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The Leotiomycetes are recognized as one of the most diverse classes of Ascomycota. Despite the high diversity in this class, certain orders and families have a high proportion of taxa that have not been studied using molecular methods. A good example of the paucity of molecular data is found in Tympanidaceae (Baral 2015), a poorly studied family containing nine genera, which have previously been placed in the Bulgariaceae, Dermateaceae, and Helotiaceae: Claussenomyces, Collophora, Durandiella, Grovesiella, Holwaya, Micraspis, Myriodiscus, Pragmopora, and Tympanis. Some of them are associated with diseases such as bark and xylem lesions, internal necrosis, vascular streaking, cankers and crown damage (Quijada 2015, Baral 2016). The genus Claussenomyces was erected by Kirschstein in 1923 for a single species (C. jahnianus). Korf and Abawi (1971) drastically widened the concept of the genus combining and adding three species: Holwaya salicis E. Müll. and S. Ahmad, Corynella prasinula (P. Karst.) Boud., and Corynella atrovirens (Pers.) Boud. Currently, Claussenomyces is one of the most diverse genera in Tympanidaceae with 16, mostly conifer-associated species, with corticolous, lignicolous, fungicolous, and resinicolous lifestyles. A monographic treatment of the genus does not exist, and only a few species — C. kirschsteinianus, C. prasinulus, C. olivaceus, C. cf. hydnicola, Claussenomyces sp. or uncultured Claussenomyces — have publicly available sequences (NCBI). Baral and Marson (2005) provided for first time a key to species of the genus, but also a revision of several species and types (C. jahnianus, C. pusillus, Tympanis xylophila). In 2013, the first author started to work in the genus and reviewed more than 40 collections, including most of the types with the exception of C. kirschsteinianus, C. simplex and C. pleomorphicus. Another additional 15 collections have been treated in detail jointly by the second and third author previous to the present work. Current results of our morphological and phylogenetic analyses revealed that Claussenomyces is a polyphyletic genus that should be split into at least four genera represented as: C. jahnianus, C. atrovirens group, C. prasinulus group, and C. kirschsteinianus group. The three former are related to Phacidiales whereas the latter is related to Helotiales. Although C. jahnianus still lacks molecular data, we consider it different from all remaining species based on its deviating morphology, but tentatively place it in the Phacidiales. In addition, several species currently included in Claussenomyces belong to other genera (i.e. Claussenomyces pini in Durandiella, C. tympanoides = C. pusillus in Holwaya), or are synonyms of other species in the Claussenomyces (i.e. C. canariensis and C. clavatus being conspecific with C. atrovirens). In the future, the 16 current binominals will be reduced to 10 species, divided into four genera: Claussenomyces, restricted to its type species (C. jahnianus), and three newly erected genera defined by phylogenic, microscopic, and ontogenetic features as follows: (1) fungicolous, lignicolous and resinicolous species with true ascoconidia (C. atrovirens group, 6 species) ; (2) lignicolous species without ascoconidia (C. prasinulus, 1 species) and (3) resinicolous species without ascoconidia (C. kirschsteinianus group, 2 species).

Hymenotorrendiella dingleyae (P.R. Johnst. & Gamundí) P.R. Johnst., comb. nov. Registration identifier: IF550528 Synonym: Torrendiella dingleyae P.R. Johnst. & Gamundí, New Zealand Journal of Botany 38: 505 (2000)., Published as part of Johnston, Peter R., Park, Duckchul, Baral, Hans-Otto, Galán, Ricardo, Platas, Gonzalo & Tena, Raúl, 2014, The phylogenetic relationships of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella gen. nov. within the Leotiomycetes, pp. 1-25 in Phytotaxa 177 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.177.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5144521

Hymenotorrendiella brevisetosa (P.R. Johnst. & Gamundí) P.R. Johnst., comb. nov. Registration identifier: IF550525 Synonym: Torrendiella brevisetosa P.R. Johnst. & Gamundí, New Zealand Journal of Botany 38: 499 (2000)., Published as part of Johnston, Peter R., Park, Duckchul, Baral, Hans-Otto, Galán, Ricardo, Platas, Gonzalo & Tena, Raúl, 2014, The phylogenetic relationships of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella gen. nov. within the Leotiomycetes, pp. 1-25 in Phytotaxa 177 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.177.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5144521

