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The Georgian mycological herbarium of the Agricultural University of Georgia contains 147 specimens collected in Georgia. Among the herbarium samples there are described six different oak tree species: Quercus petraea subsp. iberica (Steven ex M. Bieb.) Krassiln ., Quercus ilex L., Quercus macranthera Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Hohen., Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb., Quercus suber L., Quercus glauca Thunb. In Eastern Georgia there were collected samples of the following species: Quercus petraea subsp. iberica (Steven ex M. Bieb.) Krassiln., Quercus ilex L., Quercus macranthera Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Hohen., Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. From Western Georgia were collected: Quercus suber L., Quercus glauca Thunb., Quercus petraea subsp. iberica (Steven ex M. Bieb.) Krassiln. 71 specimens were not identified to species level yet. It was described 59 species of 34 fungal genera associated with oak trees. 21 fungal genera were associated with trunk and branches of oak trees: Anthostoma, Daedalea, Dendrophoma, Diaporthe , Diatrype , Diatrypella , Diplodia , Endothia, Fomes , Fusicoccum , Gloeosporium , Kneiffia , Leptosphaeria , Melogramma , Metasphaeria , Microdiplodia , Myrmaecium , Peniophora , Phomopsis , Polystictus, Valsa and 14 genera were found on oak tree leaves: Articulariella, Ascochyta, Hormiscium, Exoascus, Microsphaera, Microspora , Odium, Phloeospora , Phyllosticta, Physalospora, Septoria, Stemphylium , Stigmella, Taphrina .

Extensive sampling of mangoes from several sites in northern Australia, and incubation of the fruit at 230C for 3 w, revealed the presence of stem end rots (SER) that yielded pure cultures of several fungi (mostly one species per lesion), whose pathogenicity was confirmed on detached fruit. The pathogens recorded included Dothiorella dominicana, D. mangiferae, D. 'long', D. aromatica, Lasiodiplodia theobromae (all of which are considered to be anamorphs of Botryosphaeria spp.), as well as Phomopsis mangiferae, Pestalotiopsis mangiferae and Cytosphaera mangiferae. As well, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides caused stem end anthracnose and Aspergillus niger caused aspergillus rot at the stem end. On unharvested, developing mango fruit, D. dominicana was shown to form quiescent infections that subsequently developed into lesions on harvested, mature fruit during ripening. D. dominicana also caused small, superficial, discrete, dendritic spots on the sides of ripe mangoes.In the survey, SER lesions yielded D. dominicana most frequently, in contrast to the reports from many tropical countries where generally, the disease has been attributed to L. theobromae. L. theobromae and Phomopsis mangiferae were isolated from a considerable proportion of the SER lesions on fruit from only a few sites. In most cases, individual lesions yielded only one fungus. When co-inoculated onto detached fruit, D. dominicana predominated over D. mangiferae, D. 'long', Phomopsis mangiferae and Alternaria altemata as the cause of SER during storage at either 13 or 220C, and was generally reisolated exclusively. Similarly, when co-inoculated onto detached fruit, D. dominicana predominated over L. theobromae as the cause of SER during storage at 13, 18 and 250C however, L. theobromae was the major cause of SER losses in co-inoculated fruit held at 300C. Although D. dominicana predominated over C. gloeosporioides as the cause of stem end lesions on the majority of detached mangoes that were co-inoculated with the two fungi and held at 13 or 180C, stem end anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) developed instead of SER in more than one-quarter of the fruit. This result indicates that in some circumstances, the development of stem end anthracnose on naturally infected fruit could prevent the development of SER, despite the presence of quiescent infections of D. dominicana.The SER fungi (D. dominicana, Phomopsis mangiferae, C. mangiferae and Pestalotiopsis mangiferae) were associated also with necrotic twigs, tree litter (Botryosphaeria dothidea) and old foliar anthracnose lesions (L. theobromae).The taxonomy of the fungi causing SER of mango and avocado and fruit rot of kiwifruit has been reviewed and the fungi have been described. Suggestions have been made for possible revisions to the taxonomy to alleviate the current anomaly whereby anamorphs of Botryosphaeria spp. of similar morphology have been classified in either Dothiorella or Fusicoccum, vis. (a) D. dominicana should probably be reduced to synonymy with Fusicoccum aesculi, the anamorph of Botryosphaeria dothidea; (b) isolates of D. mangiferae appeared conspecific with some isolates of Fusicoccum parvum (the anamorph of Botryosphaeria parva), a cause of SER of avocado and fruit rot of kiwifruit. Although Dothiorella mangiferae was reduced to synonymy with Nattrassia mangiferae by Sutton and Dyko (1989), further studies may justify their reduction (along with F. parvum) to synonymy under the new combination, Fusicoccum mangiferae. Hendersonia creberrima which causes soft brown rot of mangoes in South Africa also appeared to be indistinguishable from D. mangiferae (confirming of Sutton and Dyko (1989)); (c) D. aromotica and Fusicoccum luteum (another cause of SER of avocado and fruit rot of kiwifruit) appeared to be conspecific. Further studies may justify their reduction to synonymy under the new combination, Fusicoccum aromotica; (d) D. 'long' appeared to be an undescribed species, with affinity to Fusicoccum cajani.

