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Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) phylogeny The 11 isolates belonging to the FIESC were assessed using a more inclusive analysis based on five loci (cmdA, ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tef1; Fig. 3). The alignment consisted of a total 2 746 char- acters (cmdA 653, ITS 510, LSU 562, rpb2 597 and tef1 424), from 93 isolates, including all the phylogenetic clades known in this species complex plus two outgroup taxa (Fusarium circinatum NRRL 25331 and F. fujikuroi NRRL 13566). Multi-gene phy- logenetic inference was able to recognise six new phylogenetic species in the FIESC. The number of new phylogenetic species recognised is equally distributed in the incarnatum clade and the equiseti clade (three new phylospecies each) sensu O’Donnell et al. (2009). In the incarnatum clade, isolates InaCC F 940, InaCC F 941, Indo167, InaCC F 964, Indo186, and Indo188 clustered in a distinct clade (55 bp/0.99 pp) closely related to the phylogenetic species FIESC-16 which is introduced here as phylogenetic species FIESC-32. These isolates were obtained from five different banana variety hosts in Sulawesi and Kalimantan. The other two new species in the incarnatum clade are monotypic lineages represented by isolate Indo161 (99 bp/1 pp) closely related to FIESC-26 and isolate InaCC F 965 (50 bp/ 1 pp) closely related to FIESC-24, introduced as phylogenetic species FIESC-33 and FIESC-34, respectively. In the equiseti clade, three isolates: Indo174 (99 bp/1 pp) closely related to FIESC-1; Indo175 (-/1 pp) and InaCC F 963 (55 bp/1 pp), both isolates closely related to FIESC-13, formed monotypic lineages which are introduced here as FIESC-29, FIESC-30, and FIESC-31, respectively. These phylogenetic species were isolated from two banana varieties in relatively close proximity in South Kalimantan., Published as part of Maryani, N., Sandoval-Denis, M., Lombard, L., Crous, P. W. & Kema, G. H. J., 2019, New endemic Fusarium species hitch-hiking with pathogenic Fusarium strains causing Panama disease in small-holder banana plots in Indonesia, pp. 48-69 in Persoonia 43 on page 58, DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2019.43.02, http://zenodo.org/record/3565708, {"references":["O'Donnell K, Sutton DA, Rinaldi MG, et al. 2009. Novel multilocus sequence typing scheme reveals high genetic diversity of human pathogenic members of the Fusarium incarnatum-F. equiseti and F. chlamydosporum species complexes within the United States. Journal Clinical Microbiology 47: 3851 - 3861."]}

Fusarium sulawense N. Maryani, Sand. -Den., L. Lombard, Kema & Crous, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB 828963; Fig. 9 Etymology. Name refers to Sulawesi, the island from where this species was collected in Indonesia. Typus. INDONESIA, Desa Seli, Kecamatan Bengo, Bone, Sulawesi Selatan (E 120°1'12.8" S 4°37'26"), on infected pseudostem of Musa acuminata var. Pisang Cere (AAA), 12 Aug. 2015, N. Maryani (holotype specimen and culture, InaCC F 940, preserved in metabolically inactive state). Sporulation abundant from conidiophores carried on aerial mycelium and from sporodochia. Conidiophores on aerial mycelium abundant on PDA and SNA, less frequent on CLA, septate, irregularly or