Hymenotorrendiella eucalypti (Berk.) P.R. Johnst., Baral & R. Galán, comb. nov. (Figure 7–10) Registration identifier: IF550523 Synonyms: Peziza eucalypti Berk. in Hooker, Flora Tasmaniae 2: 274, 1860; Dasyscyphus eucalypti (Berk.) Sacc., Sylloge Fungorum 8: 462, 1889; Zoellneria eucalypti (Berk.) Dennis, Kew Bulletin 13: 324, 1958; Torrendiella eucalypti (Berk.) Spooner, Bibliotheca Mycologica 116: 322, 1987. FIGURE. Hymenotorrendiella eucalypti. a. Ascospores. b. Ascus apices in IKI. c. Simple-septate ascus bases without a basal protuberance. d. Paraphyses. All elements in living state except for b.— Spain, Asturias, Grado, Las Ablanosas, on phyllodes of Acacia melanoxylon (H.B. 9664). FIGURE. Hymenotorrendiella eucalypti. a–d. Fresh apothecia. e. Phyllodes with apothecia. f–g. Ascus apices (g, right, after ejection). h–i, k. Ascospores. j. Detached sheaths of ascospores. l–n, r. Mature asci. o–p, s–w. Paraphyses containing refractive vacuolar bodies. q. Simple-septate ascus bases without a basal protuberance.All elements in living state (n, p, v in CRB) except for f–g, k (in IKI, unpretreated except for two left in g, KOH-pretreated).—a–w. Spain: a–b, f, w. Asturias, Pravia, Los Cabos (E.R.D. 3285, phot. E. Rubio). c–e, g-h, k, s–v. Asturias, Grado, Las Ablanosas (H.B. 9664). g, i–j, l–r. País Vasco, Vizcaya, Rebortun (J.F. 2012021201). FIGURE. Hymenotorrendiella eucalypti. a–b. Apothecium in median section. c, f. Apothecium in bottom view, with projecting setae. d, h. Margin and flanks in median section showing ectal excipulum of textura prismatica (ec2) covered by a thin cortical layer (ec1), an inner layer of t. porrecta (ec3), and medullary excipulum (me). e. Upper part of setae. g, i–k. External view on ectal excipulum showing base of setae and in i–k, hyaline to pale brown, undulating cortical hyphae with included refractive vacuolar bodies. All elements in living state.— a–e, h–k. Asturias, Grado, Las Ablanosas (H.B. 9664). f–g. País Vasco, Vizcaya, Rebortun (J.F. 2012021201). FIGURE 0. Hymenotorrendiella eucalypti. a. Dry apothecia on leaf surface. b. Median section of receptacle. c. Detail of ectal excipulum near margin. d. Detail of ectal excipulum on stipe. e. Base of setae. f. Surface view on receptacle near margin, showing brownish rough cortical hyphae (squash mount). g. Detail of f. All elements in dead state (in 3% KOH).— a–d. Australia, Wilsons Promontory National Park (PDD 70279). e–g. Australia, Errinundra National Park (PDD 77802). Apothecia developing on fallen phyllodes, scattered to gregarious, erumpent through small cracks in darkened epidermis, mature apothecia 0.4–1.7 (–2.5) mm diam. when fresh, disc whitish-cream to pale yellow, flat, receptacle greyish-ochraceous to olivaceous with scattered, blackish-brown, straight setae, stipe 0.2–1 × 0.2–0.4 mm, translucent whitish-grey or brownish-olivaceous, sometimes darker towards base, setae sparse to absent. Asci *100–130 (–140) × (9–) 9.7–10.8 µm, †90–100 (–106) × (7–) 7.5–8.5 (–9.5) µm, 8-spored, pars sporifera *40–50 µm long, †72–80 µm, spores obliquely biseriate, living mature asci protruding 0–7 µm beyond paraphyses; ascus apex conical, wall at apex †1.3–2.7 µm thick, apical ring staining strongly blue (bb) in IKI, forming a thin-walled tube in lower 1/3–3/4 of wall, without apical chamber (Hymenoscyphus - type); base of ascus with short, thick stalk arising from simple septa without basal protuberances {2}. Ascospores *16–19 (–21) × 4–4.7 µm, †13.5–17.5 (–18.5) × 3–3.8 µm, fusiform with ± cylindrical middle part, homopolar, both ends subacute to acute, slightly inequilateral, straight to slightly (rarely medium) curved, containing 2–4 large lipid bodies (1–) 1.7–3.3 µm diam. in each half and many smaller ones, containing one central nucleus, with delicate sheath that slips off the spore; postmature spores sometimes 1-septate, not becoming pigmented. Paraphyses apically undifferentiated or slightly capitate-spathulate, terminal cell *(26–) 46–57 × (3–) 3.5–4.5 (–6) µm, containing strongly refractive hyaline vacuolar bodies (very pale yellowish with age), (1–) 2–4 µm wide globose to shortly-elongate, these staining bright turquoise-blue in aqueous Cresyl blue and deep red-brown in IKI, lower cells *13–27 µm long, often branched at lower septa. Ectal excipulum indistinctly 3-layered: outer layer (ec1) thin, of *2.7–6 µm wide hyphae that contain strongly refractive, globose vacuolar bodies and form an undulating network in surface view, encrusted by a rough, yellowish to olive-brown