In a plant-endophyte relationship, substances secreted by microorganisms can help the plant to defend itself against pathogens and also to promote an increase in biomass. This study aimed to biochemically characterize endophytic fungi from Bambusa oldhamii Munro, aiming at future studies on plant growth promotion, as well as on resistance induction. The following fungal isolates from B. oldhamii were used: 29 (Acrocalymma sp.); 122 (Botryobambusa fusicoccum); 711 (Phoma sp.); and 712 (Phoma sp.). Biochemical characterization was performed, analyzing the production of indole-acetic acid, chitinases and glucanases, as well as the presence or absence of polyphenol oxidases and phosphate solubilization activity in vitro. The isolate 29 produced larger amounts of indole-acetic acid and chitinases, yielding 31.55 mg mL-1 after 96 h and 2.59 U mL-1 after 120 h, respectively. The isolate 122 produced an increased amount of glucanases, yielding 2.65 U mL-1 after 72 h. The isolates 29, 711 and 712 produced polyphenol oxidases. The isolate 711 showed phosphate solubilization activity in vitro. These results indicate that the isolates under study show a potential for inducing resistance in plants and for future studies on the increase of plant biomass. RESUMO Em uma relação planta-endófito, substâncias secretadas por micro-organismos podem ajudar a planta a se defender contra patógenos e promover o aumento de biomassa. Objetivou-se caracterizar bioquimicamente fungos endofíticos de Bambusa oldhamii Munro, visando a futuros estudos sobre promoção de crescimento, bem como indução de resistência. Foram utilizados os seguintes isolados fúngicos de B. oldhamii: 29 (Acrocalymma sp.); 122 (Botryobambusa fusicoccum); 711 (Phoma sp.); e 712 (Phoma sp.). Foi realizada caracterização bioquímica, analisando-se a produção de ácido indolacético, quitinases e glucanases, bem como a presença ou ausência de polifenol oxidases e atividade de solubilização de fosfato in vitro. O isolado 29 produziu maiores quantidades de ácido indolacético e quitinases, rendendo 31,55 mg mL-1 após 96 h e 2,59 U mL-1 após 120 h, respectivamente. O isolado 122 produziu uma quantidade aumentada de glucanases, rendendo 2,65 U mL-1 após 72 h. Os isolados 29, 711 e 712 produziram polifenol oxidases. O isolado 711 apresentou atividade de solubilização de fosfato in vitro. Esses resultados indicam que os isolados em estudo apresentam potencial para indução de resistência em plantas e para futuros estudos de aumento de biomassa vegetal.

Endophytic fungi, in addition to improving plant development, may produce antimicrobial substances that can inhibit pathogens. The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize endophytic fungi of Bambusa oldhamii and evaluate in vitro antagonism to Pyricularia oryzae. Fungal isolates of B. oldhamii shoots were purified and identified by nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) including internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS4). These isolates were then confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of the ITS1 and ITS2 sequences and morphological analysis. The isolates were evaluated in in vitro experiments of direct and indirect antagonism (volatile production). Five fungal isolates were identified and named as follows: isolate 27 (Arthrinium sp.); isolate 29 (Acrocalymma sp.); isolate 122 (Botryobambusa fusicoccum); isolate 711 (Phoma sp.) and isolate 712 (Phoma sp.). We found that the area of the P. oryzae colony was reduced by more than 80% by all endophytic isolates in this study, with emphasis on isolate 122, with a 96% reduction in area of the P. oryzae. These results were considered promising and will serve as a foundation for future studies on induction of resistance to P. oryzae.

The resistance of Mangifera indica to tip dieback disease caused by Botryosphaeria ribis, anamorphic state Fusicoccum sp., was determined on 361 trees of 122 mango cultivars and relatives planted in the mango germ plasm collection at the University of Florida, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead. Three trees from each cultivar were evaluated on a 1 to 5 scale ranging from those free of tip dieback to those with extensive branch necrosis. Each cultivar was assigned to one of eight major systematic groups based on race or geographic origin. Resistance to tip dieback disease was not associated with any of the groups. No significant differences in mean disease severity were found among the Indian, Southeast Asian, West Indian, Haden, or Sandersha parts of the Haden-Sandersha Complex, Turpentine types, or a group of unclassified cultivars. Two Mangifera species (M. odorata and M. zeylanica) showed the lowest mean disease rating. Cultivars were also grouped into monoembryonic and polyembryonic types. Although several mango cultivars, mainly found in the monoembryonic group, appeared to be free of the disease, resistance to tip dieback was not associated with embryony. This study provides the first indication that field resistance to tip dieback may be present in some mango cultivars.

Calcium salts were applied during the growing season to fresh-fruit cranberry beds to test their effects on cranberry fruit rot incidence and the incidence of specific fungi isolated from rotten and sound cranberry fruit at the time of harvest and after storage. Calcium salts did not affect fruit rot incidence, nor did they affect the recovery of specific fungi from berries. The field treatments did not result in higher calcium content in mature berries, nor did they affect the force required to penetrate the berry epidermis. Calcium propionate inhibited growth in vitro of Allantophomopsis cytisporea, A. lycopodina, Coleophoma empetri, Fusicoccum putrefaciens, and Physalospora vaccinii. Calcium chloride and calcium nitrate inhibited growth of Coleophoma empetri and Fusicoccum putrefaciens, but these salts enhanced growth of Physalospora vaccinii. P. vaccinii was the fungus most frequently isolated from rotten berries at the time of harvest. The fungi most frequently isolated from rotten berries after several weeks in storage varied among sites. P. vaccinii, which was common in sound fruit at harvest, persisted in sound fruit in storage but was also isolated frequently from rotten berries after storage. A. lycopodina and F. putrefaciens, which were isolated infrequently from sound berries at the time of harvest, were isolated frequently from rotten berries after storage. In two of four trials, no fungi were isolated from a large proportion of fruit that decayed in storage.

Botryosphaeria spp. are known to produce cankers and dieback in several woody hosts. Since 2001, a severe disease resulting in the dieback of branches was observed in olive (Olea europaea) orchards in Andalucía, southern Spain, where the only cultivar affected was Gordal de Sevilla. The affected trees showed abundant dead twigs, and wilted leaves remained attached. These symptoms were similar to those caused by Resseliella oleisuga, a bark borer insect common in the region. Closer inspection showed no evidence of insects, but revealed reddish brown bark lesions that girdled the affected branches. When the outer bark was removed, the affected tissue appeared dark brown, in contrast to the yellowish green of healthy inner bark. A Fusicoccum sp. was consistently isolated from the necrotic bark. Conidia produced in black pycnidia were hyaline, aseptate, fusoid, with a truncate base averaging 19.9 × 6.7 μm, becoming pale brown with all cells the same color, and developing one or two septa when germinated. These characteristics conform to Fusicoccum ribis (1), the anamorph of B. ribis. Pathogenicity of two isolates from symptomatic branches was determined by stem inoculations of 4-year-old cv. Gordal de Sevilla grafted on wild olive trees growing in plastic pots containing a sand/lime/peat soil mixture. Both isolates were inoculated by three techniques. In the first, 7-mm-diameter agar plugs bearing actively growing mycelium were applied to 7-mm-diameter bark wounds made with a cork borer on the middle point of stems (averaging 10 mm in diameter). In the second technique, the same type of inoculum was applied directly to the bark without any wounding. For the third technique, 100 μl of conidial suspension in water (2 × 105 conidia per ml) was applied to bark wounds. The inoculated stem sections were wrapped in Parafilm to retain moisture. All inoculated and control plants (only sterile agar medium or sterile water added) were kept in a greenhouse and watered as needed. There were three replicate plants per isolate and inoculation technique. After 3 months, all plants inoculated with mycelium applied to wounds showed girdling and apical death with browning and wilting of leaves above the inoculation point. In the treatments where mycelium was applied to unwounded bark or where conidial suspensions were applied to wounds, small bark cankers developed to 56 mm long, but neither girdling nor foliar wilting were observed. No symptoms developed in the control plants. There were no significant differences in pathogenicity between the two F. ribis isolates. F. ribis was recovered from necrotic bark from every inoculated plant. These results demonstrate that B. ribis is pathogenic on cv. Gordal de Sevilla olives, and they indicate that bark wounding favors lesion development but is not needed for infection. Reference: (1) B. Slippers et al. Mycologia 96:83, 2004.

