. We estimate the observed scatter in the measured quantities which decreases as expected with improvements in quality. For the best data quality, we find a remarkable consistency of measured quantities between different models, highlighting the robustness of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early-type galaxies (ETGs) possess total density profiles close to isothermal, which can lead to non-Gaussian line-of-sight velocity dispersion (LOSVD) under anisotropic stellar orbits. However, recent observations of local ETGs in the MASSIVE Survey reveal outer kinematic structures at 1.5 R eff (effective radius) that are inconsistent with fixed isothermal density profiles; the authors proposed varying density profiles as an explanation. We aim to verify this conjecture and understand the influence of stellar assembly on these kinematic features through mock ETGs in IllustrisTNG. We create mock Integral-Field-Unit observations to extract projected stellar kinematic features for 207 ETGs with stellar mass |$M_{\ast }\geqslant 10^{11} \, \mathrm{M_{\odot}}$| in TNG100-1. The mock observations reproduce the key outer (1.5 R eff) kinematic structures in the MASSIVE ETGs, including the puzzling positive correlation between velocity dispersion profile outer slope γouter and the kurtosis h 4's gradient. We find that h 4 is uncorrelated with stellar orbital anisotropy beyond R eff; instead, we find that the variations in γouter and outer h 4 (a good proxy for h 4 gradient) are both driven by variations of the density profile at the outskirts across different ETGs. These findings corroborate the proposed conjecture and rule out velocity anisotropy as the origin of non-Gaussian outer kinematic structure in ETGs. We also find that the outer kurtosis and anisotropy correlate with different stellar assembly components, with the former related to minor mergers or flyby interactions while the latter is mainly driven by major mergers, suggesting distinct stellar assembly origins that decorrelates the two quantities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present population-orbit superposition models for external galaxies based on Schwarzschild's orbit-superposition method, by tagging the orbits with age and metallicity. The models fit the density distributions, kinematic, and age and metallicity maps from integral field unit (IFU) spectroscopy observations. We validate the method and demonstrate its power by applying it to mock data, similar to those obtained by the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) IFU on the Very Large Telescope (VLT). These mock data are created from Auriga galaxy simulations, viewed at three different inclination angles (ϑ = 40°, 60°, 80°). Constrained by MUSE-like mock data, our model can recover the galaxy's stellar orbit distribution projected in orbital circularity λ z versus radius r , the intrinsic stellar population distribution in age t versus metallicity Z , and the correlation between orbits' circularity λ z and stellar age t. A physically motivated age–metallicity relation improves the recovering of intrinsic stellar population distributions. We decompose galaxies into cold, warm, and hot+counter-rotating components based on their orbit circularity distribution, and find that the surface density, velocity, velocity dispersion, and age and metallicity maps of each component from our models well reproduce those from simulation, especially for projections close to edge-on. These galaxies exhibit strong global age versus σ z relation, which is well recovered by our model. The method has the power to reveal the detailed build-up of stellar structures in galaxies, and offers a complement to local resolved, and high-redshift studies of galaxy evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galaxy properties are known to correlate most tightly with the galaxy effective stellar velocity dispersion σe. Here, we look for additional trends at fixed σe using 1339 galaxies (M * ≳ 6 × 109 M⊙) with different morphologies in the MaNGA (DR14) sample with integral-field spectroscopy data. We focus on the gradients (γrms ≡ σ(R e/4)/σe) of the stellar root-mean-square velocity (⁠|$V_{\rm rms} \equiv \sqrt{V^2 + \sigma ^2}$|⁠), which we show traces the total mass density gradient γtot derived from dynamical models and, more weakly, the bulge fraction. We confirm that γrms increases with σe, age, and metallicity. We additionally find that these correlations still exist at fixed σe, where galaxies with larger γrms are found to be older and more metal-rich. It means that mass density gradients contain information of the stellar population which is not fully accounted for by σe. This result puts an extra constraint on our understanding of galaxy quenching. We compare our results with galaxies in the IllustrisTNG hydrodynamical simulations and find that, at fixed σe, similar trends exist with age, the bulge fraction, and the total mass density slope but, unlike observations, no correlation with metallicity can be detected in the simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies pseudo-bulges (P-bulges) and classical bulges (C-bulges) in Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) central