exudate 0.2–0.5 µm thick; central layer (ec2) at flanks of non- or slightly gelatinized, hyaline to very pale yellowish textura prismatica oriented at a 0–30° angle to the surface, 40–45 µm thick, cells *20–40 × 9–15 µm, more short-celled to isodiametric at upper flanks (*13–20 × 10–16 µm), layer at margin very thin and of t. porrecta; inner layer (ec3) of hyaline to pale brown t. porrecta, not encrusted; in stipe of similar texture, near base covered by larger amounts of red-brown exudate; complete tissue not staining in IKI, without crystals. Medullary excipulum of a rather dense, hyaline textura prismatica to textura porrecta, upwards oriented in centre, obliquely horizontal at the flanks, individual cells *35-75 × 6-13 µm, much shorter below the hymenium. Setae arising from the central layer of the ectal excipulum, rooting at a length of up to 30–40 µm, 220–307 × 7–8.5 µm, 7.5–10 µm wide at the swollen base, 7–10-septate, septa 0.4–1.5 µm thick, wall in middle and lower part 1–1.5 (–2) µm thick, smooth, blackish olive-brown, towards the tapered apex pale to medium olive-brown, terminal cell 4–6 (–7) µm wide, wall 0.5–0.8 µm thick. Habitat: — on dead, fallen phyllodes of Acacia sp. {1}, A. ? frigescens {1}, A. melanoxylon {7}, lying in moist litter. Subtropical to Mediterranean, indigenous in Australia, but introduced with its host to Europe, South America, and New Zealand. Phenology:—Northern Hemisphere November–February, Southern Hemisphere May. Specimens examined:— AUSTRALIA. Tasmania: unlocalized, on phyllode of Acacia sp., undated, W. Archer (K— Holotype). Victoria: Errinundra National Park, Result Creek Falls Tr., on Acacia ? frigescens fallen phyllodes, 24 May 1996, P.R. Johnston AU96-125 (PDD 77802, ICMP 15651). Wilsons Promontory National Park, Lilly Pilly Tr., on A. melanoxylon fallen phyllodes, 19 May 1996, P.R. Johnston AU96-37 & T.W. May (PDD 70279). CHILE. Fundo Las Palmas of the Universidad Austral de Chile, 18 km N of Valdivia, on A. melanoxylon fallen phyllodes, 10 May 1994, M. Heykoop (AH 6895). NEW ZEALAND. Wellington, Rimutaka Forest Park, Catchpool, near park entrance, on A. melanoxylon fallen phyllodes, 7 May 1997, P.R. Johnston D1283 (PDD 70105). SPAIN. Asturias: 5.5 km NE of Grado, 1.6 km SE of Villar, S of Las Ablanosas, 325 m, on A. melanoxylon fallen phyllodes, 3 February 2012, J. Linde & E. Rubio (H.B. 9664). Avilés, naval harbour area, 10 m, on A. melanoxylon fallen phyllodes, 18 February 2006, A. Suárez (AH 7636). País Vasco: Vizcaya, 17 km WNW of Bilbao, 2.2 km S of Muskiz, Rebortun, 92 m, A. melanoxylon fallen phyllodes, 12 February 2012, J. Fernández Vicente (J. F. 2012021201, photograph only examined). Galicia: A Coruña, Fragas do Eume Natural Park, surroundings of the Caaveiro Monastery, 62 m, A. melanoxylon fallen phyllodes, 1 November 2000, M. Castro (AH 7649). Based on both morphological and genetic results, the following additional new combinations are proposed. Six out of the nine Hymenotorrendiella species are included in the phylogenetic analysis presented here, but all of the Nothofagus -inhabiting species described in Torrendiella by Johnston and Gamundí (2000), along with the undescribed species discussed by Johnston (2006, 2010), are genetically typical of Hymenotorrendiella (P.R.J., unpubl. data). Since sequences are not available for Torrendiella grisea or T. guangxiensis, their recombinations are based on morphological evidence alone, Published as part of Johnston, Peter R., Park, Duckchul, Baral, Hans-Otto, Galán, Ricardo, Platas, Gonzalo & Tena, Raúl, 2014, The phylogenetic relationships of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella gen. nov. within the Leotiomycetes, pp. 1-25 in Phytotaxa 177 (1) on pages 11-16, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.177.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5144521, {"references":["Johnston, P. R. & Gamundi, I. J. (2000) Torrendiella (Ascomycota, Helotiales) on Nothofagus. New Zealand Journal of Botany 38: 493 - 513. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 0028825 X. 2000.9512699","Johnston, P. R. (2006) New Zealand's nonlichenised fungi - where they came from, who collected them, where they are now. National Science Museum Monographs 34: 37 - 49."]}