A survey was carried out in the spring of 2003 to study the fungi associated with declining trees in a cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forest located in Sassari Province, Sardinia, Italy (40°52′N, 9°01′E) at an altitude of 150 m (above sea level). Several isolates obtained from live twigs and branches showing sunken necrotic bark lesions were identified as Fusicoccum parvum Pennycook & Samuels (teleomorph Botryosphaeria parva Pennycook & Samuels). Neither pycnidia nor ascomata were observed on the symptomatic samples collected. On potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C, the isolates developed an aerial and compact mycelium, initially white but becoming gray after 4 to 6 days, and produced pycnidia after 1 month on sterile cork oak twigs placed on the surface of PDA. Conidia from culture were hyaline, ellipsoidal to fusiform, externally smooth, thin walled, nonseptate, 12 to 19 (15.5) × 5.5 to 8.5 (6.5) μm, with length/width ratio of 2.4 ± 0.1 (mean ± standard error). Identity was confirmed by analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) from the rRNA repeat and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α), as done elsewhere (1,4). BLAST searches at GenBank showed a high identity with reference sequences (ITS: >99%; EF1-α: 100%). Representative sequences of both regions were deposited at GenBank (ITS: Accession No. DQ487157; EF1-α: Accession No. DQ487158). Pathogenicity tests were carried out on seven 2-year-old cork oak seedlings maintained in a greenhouse at 14 to 26°C with the B. parva strain CBS 119937 obtained in this study. A mycelial plug (3 to 4 mm2) taken from the margin of an actively growing colony on PDA was put in a shallow wound made by a scalpel on the basal part of the stem of each seedling. Sterile PDA plugs were placed into similar wounds on three control seedlings. The inoculation points were wrapped in Parafilm to retain moisture for 1 week. After 4 weeks, all seedlings inoculated with B. parva died and showed a collapse of the stem cortical tissues associated with dark brown discolorations and vascular necrosis measuring 10.9 ± 0.4 cm. No symptoms were visible in the control seedlings. The pathogen was reisolated from all the inoculated seedlings, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. The results confirm the virulence of this fungus and point to its possible involvement in the aetiology of cork oak decline. B. parva is a cosmopolitan, plurivorous pathogen causing disease in several hosts of economic importance, such as grapevine (3), kiwi (2), and Eucalyptus spp. trees (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. parva causing canker disease on cork oak trees. References: (1) A. Gezahgne et al. S. Afr. J. Bot. 70:241, 2004. (2) S. R. Pennycook and G. J. Samuels. Mycotaxon 24:445, 1985. (3) A. J. L. Phillips. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 41:3, 2002. (4) B. Slippers et al. Mycologia 96:83, 2004.

This paper provides recommendations of one name for use among pleomorphic genera in Dothideomycetes by the Working Group on Dothideomycetes established under the auspices of the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF). A number of these generic names are proposed for protection because they do not have priority and/or the generic name selected for use is asexually typified. These include: Acrogenospora over Farlowiella; Alternaria over Allewia, Lewia, and Crivellia; Botryosphaeria over Fusicoccum; Camarosporula over Anthracostroma; Capnodium over Polychaeton; Cladosporium over Davidiella; Corynespora over Corynesporasca; Curvularia over Pseudocochliobolus; Elsinoë over Sphaceloma; Excipulariopsis over Kentingia; Exosporiella over Anomalemma; Exserohilum over Setosphaeria; Gemmamyces over Megaloseptoria; Kellermania over Planistromella; Kirschsteiniothelia over Dendryphiopsis; Lecanosticta over Eruptio; Paranectriella over Araneomyces; Phaeosphaeria over Phaeoseptoria; Phyllosticta over Guignardia; Podonectria over Tetracrium; Polythrincium over Cymadothea; Prosthemium over Pleomassaria; Ramularia over Mycosphaerella; Sphaerellopsis over Eudarluca; Sphaeropsis over Phaeobotryosphaeria; Stemphylium over Pleospora; Teratosphaeria over Kirramyces and Colletogloeopsis; Tetraploa over Tetraplosphaeria; Venturia over Fusicladium and Pollaccia; and Zeloasperisporium over Neomicrothyrium. Twenty new combinations are made: Acrogenospora carmichaeliana (Berk.) Rossman & Crous, Alternaria scrophulariae (Desm.) Rossman & Crous, Pyrenophora catenaria (Drechsler) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, P. dematioidea (Bubák & Wróbl.) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, P. fugax (Wallr.) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, P. nobleae (McKenzie & D. Matthews) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, P. triseptata (Drechsler) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, Schizothyrium cryptogamum (Batzer & Crous) Crous & Batzer, S. cylindricum (G.Y. Sun et al.) Crous & Batzer, S. emperorae (G.Y. Sun & L. Gao) Crous & Batzer, S. inaequale (G.Y. Sun & L. Gao) Crous & Batzer, S. musae (G.Y. Sun & L. Gao) Crous & Batzer, S. qianense (G.Y. Sun & Y.Q. Ma) Crous & Batzer, S. tardecrescens (Batzer & Crous) Crous & Batzer, S. wisconsinense (Batzer & Crous) Crous & Batzer, Teratosphaeria epicoccoides (Cooke & Massee) Rossman & W.C. Allen, Venturia catenospora (Butin) Rossman & Crous, V. convolvularum (Ondrej) Rossman & Crous, V. oleaginea (Castagne) Rossman & Crous, and V. phillyreae (Nicolas & Aggéry) Rossman & Crous, combs. nov. Three replacement names are also proposed: Pyrenophora grahamii Rossman & K.D. Hyde, Schizothyrium sunii Crous & Batzer, and Venturia barriae Rossman & Crous noms. nov.