galaxies using the new bulge indicator ΔΣ1, which measures relative central stellar-mass surface density within 1 kpc. We compare ΔΣ1 to the established bulge-type indicator Δ〈μe〉 from Gadotti (2009) and show that classifying by ΔΣ1 agrees well with Δ〈μe〉. ΔΣ1 requires no bulge–disc decomposition and can be measured on SDSS images out to z  = 0.07. Bulge types using it are mapped on to 20 different structural and stellar-population properties for 12 000 SDSS central galaxies with masses 10.0 < log M */M⊙ < 10.4. New trends emerge from this large sample. Structural parameters show fairly linear log–log relations versus ΔΣ1 and Δ〈μe〉 with only moderate scatter, while stellar-population parameters show a highly non-linear 'elbow' in which specific star formation rate remains roughly flat with increasing central density and then falls rapidly at the elbow, where galaxies begin to quench. P-bulges occupy the low-density end of the horizontal arm of the elbow and are universally star forming, while C-bulges occupy the elbow and the vertical branch and exhibit a wide range of star formation rates at a fixed density. The non-linear relation between central density and star formation rate has been seen before, but this mapping on to bulge class is new. The wide range of star formation rates in C-bulges helps to explain why bulge classifications using different parameters have sometimes disagreed in the past. The elbow-shaped relation between density and stellar indices suggests that central structure and stellar populations evolve at different rates as galaxies begin to quench. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the isothermal total density profiles of early-type galaxies (ETGs) in the IllustrisTNG simulation. For the selected 559 ETGs at z  = 0 with stellar masses |$10^{10.7}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot } \leqslant M_{\ast } \leqslant 10^{11.9}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$|⁠ , the total power-law slope has a mean of 〈γ′〉 = 2.011 ± 0.007 and a scatter of |$\sigma _{\gamma ^{\prime }} = 0.171$| over the radial range 0.4–4 times the stellar half-mass radius. Several correlations between γ′ and galactic properties including stellar mass, effective radius, stellar surface density, central velocity dispersion, central dark matter fraction, and in situ -formed stellar mass ratio are compared to observations and other simulations, revealing that IllustrisTNG reproduces many correlation trends, and in particular, γ′ is almost constant with redshift below z  = 2. Through analysing IllustrisTNG model variations, we show that black hole kinetic winds are crucial to lowering γ′ and matching observed galaxy correlations. The effects of stellar winds on γ′ are subdominant compared to active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback, and differ due to the presence of AGN feedback from previous works. The density profiles of the ETG dark matter haloes are well described by steeper than NFW profiles, and they are steeper in the full physics (FP) run than their counterparts in the dark matter-only (DMO) run. Their inner density slopes anticorrelate (remain constant) with the halo mass in the FP (DMO) run, and anticorrelate with the halo concentration parameter c 200 in both the types of runs. The dark matter haloes of low-mass ETGs are contracted whereas high-mass ETGs are expanded, suggesting that variations in the total density profile occur through the different halo responses to baryons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our earlier 2019 paper, we evaluated the reliability of Schwarzschild's orbit-superposition dynamical modelling method in estimating the internal mass distribution, intrinsic stellar shapes and orbit distributions of early-type galaxies (ETGs) taken from the Illustris cosmological simulation. We now apply the same techniques to galaxies taken from the integral-field survey Mapping Nearby Galaxies with APO (MaNGA), using a sample of 149 ETGs in the mass range of |$10^{9.90}\!-\! 10^{11.80} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$| and made up of 105 central and 44 satellite galaxies. We find that low-mass ETGs with log (M */M⊙) < 11.1 have an average dark matter fraction of ∼0.2 within one effective radius R e, tend to be oblate-like, and are dominated by rotation about their minor axis. High-mass ETGs with log (M */M⊙) > 11.1 have an average dark matter fraction of ∼0.4 within one effective radius R e, tend to be prolate-like, and are dominated by rotation about their major axis and by centrophilic orbits. The changes of internal structures within one R e are dominated by the total stellar mass of the individual galaxies. We find no differences of internal structures between central and satellite ETGs for the same stellar masses. However, for similar stellar mass and colour distributions, we find that ETGs more prolate-like, or with more hot orbits, tend to have higher close neighbour counts at rp  ∼ 40 kpc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the evolutionary trend of the total density profile of early-type galaxies (ETGs) in IllustrisTNG. To this end, we trace ETGs from z  = 0 to 4 and measure the power-law slope γ′ of the total density profile for their main progenitors. We find that their slopes γ′ steepen on average during z ∼ 4–2, then becoming shallower until z  = 1, after which they remain almost constant, aside from a residual trend of becoming shallower towards z  = 0. We also compare to a statistical sample of ETGs at different redshifts, selected based on their luminosity profiles and stellar masses. Due to different selection effects, the average slopes of the statistical samples follow a modified evolutionary trend. They monotonically decrease since z  = 3, and after z ≈ 1, they remain nearly invariant with a mild increase towards z  = 0. These evolutionary trends are mass dependent for both samples, with low-mass galaxies having in general steeper slopes than their more massive counterparts. Galaxies that transitioned to ETGs more recently have steeper mean slopes as they tend to be smaller and more compact at any given redshift. By analysing the impact of mergers and AGN feedback on the progenitors' evolution, we conjecture a multiphase path leading to isothermality in ETGs: dissipation associated with rapid wet mergers tends to steepen γ′ from z  = 4 to 2, whereas subsequent AGN feedback (especially in the kinetic mode) makes γ′ shallower again from z  = 2 to 1. Afterwards, passive evolution from z  = 1 to 0, mainly through gas-poor mergers, mildly decreases γ′ and maintains the overall mass distribution close to isothermal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We derive the mass-weighted total density slopes within the effective (half-light) radius, γ′, for more than 2000 nearby galaxies from the SDSS-IV (Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV) MaNGA survey using Jeans-anisotropic-models applied to integral field unit observations. Our galaxies span a wide range of the stellar mass (109 M⊙ < M * < 1012 M⊙) and the velocity dispersion (30 km s−1 < σ v < 300 km s−1). We find that for galaxies with velocity dispersion σ v > 100 km s−1, the density slope has a mean value 〈γ′〉 = 2.24 and a dispersion σγ = 0.22, almost independent of velocity dispersion, consistent with previous lensing and stellar dynamical analysis. We also quantitatively confirm with high accuracy a turnover in the γ′–σ v relation is present at σ ∼ 100 km s−1, below which the density slope decreases rapidly with σ v , consistent with the results reported by previous analysis of |${\rm ATLAS^{\rm 3D}}$| survey. Our analysis shows that a large fraction of dwarf galaxies (below M * = 1010 M⊙) have total density slopes shallower than 1, which implies that they may reside in cold dark matter haloes with shallow density slopes. We compare our results with that of galaxies in hydrodynamical simulations of EAGLE, Illustris, and IllustrisTNG projects, and find all simulations predict shallower density slopes for massive galaxies with high σ v . Finally, we explore the dependence of γ′ on the positions of galaxies in haloes, namely centrals versus satellites, and find that for the same velocity dispersion, the amplitude of γ′ is higher for satellite galaxies by about 0.1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the recently discovered kinematic 'Hubble sequence' shown by the stellar orbit-circularity distribution of 260 CALIFA galaxies, we make use of a comparable galaxy sample at z  = 0 with a stellar mass range of |$M_{*}/\mathrm{M}_{\odot }\in [10^{9.7},\, 10^{11.4}]$| selected from the IllustrisTNG simulation and study their stellar orbit compositions in relation to a number of other fundamental galaxy properties. We find that the TNG100 simulation broadly reproduces the observed fractions of different orbital components and their stellar mass dependences. In particular, the mean mass dependences of the luminosity fractions for the kinematically warm and hot orbits are well reproduced within model uncertainties of the observed galaxies. The simulation also largely reproduces the observed peak and trough features at |$M_{*}\approx 1\rm {-}2\times 10^{10}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$| in the mean distributions of the cold- and hot-orbit fractions, respectively, indicating fewer cooler orbits and more hotter orbits in both more- and less-massive galaxies beyond such a mass range. Several marginal disagreements are seen between the simulation and observations: the average cold-orbit (counter-rotating) fractions of the simulated galaxies below (above) |$M_{*}\approx 6\times 10^{10}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$| are systematically higher than the observational data by |$\lesssim 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$| (absolute orbital fraction); the simulation also seems to produce more scatter for the cold-orbit fraction and less so for the non-cold orbits at any given galaxy mass. Possible causes that stem from the adopted heating mechanisms are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the Illustris simulation to study the distributions of ellipticities and kinematic misalignments of galactic projections, as well as the intrinsic shapes and rotation of the simulated galaxies. Our results for the projections of galaxies display clear trends of an overall increase of