Torrendiella Boud. in Boudier & Torrend, Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 27: 133 (1911). Type: T. ciliata Boud. Apothecia 0.3–2 mm diam., with short to long stalk erumpent from host tissue, disc whitish to cream or grey, exterior concolorous or light to black-brown, receptacle and partly also stalk with dark brown setae. Asci 8-spored, apex hemispherical to slightly conical, apical ring staining blue in IKI (without KOH, type bb, euamyloid), of the Sclerotinia - type: forming a thick-walled tube extending through the entire apical thickening, at the apex laterally widened, basally distinctly projecting to form an apical chamber; base arising from simple septa (often with a basal protuberance). Ascospores non-septate when mature, hyaline, straight or slightly to strongly curved, narrowly to broadly ellipsoid (-subclavate) or ovoid (slightly heteropolar), containing in the living state some large and many small oil drops (high lipid content), with a thin sheath around the entire spore that separates after discharge, without polar gelatinous caps, overmature 1–3-septate, budding narrowly tear-shaped microconidia. Paraphyses cylindrical, straight, not or slightly enlarged at the apex, containing a few large, short to very long, strongly refractive, hyaline vacuolar bodies (living state), mainly in the terminal cell. Ectal excipulum comprising three layers, outer layer (ec1) of meandering hyphae encrusted with light brown wall pigment (banded aspect); central layer (ec2) hyaline, at flanks of non-gelatinized, horizontal textura prismatica (T. ciliata) or strongly gelatinized, ± vertical textura oblita (T. setulata), towards margin of narrow, long-cylindrical cells immersed in abundant gel (t extura oblita) oriented at a low angle to the surface; inner layer (ec3) of non-gelatinized textura prismatica-porrecta, pale brown, smooth-walled to slightly encrusted. Setae with dark brown, thick, smooth wall, base unbranched, rooting. Habitat:—developing on fallen leaves and corticated twigs of angiosperm trees and Rubus. Further included species:— T. quintocentenaria R. Galán & J.T. Palmer in Galán et al. (1993: 230), T. setulata (Dearn. & House) R. Galán & J.T. Palmer in Galán et al. (1993: 236). FIGURE. Bayesian analysis of ITS gene sequences, showing detailed species-level relationships of Hymenotorrendiella within the ‘ Hymenoscyphus clade’ from Figure 1. Bayesian posterior probabilities greater than 90% are shown above the edges. Sequences marked with voucher numbers (AH, PDD, F) were newly generated for this study (see Table 1), the others were downloaded from GenBank., Published as part of Johnston, Peter R., Park, Duckchul, Baral, Hans-Otto, Galán, Ricardo, Platas, Gonzalo & Tena, Raúl, 2014, The phylogenetic relationships of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella gen. nov. within the Leotiomycetes, pp. 1-25 in Phytotaxa 177 (1) on pages 6-7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.177.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5144521, {"references":["Galan, R., Palmer, J. T., Ochoa, C. & Ayala, N. (1993) Torrendiella quintocentenaria: a new quercicolous species from Mexico. Mycotaxon 48: 229 - 237."]}

Hymenotorrendiella guangxiensis (W.Y. Zhuang) Baral & W.Y. Zhuang, comb. nov. Registration identifier: IF550530 Synonym: Torrendiella guangxiensis W.Y. Zhuang, Mycotaxon 72: 331 (1999)., Published as part of Johnston, Peter R., Park, Duckchul, Baral, Hans-Otto, Galán, Ricardo, Platas, Gonzalo & Tena, Raúl, 2014, The phylogenetic relationships of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella gen. nov. within the Leotiomycetes, pp. 1-25 in Phytotaxa 177 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.177.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5144521

Hymenotorrendiella grisea (P.R. Johnst. & Gamundí) P.R. Johnst., comb. nov. Registration identifier: IF550529 Synonym: Torrendiella grisea P.R. Johnst. & Gamundí, New Zealand Journal of Botany 38: 510 (2000)., Published as part of Johnston, Peter R., Park, Duckchul, Baral, Hans-Otto, Galán, Ricardo, Platas, Gonzalo & Tena, Raúl, 2014, The phylogenetic relationships of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella gen. nov. within the Leotiomycetes, pp. 1-25 in Phytotaxa 177 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.177.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5144521

Hymenotorrendiella clelandii (Hansf.) P.R. Johnst., comb. nov. Registration identifier: IF550527 Synonyms: Lachnella clelandii Hansf., Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 79: 126 (1954); Zoellneria clelandii (Hansf.) Dennis, Kew Bulletin 13: 324 (1958); Torrendiella clelandii (Hansf.) Spooner, Bibliotheca Mycologica 116: 327 (1987)., Published as part of Johnston, Peter R., Park, Duckchul, Baral, Hans-Otto, Galán, Ricardo, Platas, Gonzalo & Tena, Raúl, 2014, The phylogenetic relationships of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella gen. nov. within the Leotiomycetes, pp. 1-25 in Phytotaxa 177 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.177.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5144521