Two bacterial strains (ZJ01 and ZJ02) isolated from the phyllosphere of Chinese jujube were tested for antifungal activities and morphological mechanisms against Phoma destructiva, Alternaria alternata and Fusicoccum spp., three key pathogens of jujube fruits. Based on their physiological characteristics and 16S rDNA gene sequences, both strains were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The disease incidence of jujube fruits sprayed with the fermentation liquor of ZJ01 and ZJ02 on the puncture wounds before inoculation with the spores of those three key pathogenic fungi was 10% or 66.7%, significantly lower than that of Nutrient Broth medium treatment (100%). These results suggest that strains ZJ01 may be a potential biological control agent for Chinese jujube fruit diseases. The antagonistic bacteria could cause five kinds of hyphal alterations of the causal agents, the maximum number ever observed. Of them, hyphal swelling and excessive branching were the dominant phenomenon, the other three varied...

Fusicoccum canker of highbush blueberry was first detected in 1973 in Poland. The diseases appeared on the shoots of variety Jersey in the collection of the Department of Pomology, Agricultural University, Warsaw-Ursyn6w. The disease was caused by the fungus Godronia cassandrae f. vaccinii {Peck.) Groves. The conidial stage is known as Topospora myrtilli (Felfch.) Boermema syn. Fusicoccum putrefaciens Shear.

Hevea brasiliensis is a natural source of rubber and an important plantation tree species in Malaysia. Leaf blight disease caused by Fusicoccum substantially reduces the growth and performance of H. brasiliensis. The aim of this study was to use a combination of both morphological characteristics and molecular data to clarify the taxonomic position of the fungus associated with leaf blight disease. Fusicoccum species were isolated from infected leaves collected from plantations at 3 widely separated locations - Selangor, Perak, and Johor states - in Peninsular Malaysia in 2010. All the isolates were identified according to their conidial patterns and DNA sequences generated from internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2), the 5.8S rRNA, and an unknown locus (BotF15) containing microsatellite repeats. Based on taxonomic and sequence data, Neofusicoccum ribis was identified as the main cause of leaf blight disease in H. brasiliensis in commercial plantations in Malaysia. A pathogenicity trial on detached leaves further confirmed that N. ribis causes leaf blight disease. N. ribis is an important leaf pathogen, and its detection in Malaysia has important implications for future planting of H. brasiliensis.

Our search for new metabolites biosynthetically related to fusicoccin with potent plant growth-stimulating activity from the culture filtrate of Fusicoccum amygdali F6 resulted in the isolation of a new derivative of fusicoccin J, as well as fusicoccin J and 16-O-demethyl 3-epifusicoccin J. Its structure was analyzed by 600 MHz NMR spectrometry and identified as 16-O-demethyl fusicoccin J. The biosynthetic relationships among 16-O-demethyl fusicoccin J and its 3-epimer, and fusicoccin J are discussed in connection with the co-occurrence of both of the 3-epimers of 16-O-demethyl fusicoccin J. 16-O-Demethyl fusicoccin J and its 3-epimer showed only low germination-stimulating activity toward lettuce seeds in the presence of abscisic acid (20 μM), the latter being slightly more active than the former.

The family Botryosphaeriaceae (Ascomycota, Botryosphaeriales) encompasses several ecologically diverse fungal species, which are usually isolated as endophytes or pathogens, from various woody hosts. The present work aimed to identify morphologically and by molecular techniques as well as to assess the pathogenicity of isolates of Botryosphaeriaceous fungi obtained from fruit plants grown in the Brazilian Northeastern region. After the isolation of DNA from the fungi the combined analyses of fragments sequency of transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA, translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF-1α) and β-tubulina (βt) were used to determine the phylogenetic relationships among the isolates which lead to identification of six fungal species of Lasiodiplodia, two of Neofusicoccum, one of Pseudofusicocuum and one of Neoscytalidium associated with die-back and cankers on the following host plants: Lasiodiplodia brasiliense (Manilkara zapota, Mangifera indica and Spondias purpurea), L. caatinguensis sp. nov (Anarcadium occidentale, S. purpurea, S. mombin and Citrus sinensis), L. euphorbicola (Annona muricata and Cocos nucifera), L. theobromae (S. purpurea, Talisia esculenta and A. occidentale), L. pontae sp. nov (S. purpurea and A. occidentale), L pseudotheobromae (S. purpurea, Tamarindus indica and A. occidentale), Neofusicoccum brasiliense (Psidium guajava), Neofusicoccum kwambonambiense (A. occidentale), Neoscytalidium hyalinum (A. occidentale and M. indica) e Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum (A. occidentale). As far as the morphology of isolates is concerned there were significant differences among them, mainly concerning the culture media and the incubation temperatures adopted. Generally, isolates presented a white mycelial growth, becoming dark after aging. As for pathogenicity all species were pathogenic to fruits of mango as well as to seedlings of A. occidentale and S. purpurea. All species of pathogenic Lasiodiplodia were the young plants of soursop. However, the aggressiveness of the isolates varied as the species and the host species Lasiodiplodia being the most aggressive. The cashew genotype BRS253 behaved as the most susceptible of all genotypes tested, followed by CCP76, BRS189 and BRS226, which did not present any significant difference among them. All the other genotype were considered as moderately resistant, especially BRS274 and Embrapa 51, upon which the fungal isolates showed no pathogenicity differences. Both fungicides tested were able to inhibit the fungal growth in vitro conditions, despite carbendazin had been a little more efficient than tebuconazole. A família Botryosphaeriaceae (Ascomycota, Botryosphaeriales) é composta por complexos de espécies crípticas endofíticas e patogênicas capazes de provocar sintomas de cancros e morte descendente de ramos a diversos hospedeiros, sobretudo plantas lenhosas, dentre as fruteiras tropicais se destacam. Objetivou-se com o presente estudo realizar a caracterização biológica, molecular e o controle de isolados fúngicos família Botryosphaeriaceae associados a fruteiras tropicais no Nordeste brasileiro. Dentre as técnicas utilizadas estão: o sequenciamento gênico combinado das regiões do espaçador interno transcristo (ITS) do DNA ribossômico, fator de elongação 1-alfa (TEF-1α) e β-tubulina (βt) para a determinação das relações filogenéticas entre os isolados, dados de caracteres morfofisiológicos e patógenico, bem como a avaliação dos métodos de controle químico e genético das espécies identificadas. Diante da caracterização molecular foi possível a identificação de seis espécies do complexo Lasiodiplodia, dentre as quais duas novas espécies, duas espécies de Neofusicoccum, uma de Pseudofusicocuum e uma de Neoscytalidium associadas a diversas fruteiras tropicais. Dentre essas espécies e seus respectivos hospedeiros estão: Lasiodiplodia brasiliense (Manilkara zapota, Mangifera indica e Spondias purpurea), L. caatinguensis sp. nov (Anarcadium occidentale, S. purpurea, S. mombin e Citrus sinensis), L. euphorbicola (Annona muricata e Cocos nucifera), L. theobromae (S. purpurea, Talisia esculenta e A. occidentale), L. pontae sp. nov (S. purpurea e A. occidentale), L pseudotheobromae (S. purpurea, Tamarindus indica e A. occidentale), Neofusicoccum brasiliense (Psidium guajava), Neofusicoccum kwambonambiense (A. occidentale), Neoscytalidium hyalinum (A. occidentale, M. indica) e Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum (A. occidentale). Através da caracterização morfológica dos isolados, percebeu-se grandes semelhanças morfofisiológicas entre os isolados, notando-se variações em taxa de crescimento quando submetidos a diferentes meios de cultura e temperaturas de incubação. Em geral, os isolados apresentaram abundante crescimento micelial, de coloração inicialmente esbranquiçada se tornando escura com a idade. Quanto à patogenicidade, todos os isolados de Botryosphaeriaceae foram patogênicos a frutos de manga, aos diferentes genótipos de cajueiro e as plantas jovens de umbu-cajá. Todas as espécies de Lasiodiplodia foram patogênicas a plantas jovens de gravioleira. No entanto, a agressividade dos isolados variou quanto à espécie e ao hospedeiro, sendo as espécies de Lasiodiplodia as mais agressivas. No que concerne às medidas de controle genético e químico, respectivamente: o genótipo BRS253 foi o mais susceptível as espécies, seguido do CCP76, BRS189 e BRS226 que não diferiram entre si. Os demais genótipos foram moderadamente resistentes, com destaque para BRS274 e Embrapa 51, nos quais as espécies não diferiram em virulência; os fungicidas tebuconazole e carbendazin inibiram o crescimento in vitro das espécies, não obstante o carbendazin tenha se mostrado mais eficiente.

