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Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) are frequently used against powdery mildew (PM) fungi, such as Erysiphe necator , the causal agent of grapevine PM. Fungicide resistance, however, hinders effective control. DNA-based monitoring facilitates the recognition of resistance. We aimed (i) to adapt an effective method to detect a widespread genetic marker of resistance to boscalid, a commonly used SDHI, and (ii) to study the co-occurrence of the marker with a marker of resistance to demethylase inhibitor (DMI) fungicides. Sequencing of the sdhB gene identified a nonsynonymous substitution, denoted as sdhB -A794G, leading to an amino acid change (H242R) in the sdhB protein. In vitro fungicide resistance tests showed that E. necator isolates carrying sdhB -A794G were resistant to boscalid. We adopted a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence-based method and screened more than 500 field samples collected from five Hungarian wine regions in two consecutive years. The sdhB -A794G marker was detected in all wine regions and in both years, altogether in 61.7% of samples, including 20.5% in which both sdhB -A794G and the wild-type were present. The frequency of sdhB -A794G was higher in SDHI-treated vineyards than in vineyards without any SDHI application. A significant difference in the presence of the marker was detected among wine regions; its prevalence ranged from none to 100%. We identified significant co-occurrence of sdhB -A794G with the CYP51 -A495T (Y136F) mutation of the CYP51 gene, a known marker of resistance to DMIs. The monitoring of fungicide resistance is fundamental for the successful control of E. necator . Our rapid, cost-effective diagnostic method will support decision-making and fungicide resistance monitoring and management., Competing Interests: The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

Genetically distinct groups of Erysiphe necator, the fungus causing grapevine powdery mildew infect grapevine in Europe, yet the processes sustaining stable genetic differences between those groups are less understood. Genotyping of over 2000 field samples from six wine regions in Hungary collected between 2017 and 2019 was conducted to reveal E. necator genotypes and their possible differentiation. The demethylase inhibitor (DMI) fungicide resistance marker A495T was detected in all wine regions, in 16% of the samples. Its occurrence differed significantly among wine regions and grape cultivars, and sampling years, but it did not differ between DMI-treated and untreated fields. Multilocus sequence analyses of field samples and 59 in vitro maintained isolates revealed significant genetic differences among populations from distinct wine regions. We identified 14 E. necator genotypes, of which eight were previously unknown. In contrast to the previous concept of A and B groups, European E. necator populations should be considered genetically more complex. Isolation by geographic distance, growing season, and host variety influence the genetic structuring of E. necator, which should be considered both during diagnoses and when effective treatments are planned., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)