kinematic misalignment and a slight decrease of ellipticity for fast rotators with increasing masses, while revealing no clear distinction between slow rotators of different mass. It is also found that the number of very slow rotators with large ellipticities is much larger than found in observations. The intrinsic properties of the galaxies are then analysed. The results for the intrinsic shapes of the galaxies are mostly consistent with previous results inferred from observational data. The distributions of intrinsic misalignment of the galaxies suggest that some of the galaxies produced by Illustris have significant rotation around their medium axes. Further analysis reveals that most of these galaxies display signs of non-equilibrium. We then study the evolution of the intrinsic misalignments and shapes of three specific Illustris galaxies, which we consider as typical ones, along the main progenitor line of their merger trees, revealing how mergers influence the intrinsic shapes and kinematics: the spin axis in general stays close to the shortest axis, and tends to quickly relax to such an equilibrium state within a few dynamical times of the galaxy after major perturbations; triaxiality and intrinsic flatness in general decrease with time, however, sometimes increases occur that are clearly seen to correlate with major merger events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore orbit properties of 35 prolate-triaxial galaxies selected from the Illustris cosmological hydrodynamic simulation. We present a detailed study of their orbit families, and also analyse relations between the relative abundance of the orbit families and the spin parameter, triaxiality, the ratio of the angular momentum, and the baryon fraction. We find that box orbits dominate the orbit structure for most prolate-triaxial galaxies, especially in the central region. The fraction of irregular orbits in the prolate-triaxial galaxies is small, and it increases with galaxy radius. Both the x -tube and z -tube orbits are important in prolate-triaxial galaxies, especially in the outer regions. The fraction of box orbits for prolate-triaxial galaxies (0.7 < T < 1) decreases with the triaxiality of the stars, while the fraction of x -tube orbits increases with the triaxiality for a given axis ratio. The fraction of box orbits increases and the fractions of x -tube and z -tube orbits weakly decrease with increasing baryon fraction. These results help to understand the structure of prolate-triaxial galaxies and provide cross-checks for constructing dynamical models of prolate-triaxial galaxies by using the Schwarzschild or the made-to-measure methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MaNGA project has obtained integral field unit (IFU) data for several thousand nearby galaxies, including barred galaxies. With the two-dimensional spectral and kinematic information provided by IFUs, we can measure the pattern speed of a barred galaxy, which determines the bar dynamics. We apply the non-parametric method proposed by Tremaine & Weinberg to estimate the bar pattern speed for 53 barred galaxies, making this the largest sample studied so far in this way. Our sample is selected from the MaNGA first public data release as part of SDSS Data Release 13 according mainly to the axial ratio and position angle difference between the bar and disc, while kinematic data are from the later SDSS Data Release 14. We have used both the photometric position angle from the photometric image and the kinematic position angle from the stellar velocity map to derive the pattern speed. Combining three independent bar length measurements and the circular velocity from Jeans anisotropic modelling (JAM), we also determine the dimensionless ratio |$\cal {R}$| of the corotation radius to the bar length. We find that the galaxy's position angle is the main uncertainty in determining the bar pattern speed. The kinematic position angle leads to fewer ultrafast bars than the photometric position angle, and this could be due to the method of measuring the kinematic position angle. We study the dependence of |$\cal {R}$| values on galaxy properties such as the dark matter fraction from JAM modelling and the stellar age and metallicity from stellar population synthesis. A positive correlation between the bar length and bar strength is found: the longer the bar, the stronger the bar. However, no other significant correlations are found. This may result from errors in deriving the |$\cal {R}$| values or from the complex formation and slowdown processes of galactic bars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time delays in gravitational lenses can be used to determine the Hubble constant and the lens potential. In future surveys, many gravitational lenses can be discovered, and their time delays and image positions can in principle be measured. Using an elliptical power-law potential, we show that combinations of image positions and time delays for quadruple lenses yield simple analytical expressions that are connected with observable quantities. These relations can be used to obtain the approximate axis ratio q, the Einstein radius and the slope. We apply this method to RX