The occurrence of fruit shrink disease in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. ‘Linyilizao’ was investigated from 2006 to 2009 in Cangxian of Hebei Province, Taiyuan, and Taigu of Shanxi Province, and the pathogens were isolated from the diseased fruits sampled from both Cangxian and Taiyuan in 2006 and 2007. The pathogens in leaf, fruit, and shoot collected from Cangxian were isolated from June to October in 2008 at 30-day intervals. The incidence of the disease varied significantly with location and year, and the highest incidence was observed in Cangxian during 2006. Three kinds of key pathogens were isolated from the fruits from July to September, i.e., Alternaria alternata Keissler (mainly in July), Phoma destructiva Plowr. (mainly in September), and Fusicoccum sp., of which A. alternata was the most dominant. In leaves, both A. alternata (much more dominant) and P. destructiva could be isolated throughout June to October, but no Fusicoccum sp. was found. At the white-ripening stage of fruit, the isolation rate of A. alternata was the highest in leaves (36.67%), followed by extension shoot (6.67%) and fruit (1.11%) while that of P. destructiva was the highest in extension shoot (31.11%), followed by fruit (13.33%) and leaf (12.22%), with Fusicoccum sp. isolated only in extension shoot (2.22%). The frequency of isolating two or three kinds of above three pathogens together was very low, with the highest rate (19.30%) found in A. alternata and P. destructiva from leaves in July.

There have been several recent reports of Pterocarpus angolensis (kiaat) trees dying in South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe, where this tree is used in traditional medicine and is a valuable source of timber for woodcarving and furniture. A survey of material from diseased P. angolensis trees in South Africa yielded isolates of the Botryosphaeriaceae, an important fungal family known to cause a number of tree diseases. The aim of this study was to identify these Botryosphaeriaceae and to determine their pathogenicity to P. angolensis with branch inocula- tions. Seven species of the Botryosphaeriaceae were identified based on a combination of morphological characteristics and sequences from the ITS and EF-1a gene regions. Four of these represent undescribed taxa for which the names Pseudofusicoccum violaceum, P. olivaceum, Diplodia alatafructa and Fusicoccum atrovirens are provided. The remaining three species collected include Lasiodiplodia theobromae, L. pseu- dotheobromae and L. crassispora. Inoculation trials on tree branches showed that L. pseudotheobromae and one isolate of D. alatafructa differed significantly from control inoculations. The high levels of viru- lence and common occurrence of L. pseudotheobromae suggest that this species could play a role in tree dieback and death.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da radiação gama em doses baixas no controle pós-colheita da podridão por Fusicoccum em manga 'Tommy Atkins', bem como avaliar o efeito desse método sobre as características físico-químicas da fruta. Frutos aparentemente livres de doenças no estádio de maturação 1,5 foram inoculados com 10 μL de suspensão de Fusicoccum parvum a 10(6) conídios mL-1. Após a inoculação, os frutos foram irradiados com as doses de 0,24, 0,35 e 0,45 kGy e armazenados a 13ºC, durante 15 dias, seguidos de mais seis dias em temperatura ambiente, a 25ºC. A dose mais alta de radiação gama foi eficiente em retardar o desenvolvimento da doença em razão do atraso causado na maturação das frutas. Não houve efeito significativo da radiação sobre as características físico-químicas das frutas. Os frutos mantiveram características ideais para comercialização, mesmo após o armazenamento refrigerado, com a presença de filme plástico, por 15 dias. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation in low doses on the postharvest control of 'Tommy Atkins' mango rot caused by Fusicoccum, and to evaluate the effect of this method on the physicochemical characteristics of the fruit. Fruits in ripening stage 1,5 and apparently free of disease were inoculated with 10 μL of a Fusicoccum parvum suspension at 10(6) conidia mL-1. They were gamma irradiated with the doses 0.24, 0.35 and 0.45 kGy, and stored under 13°C for 15 days, followed by a further six days at room temperature, 25°C. The higher dose of gamma radiation was effective in delaying the disease development due to fruit delayed maturation. No significant effect of radiation was observed on fruit physicochemical characteristics. Fruit maintained ideal commercialization features even after cold storage, in the presence of plastic film, for 15 days.

Yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge) is a woody deciduous shrub that produces capsular fruits with seeds rich in oil and it has also been widely cultivated for biodiesel production in northern China (Venegas-Caleron et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2017). Beginning in June 2015, a rot of yellowhorn that severely reduced fruit production was observed in Weifang City, Shandong Province, China. Typical symptoms were black-brown spots in a radial pattern in the initial stages and thereafter as sunken necrotic lesions that often enlarged and merged, rendering these fruits unusable. Mycelia and fruit bodies were observed on lesions under the moist circumstance. Thirty infected fruits were collected randomly from 30 trees of the three orchards and 90 samples were cut into 6-mm pieces, surface-sterilized, plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25°C in the dark. The colonies then appeared white, aerial mycelia turned dark gray after 8 days, and black pycnidia, circular or irregular, which aggregated mono- to multilocularly in one stroma, appeared after 18 days. Conidia were one-celled, hyaline, aseptate, thin walled, ellipsoidal to fusiform, and measured 16.8 to 30.4 × 3.5 to 8.0 μm (avg. 25.5 × 5.4 μm). The morphological characteristics fit the descriptions of Fusicoccum anamorph of Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & De Not. (Phillips et al. 2005; Slippers and Wingfield 2007). The genomic DNA was extracted from four representative isolates (SDXF2, SDXF3, SDXF4, and SDXF6) and amplicons of 18S rRNA gene and elongation factor 1-α gene were obtained using primers ITS1 and ITS4 (Lawrence et al. 2017) and EF1 and EF2 primers (Phillips et al. 2005), respectively. Amplicons were sequenced and compared in GenBank using a BLAST analysis. The ITS sequences (accession nos. MG282090, MG282091, MG282092, and MG282093) had 100% similarity with the sequences of B. dothidea (KR260804, LC317473, MG020754, and JF441086, respectively) and the EF1-α sequences (MG149784, MG421004, MG421005, and MG421006) matched 100% with the sequences of B. dothidea (GU251224, GU251224, HM176507, and HM176506, respectively). A phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and EF1-α sequences placed the four obtained isolates within the same clade containing the B. dothidea isolates PD122, CMW9075, and CMW8000. Pathogenicity tests were carried out in mid-June 2016. Fifty healthy fruits were collected from orchards, rinsed in tap water, and then surface-sterilized in 10% sodium hypochlorite for 30 s. Ten fruits were inoculated with 5-mm mycelial discs from a 5-day-old culture of each representative strain, and 10 healthy fruits were inoculated with uncolonized PDA discs as controls. All fruits were incubated at 25°C and 100% relative humidity. After 10 days, all inoculated fruits showed similar disease symptoms as those observed on yellowhorn fruits in the orchards. No symptoms developed on control fruits. The pathogen was reisolated only from the inoculated fruits and its identity confirmed with both morphology and using molecular tools. These results indicated that the pathogen of yellowhorn fruit rot is B. dothidea. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. dothidea causing fruit rot of yellowhorn in China, and apparently even worldwide.

Background and Aims: Botryosphaeriaceae species are recognised as important pathogens of grapevines both in Australia and overseas. The identity, prevalence and distribution of Botryosphaeriaceae species in vineyards throughout the major winegrowing regions of New South Wales (NSW) and South Australia (SA) was determined to provide a foundation for improved disease prevention and management. Methods and Results: Field surveys from 91 vineyards across NSW and SA resulted in the collection of 2239 diseased wood samples and subsequent isolation of 1258 Botryosphaeriaceae isolates. Morphological identification along with phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and partial sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (EF1-α) showed that eight Botryosphaeriaceae species from four phylogenetic lineages occur on grapevines in eastern Australia, including Diplodia seriata, Diplodia mutila, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neofusicoccum parvum, Neofusicoccum australe, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Dothiorella viticola and Dothiorella iberica. Conclusions: The prevalence of individual species varied according to geography and climate. Species of Diplodia and Dothiorella, characterised by thick-walled, pigmented conidia were the most prevalent and were distributed widely throughout both NSW and SA. Species with hyaline conidia, such as Neofusicoccum and Fusicoccum, were isolated less frequently and displayed more limited geographic ranges, whilst only a single isolate of Lasiodiplodia was recovered, this being from the northern most region of NSW. Significance of the Study: The identification of eight taxa within the Botryosphaeriaceae, and their distributions throughout south-eastern Australia was established and discussed in context with climate, reported optimum growth temperatures, and more recent taxonomic and nomenclatural revisions. We established a sound base for control strategies based on the prevailing species in Australian viticultural regions.

Morgan, D. P., Driever, G. F., Felts, D., Krueger, W. H., and Michailides, T. J. 2009. Evaluation of two disease warning systems for Botryosphaeria panicle and shoot blight of California pistachio and efficient control based on early-season sprays. Plant Dis. 93:1175-1181. Two empirical models to predict infection events were evaluated for control of Botryosphaeria panicle and shoot blight, caused by a Fusicoccum sp., as well as the effectiveness of early-season fungicide sprays on the control of this disease of pistachio. A model incorporating wetness duration was superior to one based solely on duration of rains ≥1 mm/h for ≥4 h and with temperature ≥11°C. The wetness duration threshold (W) for rain events ≥4 mm at a given temperature (T) for high-risk infection events was W = –7.8 + 397/T and the threshold for medium-risk events was W = –6.9 + 220/T. Wet periods interrupted by ≤12 h were added together to calculate W. In two orchards with high levels of inoculum, one high-risk event resulted in 20 to 23% blighted fruit at harvest and two or three high-risk events resulted in 31 to 80% blighted fruit. Latent infections were 0 to 1% in instances where only low-risk events (one to two events) occurred prior to collection of pistachio fruit for determination of latent infections and were 17 to 36% with one to three high-risk events. Early-season fungicide sprays in April to May effectively controlled panicle and shoot blight when applied up to 12 days before predicted infection events or 5 days after.

This study is reporting about the fungal pathogens and control measures of Chinese chestnut fruit rots. Forty-five different strains of fungi were isolated from the rotten nuts and asymptomatic ones. Based on the culture phenotype, thirty-four strains were identified to be 13 genera, i.e. Aureobasidium sp., Alternaria sp., Phoma sp., Penicillium sp., Trichothecium sp., Fusicoccum sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Mucor sp., Phomopsis sp., Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Botrytis sp. and Rhizopus sp. Among them, Alternaria, Trichothecium, Fusicoccum and Fusarium had higher isolating rate than others. The inoculation tests showed that Alternaria sp., Fusarium sp. and Fusicoccum sp. could only infect the wounded seeds of chestnut, and Trichothecium sp. could infect both wounded and unwounded seeds of chestnut. In order to control fruit rots, four post-harvest treatments before storage and three protective measures to avoid infection of pathogens in the field were tested. The results showed that all the tested control measures were, to some extent, able to improve the proportion of healthy fruits during the storage of chestnut.