verticillately branched; conidiogenous cells mono- or polyphialidic, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, (8.5–)14–22.5(–27) × (2–)2.5–4(–4.5) µm (av. 18 × 3 µm), formed singly, laterally or terminally, or more often in groups of 2–3 cells, sometimes proliferating percurrently, collarettes and periclinal thickening inconspicuous or absent; conidia of one type (macroconidia), falcate and multiseptate, apical cells papillate, basal cells indistinct or foot-shaped, 3–5(–9)-septate, formed on both mono- and polyphialides, 3-septate conidia, 20.5–47.5(–55) × 3.5–5 µm; 5-septate conidia, (33.5–)39.5–48(–50.5) × (4–) 4.5–5.5 µm; 6-sep- tate conidia, 51.5 × 6 µm; 9-septate conidia, 67 × 5.5 µm; av. (20.5–)36–51(–67.5) × (3.5–)4–5.5(–6) µm. Sporodochia formed rarely on CLA after 7 d, pale orange; conidiophores in sporodochia unbranched or irregularly branched, densely packed, bearing terminal clusters of 2–5 conidiogenous cells; conidiogenous cells monophialidic, short ampulliform, smooth- and thin-walled, (8.5–)9–11.5(–13) × (3–)3.5–5(–5.5) µm (av. 10.5 × 4.5 µm) with a minute collarette and inconspicu- ous periclinal thickening; sporodochial conidia falcate, apical cells gently curved, papillate; basal cells slightly curved, footshaped, (3–)5(–6)-septate: 3-septate conidia, (29.5–)30–44 × 4–4.5 µm; 4-septate conidia, 30 × 5.5 µm; 5-septate conidia, (30–)36–41.5(–43.5) × (3.5–)4–5(–5.5) µm; 6-septate conidia 43.5 × 5 µm; av. (30–)36–41.5(–44) × (3.5–)4–5(–5.5) µm. Chlamydospores not observed. Culture characteristics — Colony on PDA showing optimal growth at 25 ° C with an average growth rate of 5.2–6.0 mm/d. Colony reverse rosy buff becoming white towards the margins. Colony surface dry, cottony, saffron.Aerial mycelium abundant, cottony, with high sporulation and lacking exudates. Geography & Host — Bone, South Sulawesi, Musa acuminata var. Pisang Cere (AAA). Pathogenicity — Non-pathogenic on Cavendish (AAA). Additional material examined. INDONESIA, Desa Sungai Birah, Kecamatan Pamukan Barat, Kota Baru, Kalimantan Selatan (E 115°59'982" S 2°22'883"), on infected pseudostem of Musa var. Pisang Hawa (ABB), 19 June 2014, N. Maryani (InaCC F 964). Notes — Fusarium sulawense is relatively fast growing (av.5.2– 6.0 mm/d) compared to its sister species in the Incarnatum clade, FIESC-34 (av. 1.3–2.2 mm /d). Members of this species were recovered from different banana varieties in the Kalimantan and Sulawesi islands of Indonesia., Published as part of Maryani, N., Sandoval-Denis, M., Lombard, L., Crous, P. W. & Kema, G. H. J., 2019, New endemic Fusarium species hitch-hiking with pathogenic Fusarium strains causing Panama disease in small-holder banana plots in Indonesia, pp. 48-69 in Persoonia 43 on page 65, DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2019.43.02, http://zenodo.org/record/3565708

Fusarium tardicrescens N. Maryani, L. Lombard, Kema & Crous, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB828959 Synonym: Fusarium tardicrescens N. Maryani et al., Stud. Mycol. 92: 185. 2019. Nom. inval., Art. 40.7 (Shenzhen). Typus. MALAWI, Karonga, Misuku Hills, Musa sapientum cv. Harare, 1989, RC Ploetz (holotype specimen and culture, CBS 102024, preserved in metabolically inactive state). Description & Illustrations — Maryani et al. (2019).