Hymenotorrendiella andina (P.R. Johnst. & Gamundí) P.R. Johnst., comb. nov. Registration identifier: IF550524 Synonym: Torrendiella andina P.R. Johnst. & Gamundí, New Zealand Journal of Botany 38: 496 (2000)., Published as part of Johnston, Peter R., Park, Duckchul, Baral, Hans-Otto, Galán, Ricardo, Platas, Gonzalo & Tena, Raúl, 2014, The phylogenetic relationships of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella gen. nov. within the Leotiomycetes, pp. 1-25 in Phytotaxa 177 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.177.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5144521

Hymenotorrendiella P.R. Johnst., Baral & R. Galán, gen. nov. Registration identifier: IF550522 Differs from Torrendiella by the Hymenoscyphus - or Calycina - type ascus apex structure and the contents of the living paraphyses comprising numerous globose vacuolar bodies. Type:— Hymenotorrendiella eucalypti (Berk.) P.R. Johnst., Baral & R. Galán Etymology:—refers to the phylogenetic position of this Torrendiella -like genus in a clade containing the type species of Hymenoscyphus. Apothecia 0.2–5 mm diam., with short to long stalk, disc whitish to cream or grey, exterior concolorous or light to black-brown, receptacle and often also stalk with dark brown setae. Asci 8-spored, apex distinctly conical, apical ring staining blue in IKI (without KOH, type bb), either of the Hymenoscyphus - type: forming a thin-walled tube restricted to the lower part of the apical thickening or extending to the apex, or sometimes of the Calycina - type: tube apically thicker-walled and here laterally extending, ring basally not distinctly projecting, not forming an apical chamber; base arising from croziers or simple septa (without basal protuberance). Ascospores non-septate when mature, hyaline, straight or slightly, rarely medium curved, narrowly to broadly ellipsoid, fusoid, fusiform, or lemon-shaped (homopolar), containing in the living state some large and a few or many small oil drops (high lipid content), with a thin sheath around the entire spore that separates after discharge, sometimes with polar mucilaginous caps, overmature non-septate, spores sometimes budding ellipsoid microconidia (H. madsenii). Paraphyses cylindrical, straight, not or only slightly enlarged at the apex, containing many globose, small or large, strongly refractive, hyaline vacuolar bodies (living state), mainly in the terminal cell. Ectal excipulum comprising three layers: outer layer (ec1) one-layered, of meandering hyphae, encrusted with olivaceous to red-brown wall pigment, or hyaline and smooth; central layer (ec2) of prismatic or long-cylindrical cells, very slightly to strongly gelatinized, hyaline, rarely pale brown and encrusted; inner layer (ec3) of long-cylindrical hyphae, pale to bright brown, not or ± distinctly encrusted. Setae with dark brown, 1–3.5 µm thick wall, rooting or superficial, base unbranched or T- to L-shaped. Habitat:—developing on fallen leaves or dead wood, or bark of angiosperms. FIGURE. Torrendiella ciliata. a–c. Fresh apothecia. d. Ascospores. e, k, p. Mature asci. f–j. Ascus apices in IKI (h, after ejection). l–n. Paraphyses containing vacuolar bodies. s, o, q. Marginal setae. e, r. Simple-septate ascus bases with a basal protuberance. All elements in living state except for f–j (in IKI, unpretreated).— a, i–l. France, Charente-Maritime, Ile de Ré, les Maraises, Quercus ilex leaf (M.H. 71108, phot. M. Hairaud). b. Spain, Asturias, Somiedo, Quercus ilex leaf (E.R.D. 4435, phot. E. Rubio). c. Andalucía, Huelva, Galaroza,? Quercus suber twig (D.M.A. 20100116, phot. D. Merino). d–h, n–p, r. Valencia, El Saler, Quercus coccifera leaves (R.T. 10010501). m, q. ibid. (R.T. 11111202). Further included species: — H. andina, H. brevisetosa, H. cannibalensis, H. clelandii, H. dingleyae, H. grisea, H. guangxiensis, H. madsenii. FIGURE. Torrendiella ciliata. a. Fresh apothecium. b–c. Median section of receptacle at lower flanks. d. Median section of receptacle at margin. e. Surface view on ectal excipulum at margin, brown undulating cortical hyphae surrounding base of seta. f–i. Marginal setae. All elements in living state. ec1 = cortical layer of ectal excipulum, ec2 = gelatinized outer layer of main part of ectal excipulum, ec3 = non-gelatinized inner layer of ectal excipulum, em = non-gelatinized medullary excipulum.— a–d, f. France, Charente, Bourg-Charente, Quercus ilex leaf (M.H. 70712, a: phot. M. Hairaud). e, g–i. Spain, Valencia, El Saler, Quercus coccifera leaves (R.T. 11111202)., Published as part of Johnston, Peter R., Park, Duckchul, Baral, Hans-Otto, Galán, Ricardo, Platas, Gonzalo & Tena, Raúl, 2014, The phylogenetic relationships of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella gen. nov. within the Leotiomycetes, pp. 1-25 in Phytotaxa 177 (1) on pages 9-11, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.177.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5144521