Infection rate of chestnut tree by Botryosphaeria(Dothiorella) dathidea was about at Gapyung area. disease symptom of chestnut did not appear in October but appeared in November, showing in May in ext year. B. dothidea was more pathogenic to chestnut than did Catinula sp. and Fusicoccum sp. B. dothidea uses soft rot, but Catinula sp. and Fusicoccum sp. causes dry rot. Mycelial growth of B. dothidea was optimal at . Mycelial growth was stimulated when water potential decreased from -2 bars to -12 bars and declined from -12 bars to -60 bars.

Species of Botryosphaeria and Neofusicoccum are well known as pathogens of woody hosts. In this study the species that occur on rotting olive drupes in the main production areas of southern Italy were studied. Species were identified from the morphology of their conidial states in culture and from sequence data of the ITS rDNA operon and partial sequence of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene. Botryosphaeria and Neofusicoccum species were isolated from more than 60% of the affected drupes, suggesting that they are the main contributors to this disease. The most common species was B. dothidea, which was isolated from 34% of the drupes. However, N. australe and N. vitifusiforme were also common and were isolated from 16 and 12%, respectively. Two other species (N. parvum and N. mediterraneum) were uncommon and occurred on less than 1% of the drupes. All five species were pathogenic on the two cultivars of olive tested. The most aggressive species was N. vitifusiforme, followed by N. australe and B. dothidea. The two olive cultivars differed in their susceptibility to the pathogens. The results show that B. dothidea, N. vitifusiforme and N. australe are important pathogens of olives.

The Botryosphaeriaceae includes several species that are serious canker and leaf pathogens of Pro- teaceae. In the present study, sequence data for the ITS nrDNA region were used in conjunction with morphological observations to resolve the taxonomy of species of Botryosphaeriaceae associated with Proteaceae. Neofusicoccum luteum was confirmed from Buckinghamia and Banksia in Australia, and on Protea cynaroides in South Africa. A major pathogen of Banksia coccinea in Australia was shown to be N. australe and not N. luteum as previously reported. Neofusicoccum protearum was previously reported on Proteaceae from Australia, Madeira, Portugal and South Africa, and is shown here to also occur in Hawaii and Tenerife (Canary Islands). Furthermore, several previous records of N. ribis on Proteaceae were shown to be N. parvum. Saccharata capensis is described as a new species that is morphologically similar to S. proteae. There is no information currently available regarding its potential importance as plant pathogen and pathogenicity tests should be conducted with it in the future. Biodiversity, black fungi, Capnodiales, Chaetothyriales, Dothideomycetes, extremotolerance

Three anamorph genera of the Botryosphaeriaceae namely Diplodia, Lasiodiplodia and Dothiorella have typically dark, ovoid conidia with thick walls, and are consequently difficult to distinguish from each other. These genera are well-known pathogens of especially pine species. We generated a multiple gene genealogy to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of Botryosphaeriaceae with dark conidial anamorphs, and mapped host associations based on this phylogeny. The multiple gene genealogy separated Diplodia, Lasiodiplodia and Dothiorella and it revealed trends in the patterns of host association. The data set was expanded to include more lineages of the Botryosphaeriaceae, and included all isolates from different host species for which ITS sequence data are available. Results indicate that Diplodia species occur mainly on gymnosperms, with a few species on both gymnosperms and angiosperms. Lasiodiplodia species occur equally on both gymnosperms and angiosperms, Dothiorella species are restricted to angiosperms and Neofusicoccum species occur mainly on angiosperms with rare reports on Southern Hemisphere gymnosperms. Botryosphaeria species with Fusicoccum anamorphs occur mostly on angiosperms with rare reports on gymnosperms. Ancestral state reconstruction suggests that a putative ancestor of the Botryosphaeriaceae most likely evolved on the angiosperms. Another interesting observation was that both host generalist and specialist species were observed in all the lineages of the Botryosphaeriaceae, with little evidence of host associated co-evolution.

The Botryosphaeriaceae includes several species that are serious canker and leaf pathogens of Pro- teaceae. In the present study, sequence data for the ITS nrDNA region were used in conjunction with morphological observations to resolve the taxonomy of species of Botryosphaeriaceae associated with Proteaceae. Neofusicoccum luteum was confirmed from Buckinghamia and Banksia in Australia, and on Protea cynaroides in South Africa. A major pathogen of Banksia coccinea in Australia was shown to be N. australe and not N. luteum as previously reported. Neofusicoccum protearum was previously reported on Proteaceae from Australia, Madeira, Portugal and South Africa, and is shown here to also occur in Hawaii and Tenerife (Canary Islands). Furthermore, several previous records of N. ribis on Proteaceae were shown to be N. parvum. Saccharata capensis is described as a new species that is morphologically similar to S. proteae. There is no information currently available regarding its potential importance as plant pathogen and pathogenicity tests should be conducted with it in the future. Biodiversity, black fungi, Capnodiales, Chaetothyriales, Dothideomycetes, extremotolerance

Sixty-five crude extracts from 51 selected endophytic fungi isolated from Garcinia species were tested for various bioactivities. Eighty per cent of the fungal extracts from fermentation broths and mycelia displayed bioactivities: antimycobacterial (76.9%), antimalarial (14.1%), antiviral (16.7%), antioxidant (22.2%), antiproliferation (11.1% against NCI-H187 and 12.7% against KB cells), and cytotoxicity to Vero cells (40.0%). Based on internal transcribed spacer rRNA sequence analysis, 15 bioactive isolates were identified as Aspergillus, Botryosphaeria, Curvularia, Fusicoccum, Guignardia, Muscodor, Penicillium, Pestalotiopsis, and Phomopsis spp. One isolate (N24) was matched with an unidentified fungal endophyte. These results indicate that endophytic fungi isolated from Garcinia plants in Thailand are potential sources of various bioactive natural products.