Fusarium longipes Wollenw. & Reinking, Phytopathology 15: 160. 1925 — Fig. 11 Sporulation abundant from conidiophores carried on aerial mycelium and from sporodochia. Conidiophores on aerial mycelium abundant on PDA and SNA, rare on CLA, septate, branch- ing irregularly, mostly reduced to solitary conidiogenous cells formed singly and laterally on aerial hyphae; conidiogenous cells monophialidic, doliiform to ampulliform, smooth- and thin-walled, (7–)10–13(–15) × 3–4(–5) µm (av. 12 × 6 µm), formed laterally on aerial hyphae or clustering terminally on conidiophores, with a minute collarette; conidia (microconidia) obovoid to ellipsoid, rough- and thin-walled, (7–)10–19(–23) × (3–)4(–5) μm (av. 15 × 4 µm), 0–2-septate, arranged in false heads on monophialides. Sporodochia formed abundantly on CLA after 7 d, bright orange, later turning red to purple; conidiophores in sporodochia highly irregularly or verticillately branched, sympodially to solitary conidiogenous cells; conidiogenous cells monophialidic, doliiform, ampulliform to subcylindrical, 7–11(–14) × (2–)2.5–3.5(–4) µm (av. 9.5 × 3 µm), with inconspicuous collarets; sporodochial conidia falcate, apical cells strongly curved, tapering and whip-like with rounded apex, basal cells foot-shaped and elongated, (3–)4–5-septate: 3-septate conidia, 28.5 × 3.5 µm; 4-septate conidia, (37–)38–43 (–43.5) × 4.5–5.5 µm; 5-septate conidia, (37–)42–49.5(–53.5) × (3.5–)4.5–5(–6) µm; av. (28.5–)40.5–49.5(–53.5) × (3–)4– 5(–6) µm. Chlamydospores ellipsoid, sub-globose to globose, formed intercalary or terminal, single or in pairs, or in clumps, (7–)10–13(–15) × (7–)9–13(–14) µm (av. 12 × 11 µm), brown, rough-walled. Culture characteristics — Colony on PDA showing optimal growth at 25 ° C with an average growth rate of 4.2–4.9 mm /d. Colony reverse livid red becoming white towards the margin, becoming completely livid red to bay with age. Colony surface cottony greyish rose becoming vinaceous with age and white toward the margins. Aerial mycelium abundant, cottony, with high sporulation and lacking exudates. Sporodochia formed abundantly on CLA after 7 d, pale orange to orange. Geography & Host — Katingan, Central Kalimantan, Musa sp. var. Pisang Awak (ABB). Pathogenicity — Non-pathogenic on Cavendish (AAA). Material examined. INDONESIA, Desa Tewang Menyangen, T. Sangalang, Katingan, Central Kalimantan (E 113°6'552" S 1°41'83"), on infected pseudostem of Musa var. Pisang Awak (ABB), 23 June 2014, N. Maryani (specimen and culture, InaCC F 974, preserved in metabolically inactive state). Notes — This banana isolate of F. longipes displays some unique characteristics which differ slightly from F. longipes vide Leslie & Summerell (2006), which include the presence of microconidia and chlamydospores. This species is more similar to F. equiseti as described by Nelson et al. (1983), except for the length of the long curvature of the macroconidia. Additionally, the chlamydospore formation also differs from the original description of F. longipes., Published as part of Maryani, N., Sandoval-Denis, M., Lombard, L., Crous, P. W. & Kema, G. H. J., 2019, New endemic Fusarium species hitch-hiking with pathogenic Fusarium strains causing Panama disease in small-holder banana plots in Indonesia, pp. 48-69 in Persoonia 43 on pages 65-66, DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2019.43.02, http://zenodo.org/record/3565708, {"references":["Leslie JF, Summerell BA. 2006. The Fusarium laboratory manual. Wiley & Sons, UK.","Nelson PE, Toussoun TA, Marasas WFO. 1983. Fusarium species: An illus- trated manual for identification. Pennsylvania State University Press, US."]}