J1131-1231, and show that our analytical results match the full numerical determinations approximately. Our approach can quickly determine rough values of lens parameters, which can then be used as initial guesses for further refinement through numerical modelling and may be useful for automated lens search in large surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discrepancies between the observed and model-predicted radio flux ratios are seen in a number of quadruply-lensed quasars. The most favoured interpretation of these anomalies is that cold dark matter (CDM) substructures present in lensing galaxies perturb the lens potentials and alter image magnifications and thus flux ratios. So far no consensus has emerged regarding whether or not the predicted CDM substructure abundance fully accounts for the lensing flux anomaly observations. Accurate modelling relies on a realistic lens sample in terms of both the lens environment and internal structures and substructures. In this paper, we construct samples of generalized and specific lens potentials, to which we add (rescaled) subhalo populations from the galaxy-scale Aquarius and the cluster-scale Phoenix simulation suites. We further investigate the lensing effects from subhaloes of masses several orders of magnitude below the simulation resolution limit. The resulting flux-ratio distributions are compared to the currently best available sample of radio lenses. The observed anomalies in B0128+437, B0712+472 and B1555+375 are more likely to be caused by propagation effects or oversimplified/improper lens modelling, signs of which are already seen in the data. Among the quadruple systems that have closely located image triplets/pairs, the anomalous flux ratios of MG0414+0534 can be reproduced by adding CDM subhaloes to its macroscopic lens potential, with a probability of 5–20 per cent; for B0712+472, B1422+231, B1555+375 and B2045+265, these probabilities are only of a few per cent. We hence find that CDM substructures are unlikely to be the whole reason for radio flux anomalies. We discuss other possible effects that might also be at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT We study moderate gravitational lensing where a background galaxy is magnified substantially, but not multiply imaged, by an intervening galaxy. We focus on the case where both the lens and source are elliptical galaxies. The signatures of moderate lensing include isophotal distortions and systematic shifts in the Fundamental Plane and Kormendy relation, which can potentially be used to statistically determine the galaxy mass profiles. These effects are illustrated using Monte Carlo simulations of galaxy pairs where the foreground galaxy is modelled as a singular isothermal sphere model and observational parameters appropriate for the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. The range in radius probed by moderate lensing will be larger than that by strong lensing, and is in the interesting regime where the density slope may be changing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The flux-ratio anomalies observed in multiply lensed quasar images are most plausibly explained as the result of perturbing structures superposed on the underlying smooth matter distribution of the primary lens. The cold dark matter cosmological model predicts that a large number of substructures should survive inside larger haloes but, surprisingly, this population alone has been shown to be insufficient to explain the observed distribution of the flux ratios of quasars' multiple images. Other haloes (and their subhaloes) projected along the line of sight to the primary lens have been considered as additional sources of perturbation. In this work, we use ray tracing through the Millennium II simulation to investigate the importance of projection effects due to haloes and subhaloes of mass m > 108 h−1 M⊙ and extend our analysis to lower masses, m≥ 106 h−1 M⊙, using Monte Carlo halo distributions. We find that the magnitude of the violation depends strongly on the density profile and concentration of the intervening haloes, but clustering plays only a minor role. For a typical lensing geometry (lens at a redshift of 0.6 and source at a redshift of 2), background haloes (behind the main lens) are more likely to cause a violation than foreground haloes. We conclude that line-of-sight structures can be as important as intrinsic substructures in causing flux-ratio anomalies. The combined effect of perturbing structures within the lens and along the line of sight in the Λ cold dark matter ( ΛCDM) universe results in a cusp-violation probability of 20-30 per cent. This alleviates the discrepancy between models and current data, but a larger observational sample is required for a stronger test of the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT We take a sample of 24 elliptical and lenticular galaxies previously analysed by the SAURON project using three integral dynamical models created with Schwarzschild method, and re-analyse them using the made-to-measure (M2M) method of dynamical modelling. We obtain good agreement between the two methods in determining the dynamical mass-to-light ratios ( M/ L values) for