Species of Botryosphaeria are well-recognized pathogens of pome and stone fruit trees. The taxonomy of these fungi, however, has been confused in the past. Recent taxonomic changes to the Botryosphaeriaceae further influence the literature pertaining to these fungi. This study reviews the taxonomic status of Botryosphaeriaceae associated with fruit tree diseases, identifies them in South Africa and elsewhere, and develops a reliable identification technique for them. Comparisons were made using DNA sequence data from the nuclear ITS rRNA operon and anamorph morphology. These analyses distinguished six clades amongst isolates associated with fruit tree diseases, corresponding to Neofusicoccum ribis (= B. ribis), N. parvum (= B. parva), N. australe (= B. australis), B. dothidea, Diplodia mutila (= B. stevensii) and ¿Botryosphaeria¿ obtusa (the genus Botryosphaeria is no longer available for the fungus known as B. obtusa, but a new name has not been proposed yet). Isolates from fruit trees in South Africa were grouped in the N. australe and ¿Botryosphaeria¿ obtusa clades. This is the first report of N. australe from fruit trees. PCR-RFLP analysis using the restriction endonucleases CfoI and HaeIII distinguished the major clades. However, two groups of closely related species, N. ribis and N. parvum, and N. australe and N. luteum (= B. lutea), had identical RFLP profiles. Using RFLP, it was shown that ¿Botryosphaeria¿ obtusa is the dominant species on fruit trees in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. These results and methods will be useful in future epidemiological studies and disease management of Botryosphaeriaceae from fruit trees.

RESUMO Dentre as doenças que ocorrem na pós-colheita da goiaba, destacam-se a antracnose, a pinta preta e as podridões pedunculares. A incidência e a diversidade dessas doenças dependem do genótipo do hospedeiro. Este trabalho objetivou identificar e quantificar as doenças pós-colheita de acessos de goiabeira cultivados em sistema orgânico. Para a caracterização das doenças, avaliaram-se 30 frutos de 48 acessos, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A antracnose e a pinta preta foram as doenças pós-colheita mais frequentes na goiaba. Os acessos Vermelha Redonda (Shimoda), L5P21, L3P12, EEF-3, IAC-4 - Unesp e Monte Alto - Comum 1 destacaram-se por apresentarem as menores incidências de antracnose e pinta preta, enquanto L4P13, L1P2 e Creme Arredondada (Unesp) foram os que apresentaram as maiores incidências de antracnose, pinta preta e podridão peduncular. Os patógenos Fusicoccum sp., Phomopsis sp., Phoma sp., Dothiorella sp. e Lasiodiplodia sp. foram identificados como causadores de sintomas da podridão peduncular.

Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil (EO) of Lippia gracilis Schauer over fungi and heliconia endophytic bacteria was evaluated. For the fungi Geotrichum candidum; Trichoderma viride; Torula herbarum; Paecillomyces sp.; Fusicoccum sp.; P. aeruginens; Curvularia lunata; Aspergillus nidulans; A. flavus; and A. niger mycelial discs were inoculated in PDA medium with oil (0; 420; 440; 460; 480 e 500 µL L-1). The inhibition percentage in 420 µL L-1 was 100% for all fungi, except for C. lunata and A. niger, which was 95.58% and 89.40% , respectively. In other experiment, a suspension of the Salmonella choleraceuis-diarizonae, Enterobacter asburiae, Bacillus thuringiensis, B. pumilus, B. cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and E. hormaechei was individually added to the solid NYDA medium dishes. In each dish, wells were drilled in medium and filled with water or EO (420 µL L-1). The diameter of the inhibition halo was assessed. K. pneumoniae was the bacterial species less sensitive and E. hormaechei was the most sensitive.Avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana do óleo essencial (OE) de Lippia gracilis Schauer sobre fungos contaminantes de laboratórios de cultura de tecidos vegetais e bactérias endofíticas de helicônias. Discos de micélio dos fungos Geotrichum candidum; Trichoderma viride; Torula herbarum; Paecillomyces sp.; Aspergillus nidulans; Fusicoccum sp.; A. flavus; P. aeruginens; Curvularia lunata e A. niger, foram inoculados em meio BDA com óleo (0; 420; 440; 460; 480 e 500 µL L-1). O percentual de inibição em 420 µL L-1 foi de 100% para todos os fungos exceto paraC. lunata and A. niger, o qual foi de 95.58% and 89.40% respectivamente. Em outro experimento, suspensão das espécies Salmonela choleraceuis-diarizonae, Enterobacter asburiae, Bacillus thuringiensis, B. pumilus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. hormaechei, Bacillus pumilus, B. cereus, B. pumilus foi individualmente adicionada ao meio NYDA, que foi vertido em placas de Petri e, após solidificado, perfurado e preenchido com água ou óleo (420 µL L-1). Avaliou-se o diâmetro do halo de inibição. Avaliou-se também, a inibição em meio líquido. K. pneumoniae foi a espécie bacteriana menos sensível e E. hormaechei foi a mais sensível.

Botryosphaeria rhodina (anamorph Lasiodiplodia theobromae) is a common endophyte and opportunistic pathogen on more than 500 tree species in the tropics and subtropics. During routine disease surveys of plantations in Australia and Venezuela several isolates differing from L. theobromae were identified and subsequently characterized based upon morphology and ITS and EF1-alpha nucleotide sequences. These isolates grouped into three strongly supported clades related to but different from the known taxa, B. rhodina and L. gonubiensis, These have been described here as three new species L. venezuelensis sp. nov., L. crassispora sp. nov. and L. rubropurpurea sp. nov. The three could be distinguished easily from each other and the two described species of Lasiodiplodia, thus confirming phylogenetic separations. Furthermore all five Lasiodiplodia spp. now recognized separated from Diplodia spp. and Dothiorella spp. with 100% bootstrap support.

The time after harvest is characterized by physiological changes in the fruit that favor the occurrence of postharvest diseases, which are often observed only after sale. As a result, the damage resulting from the action of quiescent pathogens can be underestimated. From November to April of the years 2009/2010 and 2010/2011, a survey was conducted to quantify the postharvest diseases in 'Kumagai' and 'Pedro Sato' guavas at two large wholesale markets in Brazil. The incidence of postharvest diseases differed significantly between the two cultivars evaluated. The most frequent postharvest diseases for 'Kumagai' guavas were anthracnose, black spot and fusicoccum rot, ranging in incidence from 23.6 and 31.6%. For 'Pedro Sato' guavas, the most frequent postharvest disease was anthracnose, with an incidence of approximately 72.3%.