Fusarium desaboruense N. Maryani, Sand. -Den., L. Lombard, Kema & Crous, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB 828961; Fig. 7 Etymology. Name refers to Desa Boru,the village from where this species was collected in Indonesia. Typus. INDONESIA, Desa Boru, Kecamatan Waigate, Sikka Flores, East Nusa Tenggara (E 122°22'7" S 8°36'49"), on infected pseudostem of Musa sp. var. Pisang Kepok (ABB), 17 Aug. 2015, N. Maryani (holotype specimen and culture, InaCC F 951, preserved in metabolically inactive state). Sporulation abundant from conidiophores carried on aerial mycelium and from sporodochia. Conidiophores on aerial mycelium abundant on PDA and SNA, less frequent on CLA, septate, sparingly or profusely branching irregularly or sympodially, rarely reduced to solitary conidiogenous cells, formed laterally on aerial hyphae; conidiogenous cells mono- or polyphialidic, acute, subulate or subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled (6–)15–33(–44) × (2–)2.5–4(–7) µm (av. 21.5 × 3 µm), formed terminally, singly or in whorls on conidiophores or intercalary, proliferating percurrently, periclinal thickening inconspicuous or absent; conidia of two types: a) (microconidia) ovoid to el- lipsoid, smooth- and thin-walled, (10–)11–16(–18) × (4–)6(–7) μm (av. 13 × 5 µm), 0–1-septate, arranged in false heads on monophialides; and b) (macroconidia) falcate and multiseptate, apical cells papillate, basal cells indistinct or foot-shaped, 1–3-septate, formed on polyphialides: 1-septate conidia 22.5– 26(–27) × 3.4–4 µm; 2-septate conidia (21.5–)22–26 × 3–4.5 µm; 3-septate conidia (23–)24.5–34(–37) × 3–4.5 µm; av. (21.5–)22–30.5(–37) × 3–4.5 µm. Sporodochia formed abundantly on CLA after 7 d, pale orange to orange. Conidiophores in sporodochia unbranched, rarely laterally branched up to two times; conidiogenous cells monophialidic, smooth- and thin-walled (15.5–)16.5–24(–29) × (2.5–) 3–4 µm (av. 20 × 3.5 µm), solitary, terminal or lateral, or in terminal groups of up to three conidiogenous cells, with minute collarettes and periclinal thickening; sporodochial conidia falcate, apical cells gently curved, papillate, basal cells gently curved, foot-shaped, 1–3(–4)-septate: 1-septate conidia (14.5–)15–20.5(–22) × 3.5–4.5 µm; 2-septate conidia (20.5–)21.5–24 × 3.5–4.5(–5) µm; 3-septate conidia (21–)24–29(–31.5) × (3.5–)4–5(–5.5) µm; 4-septate conidia 34 × 5.5 µm; av. (14.5–)20–28(–34.5) × (3.5–)4–5(–5.5) µm. Chlamydospores not observed. Culture characteristics — Colony on PDA showing optimal growth at 25 ° C with an average growth rate of 4.9–5.2 mm /d. Colony reverse, pale violet becoming white towards the margins, turning violet with age and pigmented. Colony surface cottony, pale violet, becoming white with age, immersed mycelium becoming purple and lacking exudates.Aerial mycelium abundant, cottony, with abundant sporulation. Geography & Host — Sikka Flores, East Nusa Tenggara, Musa sp. var. Pisang Kepok (ABB). Pathogenicity — Not pathogenic on Cavendish (AAA). Additional materials examined. INDONESIA, Desa Boru, Kecamatan Wai- gate, Sikka Flores, East Nusa Tenggara (E 122°22'7" S 8°36'49"), on infected pseudostem of Musa sp.var. Pisang Kepok (ABB), 17 Aug. 2015, N. Maryani (InaCC F 950, InaCC F 952). Notes — Morphologically very similar to F. sacchari (Leslie & Summerell 2006) and F. subglutinans (Nelson et al. 1983), except that this species produces sporodochia abundantly un- der regular culturing conditions. Fusarium desaboruense can be distinguished by the septation of its macroconidia (1–4-septate) and microconidia (1–3-septate), not observed in F. saccari (Leslie & Summerell 2006). Phylogenetic analyses of partial rpb2 gene sequences recognised this species as distinct from F. sacchari with strong support of BP 99 %., Published as part of Maryani, N., Sandoval-Denis, M., Lombard, L., Crous, P. W. & Kema, G. H. J., 2019, New endemic Fusarium species hitch-hiking with pathogenic Fusarium strains causing Panama disease in small-holder banana plots in Indonesia, pp. 48-69 in Persoonia 43 on page 59, DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2019.43.02, http://zenodo.org/record/3565708, {"references":["Leslie JF, Summerell BA. 2006. The Fusarium laboratory manual. Wiley & Sons, UK.","Nelson PE, Toussoun TA, Marasas WFO. 1983. Fusarium species: An illus- trated manual for identification. Pennsylvania State University Press, US."]}