the galaxies with over 80 per cent of ratios differing by <10 per cent and over 95 per cent differing by <20 per cent. We show that . For the global velocity dispersion anisotropy parameter δ, we find similar values but with fewer of the M2M models tangentially anisotropic by comparison with their SAURON Schwarzschild counterparts. Our investigation is the largest comparative application of the M2M method to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have shown that the distribution of satellite galaxies is preferentially aligned with the major axis of their central galaxy. The strength of this alignment has been found to depend strongly on the colours of the satellite and central galaxies, and only weakly on the mass of the halo in which the galaxies reside. In this paper we study whether these alignment signals, and their dependence on galaxy and halo properties, can be reproduced in a hierarchical structure formation model of a ΛCDM concordance cosmology. To that extent we use a large N-body simulation which we populate with galaxies following a semi-analytical model for galaxy formation. We find that if the orientation of the central galaxy is perfectly aligned with that of its dark matter halo, then the predicted central–satellite alignment signal is much stronger than observed. If, however, the minor axis of a central galaxy is perfectly aligned with the angular momentum vector of its dark matter halo, we can accurately reproduce the observed alignment strength as a function of halo mass and galaxy colour. Although this suggests that the orientation of central galaxies is governed by the angular momentum of their dark matter haloes, we emphasize that any other scenario in which the minor axes of central galaxy and halo are misaligned by ∼40° (on average) will match the data equally well. Finally, we show that dependence of the alignment strength on the colour of the central galaxy is most likely an artefact due to interlopers in the group catalogue. The dependence on the colour of the satellite galaxies, on the other hand, is real and owes to the fact that red satellites are associated with subhaloes that were more massive at their time of accretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use galaxy groups selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to examine the alignment between the orientation of the central galaxy (defined as the brightest group member) and the distribution of satellite galaxies. By construction, we therefore only address the alignment on scales smaller than the halo virial radius. We find a highly significant alignment of satellites with the major axis of their central galaxy. This is in qualitative agreement with the recent study of Brainerd, but inconsistent with several previous studies who detected a preferential minor-axis alignment. The alignment strength in our sample is strongest between red central galaxies and red satellites. On the contrary, the satellite distribution in systems with a blue central galaxy is consistent with isotropic. We also find that the alignment strength is stronger in more massive haloes and at smaller projected radii from the central galaxy. In addition, there is a weak indication that fainter (relative to the central galaxy) satellites are more strongly aligned. We present a detailed comparison with previous studies, and discuss the implications of our findings for galaxy formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gravitational lensing deflects light. A single lens deflector can only shear images, but cannot induce rotations. Multiple lens planes can induce rotations. Such rotations can be observed in quadruply imaged sources, and can be used to distinguish between two proposed solutions of the flux anomaly problem: substructures in lensing galaxies versus large-scale structure. We predict the expected amount of rotation due to large-scale structure in strong lensing systems, and show how this effect can be measured using ∼mas very long baseline interferometry astrometry of quadruple lenses with extended source structures. The magnitude of rotation is around 1°. The biggest theoretical uncertainty is the power spectrum of dark matter on very small scales. This procedure can potentially be turned around to measure the dark matter power spectrum on very small scales. We list the predicted rms rotation angles for several quadruple lenses with known lens and source redshifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We outline a scenario of galaxy formation in which the gas in galaxy-forming regions was pre-heated to high entropy by vigorous energy feedback associated with the formation of stars in old ellipticals and bulges and with active galactic nuclei activity. Such pre-heating probably occurred at redshifts of z∼2–3 , and can produce the entropy excess observed today in low-mass clusters of galaxies without destroying the bulk of the Lyα forest. Subsequent galaxy formation is affected by the pre-heating, because the gas no longer follows the dark matter on galaxy scales. The hot gas around galaxy haloes has very shallow profiles and emits only weakly in the X-ray range. Cooling in a pre-heated halo is not inside–out, because