Hymenotorrendiella madsenii (G.W. Beaton & Weste) P.R. Johnst., comb. nov. Registration identifier: IF550531 Synonyms: Zoellneria madsenii G.W.Beaton & Weste, Transactions of the British Mycological Society 68: 82 (1977); Torrendiella madsenii (G.W. Beaton & Weste) Spooner, Bibliotheca Mycologica 116: 330 (1987)., Published as part of Johnston, Peter R., Park, Duckchul, Baral, Hans-Otto, Galán, Ricardo, Platas, Gonzalo & Tena, Raúl, 2014, The phylogenetic relationships of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella gen. nov. within the Leotiomycetes, pp. 1-25 in Phytotaxa 177 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.177.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5144521

Orbilia aurantiorubra Boudier (1907: 103). (Fig. 4 & 5) Type:— EUROPE. FRANCE. Haute-Marte: Champagne, on Salix sp., 110 m, 22 February 1877, Rinchon (holotype PC!). Apothecia rehydrated (0.2–)0.4–1.2(–1.7) mm diam., 0.14–0.25(–0.35) mm high (receptacle 0.14–0.18 mm), pale or usually light to bright orange-apricot (to brick-red), more rarely yellow-orange or salmon-rose(-orange), hardly to medium translucent, round, strongly undulating when large, scattered to often ± densely gregarious in smaller or larger groups; disc slightly concave, soon flat, margin distinct, 0–5 µm protruding, smooth to finely rough; broadly sessile or with a narrow stipe-like base 0.03–0.13 × 0.18–0.2 mm, superficial; dry bright to deep ochraceous-orange or mostly orange-rose-apricot to brick- or blood-red, with thick protruding margin. Asci *(45–)52–70(–82) × (4.2–)4.5–5.3(–5.5) µm {10}, †(42–)45–70(–75) × (3.8)4–4.5(–5.2) µm {3}, 8-spored, spores *4-seriate, 3–5 lower spores inverted {12} (rarely or often mixed: sometimes 1–3 apical spores inverted, sometimes also lower spores not inverted), pars sporifera *22–38 –> 18 µm long; apex (†) strongly truncate (rarely with slight dent and lateral inflation), hemispherical in profile view, thin-walled; base with short to often very long, thin, flexuous stalk, L- Y- or h-shaped. Ascospores *9–12.5 {19} or 11–13.5 {16} or (12–)13–15(–17.2) {19} × (1.1–)1.2–1.5(–1.6) µm {50} (in situ), †(9–)9.5–13 {8} or (10.5–)12– 14.5(–15) {11} × (1.1–)1.2–1.4(–1.5) µm {19}, narrowly fusiform with (sub-) cylindrical middle part, with gradually tapering, acute to acuminate apex, base slightly to medium attenuated (tail-like), often very slightly inflated at the end, distinctly helicoid (looking falcate in profile view), near base medium to mostly strongly geniculate; SBs *(2.7–)3–5(–6) × (0.5–)0.7–1 µm {22} → 2.3–3.7 × 1–1.3 µm, narrowly tear-shaped to subulate, also abruptly narrowed in a filum of ± equal length. Paraphyses apically uninflated to slightly or medium (rarely strongly) capitate-clavate, exceptionally spathulate or ± moniliform, (0–)3–6 µm protruding beyond dead asci, terminal cells *(10–)14–30(–35) × (2.2–)2.5–4(–5.3) µm {8}, †1.8–4(–4.7) µm wide {2}, lower cells *(8–)11–18(–22.5) × 1.3–2.7 µm {7}, near base *3–10 × 2–3.5 µm; rarely branched at upper septum, hymenium subhyaline to light orange. Medullary excipulum totally 50–170 µm thick, upper part 0–50 µm thick, hyaline to pale rose, of dense textura intricata with small angular inflated cells, lower part 50–120 µm thick, of dense to medium loose, large-celled t. globulosa–angularis (cells *7–20 × 6–12.5 µm), irregular to upwards oriented, near margin often forming a distinct, subhyaline to light yellow-orangerose, horizontal t. porrecta 8–20 µm thick, partly only here sharply delimited. Ectal excipulum very pale to light rose or orange, of thin-walled († slightly gelatinized), vertically oriented t. angularis(–globulosa) from base to lower flanks, 25–80(–200) µm thick near base, cells *7–23(–27) × 6–15(–24) µm {6}; 15–20 µm thick on mid flanks and margin, on mid flanks of t. prismatica–angularis oriented at an 80–90° angle to the surface, at margin of t. prismatica–porrecta at 45–90°, marginal cortical cells */†6–15 × (3–)3.5–5(–6) µm {4}, glassy