Fusarium tanahbumbuense N. Maryani, Sand. -Den., L. Lom- bard, Kema & Crous, sp. nov. — MycoBank MB 828962 ; Fig. 8 Etymology. Name refers to Tanah Bumbu, the region from where this species was collected in Indonesia. Typus. INDONESIA, Desa Betung, Kecamatan Kusan Hilir, Tanah Bumbu, Kalimantan Selatan (E 115°37'477" S 3°50'77"), on infected pseudostem of Musa sp. var. Pisang Hawa (ABB), 20 June 2014, N. Maryani (holotype specimen and culture, InaCC F 965,preserved in metabolically inactive state). Sporulation abundant from conidiophores borne on aerial mycelium and from sporodochia. Conidiophores on aerial mycelium abundant on PDA, SNA, and CLA, septate, irregularly of verticil- lately branched; conidiogenous cells monophialidic or polyphialidic, subulate or subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, (11–)13–24(–38) × (4–)5–6(–7) µm (av. 19 × 6 µm), formed terminally, singly or in groups of up to three cells on a stipe, or carried singly and laterally on aerial mycelium, collarettes and periclinal thickening inconspicuous or absent; conidia of one type (macroconidia) falcate and multiseptate, apical cells coni- cal to papillate, basal cells indistinct or foot-shaped, 3–5-sep- tate, formed on both mono- and polyphialides, 3-septate conidia, 31–36(–38.5) × 3.5–5(–5.5) µm; 4-septate conidia, (31–)33.5–43.5(–48) × 3.5–5(–5.5) µm; 5-septate conidia, (30–)37–45(–47) × 4–5.5(–6) µm; av. (30–)34.5–44(–48) × (3.5–)4–5.5(–6) µm. Sporodochia formed abundantly on CLA after 7 d, pale orange; conidiophores in sporodochia irregularly and laterally branched; conidiogenous cells monophialidic, doliiform to ampulliform, smooth- and thin-walled, (9.5–)10–13(–15) × (2.5–) 3–4 µm (av. 11.5 × 3.5 µm), collarettes or periclinal thickening inconspicuous or absent; sporodochial conidia falcate, apical cells gently curved, papillate; basal cells slightly curved, foot-shaped, (2–)3–5-septate: 2-septate conidia, 40.5 × 4.5 µm; 3-septate conidia, (25.5–)29–36.5(–41) × 3.5–4.5 µm; 4-septate conidia, (32.5–)34–40(–46) × 3.5–4.5(–5) µm; 5-septate conidia, (36–)37–43.5(–49) × 3.5–4.5(–5) µm; av. (25.5–)32–41.5(–49) × 3.5–5 µm. Chlamydospores not observed. Culture characteristics — Colony on PDA showing optimal growth at 25 ° C with an average growth rate of 1.3–2.2 mm /d. Colony reverse, rosy buff becoming white towards the margins, turning cinnamon to fawn with age and pigmented. Colony surface cottony, rosy buff becoming white towards the margin, turning hazel with age. Aerial mycelium abundant, cottony, with high sporulation and lacking exudates. Geography & Host — Tanah Bumbu, South Kalimantan, Musa sp. var. Pisang Hawa (ABB). Pathogenicity — NA. Notes — Fusarium tanahbumbuense can be distinguished from the fungus illustrated as F. semitectum by Leslie & Sum- merell (2006) and Nelson et al. (1983) by the absence of microconidia and chlamydospores. The polyphialides observed for this species also greatly differed from those that have been observed for F. semitectum which have 3–5 openings (Nelson et al. 1983)., Published as part of Maryani, N., Sandoval-Denis, M., Lombard, L., Crous, P. W. & Kema, G. H. J., 2019, New endemic Fusarium species hitch-hiking with pathogenic Fusarium strains causing Panama disease in small-holder banana plots in Indonesia, pp. 48-69 in Persoonia 43 on pages 63-65, DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2019.43.02, http://zenodo.org/record/3565708, {"references":["Nelson PE, Toussoun TA, Marasas WFO. 1983. Fusarium species: An illus- trated manual for identification. Pennsylvania State University Press, US."]}

Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) phylogeny The eight isolates belonging to the FFSC were further analysed using a multi-gene phylogeny based on cmdA, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, and tub. The final alignment included 4 795 characters (cmdA 545, rpb1 1534, rpb2 1551, tef 677 and tub 488) including align- ment gaps, and encompassed 54 isolates, with two outgroup taxa (F. oxysporum CBS 716.74 and CBS 744.97) (Table 2). The analysis was consistently able to distinguish the three biogeographical clades known as the African,American and Asian clades sensu O’Donnell et al. (1998 a). All of the Indonesian isolates