the cooling efficiency does not change significantly with radius. Only part of the gas in a protogalaxy region can cool and be accreted into the final galaxy halo by the present time. The accreted gas is probably in diffuse clouds and so does not lose angular momentum to the dark matter. Cluster ellipticals are produced by mergers of stellar systems formed prior to the pre-heating, while large galaxy discs form in low-density environments where gas accretion can continue to the present time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We test possible lensing scenarios of the JVAS system B2114+022, in which two galaxies at different redshifts (‘G1’ at z[sub 1]=0.3157 and ‘G2’ at z[sub 2]=0.5883) are found within 2 arcsec of quadruple radio sources. For our investigation, we use possible lensing constraints derived from a wealth of data on the radio sources obtained with VLA, MERLIN, VLBA and EVN as well as HST imaging data on the two galaxies, which were presented recently in Augusto et al. In the present study, we focus on reproducing the widest separated, observationally similar radio components A and D as lensed images. We first treat G2 (which is the more distant one from the geometric centre) as a shear term, and then consider two-plane lensing explicitly including G2's potential at the z[sub 2] plane as the first case of two-plane lens modelling. Our modelling results not only support the hypothesis that the system includes gravitationally lensed images of a higher-redshift extragalactic object, but they also show that the explicit inclusion of G2's potential at the second lens plane is necessary in order to fit the data with astrophysically plausible galaxy parameters. Finally, we illustrate a natural consequence of a two-plane lens system, namely the prediction of distortion as well as shift and stretching of G2's isophotes by G1's potential, which can in principle be measured by subtracting out G1's light distribution in an image of high signal-to-noise ratio and good angular resolution, especially a multicolour one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The number density and clustering properties of Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) are consistent with them being the central galaxies of the most massive dark haloes present at z ∼ 3. This conclusion holds in all currently popular hierarchical models for structure formation, and is almost independent of the global cosmological parameters. We examine whether the sizes, luminosities, kinematics and star formation rates of LBGs are also consistent with this identification. Simple formation models tuned to give good fits to low-redshift galaxies can predict the distribution of these quantities in the LBG population. The LBGs should be small (with typical half-light radii of 0.6--2 h-1kpc), should inhabit haloes of moderately high circular velocity (180--290 km s-1) but have low stellar velocity dispersions (70--120 km s-1) and should have substantial star formation rates (15--100 M⊙ yr-1). The numbers here refer to the predicted median values in the LBG sample of Adelberger et al.; the first number assumes an ω0=1 universe and the second number a flat universe with ω0=0.3. For either cosmology these predictions are consistent with the current (rather limited) observational data. Following the work of Kennicutt, we assume stars to form more rapidly in gas of higher surface density. This predicts that LBG samples should preferentially contain objects with low angular momentum, and therefore small size, for their mass. In contrast, samples of damped Ly α systems (DLSs) should be biased towards objects with large angular momentum. Bright LBGs and DLSs may therefore form distinct populations, with very different sizes and star formation rates, LBGs being smaller and more metal-rich than DLSs of similar mass and redshift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galaxy properties are known to correlate most tightly with the galaxy effective stellar velocity dispersion σe. Here, we look for additional trends at fixed σe using 1339 galaxies (M * ≳ 6 × 109 M⊙) with different morphologies in the MaNGA (DR14) sample with integral-field spectroscopy data. We focus on the gradients (γrms ≡ σ(R e/4)/σe) of the stellar root-mean-square velocity (⁠|$V_{\rm rms} \equiv \sqrt{V^2 + \sigma ^2}$|⁠), which we show traces the total mass density gradient γtot derived from dynamical models and, more weakly, the bulge fraction. We confirm that γrms increases with σe, age, and metallicity. We additionally find that these correlations still exist at fixed σe, where galaxies with larger γrms are found to be older and more metal-rich. It means that mass density gradients contain information of the stellar population which is not fully accounted for by σe. This result puts an extra constraint on our understanding of galaxy quenching. We compare our results with galaxies in the IllustrisTNG hydrodynamical simulations and find that, at fixed σe, similar trends exist with age, the bulge fraction, and the total mass density slope but, unlike observations, no correlation with metallicity can be detected in the simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]