clustered within the Asian clade of FFSC except for isolate InaCC F 991, identified as F. verticilloides, and clustered within the African clade (Fig. 2). According to the multi-gene analysis, two isolates (InaCC F 962 and InaCC F 992) were identified as F. proliferatum, while two new phylogenetic species were recognised among the Indonesian isolates. Isolates InaCC F 872 and InaCC F 993, from central and East Java, respectively, clustered in a distinct, highly supported clade (96 bs/0.99 pp) closely related to F. mangiferae. Isolates InaCC F 950–152, formed a distinct group (100 bs/1.0 pp), closely related to, but genetically distinct from F. sacchari., Published as part of Maryani, N., Sandoval-Denis, M., Lombard, L., Crous, P. W. & Kema, G. H. J., 2019, New endemic Fusarium species hitch-hiking with pathogenic Fusarium strains causing Panama disease in small-holder banana plots in Indonesia, pp. 48-69 in Persoonia 43 on pages 57-58, DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2019.43.02, http://zenodo.org/record/3565708, {"references":["O'Donnell K, Cilgenik E, Nirenberg HI. 1998 a. Molecular systematics and phylogeography of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. Mycologia 90: 465 - 493."]}

Fusarium sambucinum species complex (FSSC) phylogeny The single Indonesian isolate in the FSSC was further analysed using a two-gene phylogeny based on rpb1 and rpb2 sequences. The analysis included a total of 2 461 characters (rpb1 854 and rpb2 1607) from a total of 21 isolates representing the FSSC and two outgroup taxa (F. circinatum NRRL 25331 and F. fujikuroi NRRL 13566). Isolate InaCC F 974 was identified as F. longipes (Fig. 4) based on phylogenetic inference. Pathogenicity Representative isolates from each species complex were tested for their pathogenicity against banana variety Cavendish (Fig. 5). Selected isolates included InaCC F 872, InaCC F 950, and InaCC F 992 (FFSC), InaCC F 962 (FIESC), InaCC F 974 (FSSC). None of the isolates was able to cause any disease symptoms in the inoculated plants. All of the isolates tested caused only slight discoloration in the corm without any further disease development. Taxonomy, Published as part of Maryani, N., Sandoval-Denis, M., Lombard, L., Crous, P. W. & Kema, G. H. J., 2019, New endemic Fusarium species hitch-hiking with pathogenic Fusarium strains causing Panama disease in small-holder banana plots in Indonesia, pp. 48-69 in Persoonia 43 on pages 58-59, DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2019.43.02, http://zenodo.org/record/3565708

Fusarium kotabaruense N. Maryani, Sand. -Den., L. Lombard, Kema & Crous, sp. nov . — MycoBank MB 828964; Fig. 10 Etymology. Name refers to Kota Baru one of the nine regencies in the Indonesian province of South Kalimantan. Typus. INDONESIA, Desa Sungai Birah, Kecamatan Pamukan Barat, Kota Baru, Kalimantan Selatan (E 115°59'982" S 2°22'883"), on infected pseudostem of Musa var. Pisang Hawa (ABB), 19 June 2014, N. Maryani (holotype specimen and culture, InaCC F 963, preserved in metabolically inactive state). Sporulation abundant from conidiophores carried on aerial mycelium. Conidiophores on aerial mycelium abundant on PDA and SNA, less frequent on CLA, septate, irregularly branching; conidiogenous cells mono- or polyphialidic, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, (15–)19–33(–40) × 4–7 µm (av. 26 × 5 µm), forming terminally, singly or in verticillately branched conidiophores, less commonly laterally or intercalary, proliferating percurrently, periclinal thickening inconspicuous or absent; falcate and multiseptate, apical cells papillate, basal cells indistinct or foot-shaped, (2–)3–5(–7)-septate, formed on both mono- and polyphialides: 2-septate conidia, (21–)21.5– 25(–26) × 5–6 µm; 3-septate conidia, (24.5–)28–35(–36.5) × 5.5–6.5(–7) µm; 4-septate conidia, (32–)34–39.5(–41.5) × 5.5–6.5(–7) µm; 5-septate conidia, (34.5–)36–42.5(–45) × (5–)5.5–6.5(–7.5) µm; 6-septate conidia, 39–40.5 × 5.5–7 µm; 7-septate conidia, (38.5–)39.5–44(–45) × 6–7 µm; av. (21–)31.5–41.5(–45) × (5–)5.5–6.5(–7.5) µm. Sporodochia and chlamydospores not observed. Culture characteristics — Colony on PDA showing optimal growth at 25 ° C with an average growth rate of 5.0– 6.85 mm /d. Colony reverse rosy buff. Colony surface cottony rosy buff. Aerial mycelium abundant, cottony, with high sporulation and lacking exudates. Geography & Host — Kota Baru, South Kalimantan, Musa sp. var. Pisang Hawa (ABB). Pathogenicity — Non-pathogenic on Cavendish (AAA). Notes — Fusarium kotabaruense represents a species in the Equiseti clade of the FIESC and relatively fast growing (5.0– 6.85 mm /d). Most distinguishing characteristic of this spe- cies is the absence of sporodochia on CLA culture. However, aerial conidiophores are abundant with conidia produced with high variability in its septation, (0–)3–5(–7)-septate., Published as part of Maryani, N., Sandoval-Denis, M., Lombard, L., Crous, P. W. & Kema, G. H. J., 2019, New endemic Fusarium species hitch-hiking with pathogenic Fusarium strains causing Panama disease in small-holder banana plots in Indonesia, pp. 48-69 in Persoonia 43 on page 65, DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2019.43.02, http://zenodo.org/record/3565708

Crown and root rot has been detected on potted Laurus nobilis plants in a nursery located in the Catania province (Italy). Perithecia referable to a Calonectria species were consistently detected on crowns and stems of symptomatic plants. Based on morphology, cultural features and molecular analysis, the species was identified as Calonectria ilicicola. Koch’s postulates were fulfilled by pathogenicity tests carried out on potted Laurus nobilis seedlings. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of a disease caused by Ca. ilicicola on Laurus nobilis.

The robust and reliable identification of fungi underpins virtually every element of plant pathology, from disease diagnosis to studies of biology, management/control, quarantine and, even more recently, comparative genomics. Most plant diseases are caused by fungi, typically pleomorphic organisms, for which the taxonomy and, in particular, a dual nomenclature system have frustrated and confused practitioners of plant pathology. The emergence of DNA sequencing has revealed cryptic taxa and revolutionized our understanding of relationships in the fungi. The impacts on plant pathology at every level are already immense and will continue to grow rapidly as new DNA sequencing technologies continue to emerge. DNA sequence comparisons, used to resolve a dual nomenclature problem for the first time only 19 years ago, have made it possible to approach a natural classification for the fungi and to abandon the confusing dual nomenclature system. The journey to a one fungus, one name taxonomic reality has been long and arduous, but its time has come. This will inevitably have a positive impact on plant pathology, plant pathologists and future students of this hugely important discipline on which the world depends for food security and plant health in general. This contemporary review highlights the problems of a dual nomenclature, especially its impact on plant pathogenic fungi, and charts the road to a one fungus, one name system that is rapidly drawing near.

Calonectria (Ca.) species and their Cylindrocladium (Cy.) anamorphs are well-known pathogens of forest nursery plants in subtropical and tropical areas of the world. An investigation of the mortality of rooted Pinus cuttings in a commercial forest nursery in Colombia led to the isolation of two Cylindrocladium anamorphs of Calonectria species. The aim of this study was to identify these species using DNA sequence data and morphological comparisons. Two species were identified, namely one undescribed species, and Cy. gracile, which is allocated to Calonectria as Ca. brassicae. The new species, Ca. brachiatica, resides in the Ca. brassicae species complex. Pathogenicity tests with Ca. brachiatica and Ca. brassicae showed that both are able to cause disease on Pinus maximinoi and P. tecunumanii. An emended key is provided to distinguish between Calonectria species with clavate vesicles and 1-septate macroconidia.