processes absent, exceptionally present, 1.5–6 × 3.5–4 µm {1}. SCBs in paraphyses globose {8}, 1.2–2(–3) µm diam.; also filiform to S-shaped {10}; excipular cells on lower and mid flanks with inconspicuous to strongly refractive, thin (rarely thick), ring-, trapezoid to S-shaped SCBs {14}, marginal cortical cells also with globose SCBs 0.8–3 µm diam. LBs in ectal excipulum and paraphyses minute, sparse, hyaline, rarely yellowish. Exudate over paraphyses (0.3–)1–2(–4) µm thick, cloddy to granular, also cap-like, hyaline to pale yellowish, firmly attached (large clods also detaching); over margin and flanks rough-cloddy, subhyaline to pale yellow-chlorinaceous, 0.5–5 µm thick. Distribution and ecology:— In Europe, on branches rarely twigs or trunks, ± thermophilous but also ± moist, shady woods in temperate, continental to atlantic, but also Oro-Mediterranean and Mediterranean areas; –7 up to 1560 m. Phenology: I–XII. Desiccation tolerance: fully viable for at least 1 month, after 23 months some ascospores and excipular cells still alive. Other material examined:— EUROPE. AUSTRIA. Kärnten: on Rhamnus frangula, 410 m, 31 December 2012, W. Jaklitsch (herb. Baral 7278!). Poitou-Charentes: Deux-Sèvres, on Ulmus sp., 103 m, 17April 2008, H.O. Baral (herb. Baral 8814a!); ibid., on Ulmus cf. minor, 158 m, 4 March 2006, M. Hairaund and B. Coué (herb. Baral 8076b!); ibid., on Salix aurita, 4 m, 25 March 2006, H.O. Baral (herb. Baral 8130!); Rhône-Alpes: Drôme, on Cercis siliquastrum, 215 m, 22 September 2009, G. Marson (herb. Baral 9238a!); Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur: Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, on Spartium junceum, 740 m, 17 August 2001, G. Marson (herb. Baral 7023!). GERMANY. Nordrhein-Westfalen: on Cytisus scoparius, 80 m, 30 December 2006, F. Kasparek (herb. Baral 8395!); Oberbayern: on Salix sp., 535 m, 31 December 2007, T.R. Lohmeyer (herb. Baral 8734a!). GREAT BRITAIN. East England: Suffolk, on Lupinus arboreus, 15 m, 7 March 2003, E. Batten & S.M. Francis (herb. Baral 7308!); ibid., 1 m, 15 February 2003, E. Batten (herb. Baral 7298!). LUXEMBOURG. Gutland: on Salix caprea, 305 m, 5 November 2000, G. Marson (herb. Baral 6815a!); ibid., on Salix caprea, 270 m, 27 April 1993, G. Marson (herb. Baral 4868!). SPAIN. Asturias: on Salix sp., 280 m, 9 September 2008, E. Rubio (herb. Baral 4578!). Canary Islands: La Palma, on Chamaecytisus proliferus, 820 m, 1 January 2005, J.P. Priou (herb. Priou 25001!). FIGURE. Morphological characteristics of Orbilia aurantiorubra on non- Fabaceae substrates (Salix spp., Ulmus spp., etc.). 1. Drawing of reexamined holotype. 2. Apothecia on natural substrates, scale bars 2a-d= 500 µm, 2e= 100 µm. 3. Section of apothecia and excipular characteristics, scale bars 3a= 50 µm, 3b–c= 10 µm. 4. Dead ascospores. 5. Living asci (phot. Michael Hairaud). 6. Paraphyses; scale bars 4a–f, 5a and 6a–c= 10 µm. 7. Drawings with vital characteristics for H.B. 4868. (H.B. 6815a= 4a, 6a; H.B. 7278= 2b, 4c; H.B. 8076b= 2a, 4d, 5; H.B. 8130= 2c, 4f; H.B. 8734a= 2d, 3a–b, 6b; H.B. 8814a= 2e, 4e, 6c). FIGURE. Morphological characteristics of Orbilia aurantiorubra on Fabaceae substrates. 1. Apothecia on natural substrates, scale bars 1a–c= 500 µm. 2. Section of apothecia, excipular characteristics and SCBs, scale bars 2a= 50 µm, 2b–c= 10 µm. 3. Dead (left) and living (right) ascospores, scale bars 3a–c= 10 µm. 4. Drawing of vital characteristics (ascospores, paraphyses, marginal ectal excipulum) for H.B. 7023. (H.B. 7308= 1c, 3a; H.B. 8395= 1a, 2b, 3c; H.B. 9238a= 1b, 2b, 3b)., Published as part of Quijada, Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Jaen-Molina, Ruth, Weiss, Michael, Castells, Juli Caujapé- & Beltrán-Tejera, Esperanza, 2014, Phylogenetic and morphological circumscription of the Orbilia aurantiorubra group, pp. 1-18 in Phytotaxa 175 (1) on pages 8-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.175.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5151711, {"references":["Boudier, E. (1907) Histoire et Classification des Discomycetes d'Europe. Librairie des Sciences Naturelles, Paris, 221 pp."]}

Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN. Publisher’s Note A first version of this text was prepared by the first eight authors and the last one, given here. The other listed co-authors in the article PDF support the content, and their actual contributions varied from only support to additions that substantially improved the content. The full details of all co-authors, with their affiliations, are included in Supplementary Table 1 after p.175 of the article for reasons of clarity and space. Slavomír Adamčík Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia Teuvo Ahti Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland M. Catherine Aime Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, U.S.A. A. Martyn Ainsworth Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom László Albert Hungarian Mycological Society, 1087 Könyves Kálmán krt. 40, Budapest, Hungary Edgardo Albertó Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martin-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina Alberto Altés García Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain Dmitry Ageev SIGNATEC Ltd., 630090, Novosibirsk, Akademgorodok (Novosibirsk Scientific Center), Inzhenernaya str., 22, Russia Reinhard Agerer Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638 München, Germany Begona Aguirre-Hudson Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom Joe Ammirati University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800, U.S.A. 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Moscoso, Apartado 21-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Vladimír Antonín Moravian Museum, Zeny trh 6, 659 37 Brno, Czech Republic Takayuki Aoki Genetic Resources Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan André Aptroot ABL Herbarium, G.v.d.Veenstraat 107, 3762 XK Soest, The Netherlands Didier Argaud 40 rue du Justemont, 57290 Fameck, France Blanca Imelda Arguello Sosa Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico Arne Aronsen Torødveien 54, 3135 Torød, Norway Ulf Arup Biological Museum, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden Bita Asgari Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran Boris Assyov Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria Violeta Atienza Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/Dr Moliner 50, 46100, Burjasot, Valencia, Spain Ditte Bandini Panoramastr 47, 69257 Wiesenbach, Germany João Luís Baptista-Ferreira Instituto de Biossistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal Hans-Otto Baral Blaihofstr. 42, 72074 Tübingen, Germany Tim Baroni The State University of New York, 340 Bowers Hall, P.O. 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Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway Ingvar Kärnefelt Biological Museum, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden Liudmila B. Kalinina Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Gintaras Kantvilas Tasmanian Herbarium (HO), Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, P.O. Box 5058, UTAS LP.O., Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia Mitko Karadelev Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Taiga Kasuya Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of Science, 3 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba 288-0025, Japan Ivona Kautmanová Natural History Museum, Slovak National Museum, Bratislava, Slovakia Richard W. Kerrigan RWK Research, Kittanning, Pennsylvania 16201, U.S.A. Martin Kirchmair Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Anna Kiyashko Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Dániel G. Knapp Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary Henning Knudsen Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 København, Denmark Kerry Knudsen Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Life Sciences at Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Tommy Knutsson Nedra Västerstad 111, 380 62 Mörbylånga, Sweden Miroslav Kolařík Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic Urmas Kõljalg Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia Alica Košuthová Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Attila Koszka Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvar University, 7400 Kaposvar, Hungary Heikki Kotiranta Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 140, 00251 Helsinki, Finland Vera Kotkova Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Ondřej Koukol Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic Jiří Kout University of West Bohemia, Faculty of Education, Klatovska 51, 306 19 Pilsen, Czech Republic Gábor M. Kovács Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary Martin Kříž Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic Åsa Kruys Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Viktor Kučera Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia Linas Kudzma 37 Maple Ave. Annandale, New Jersey 08801, U.S.A. Francisco Kuhar Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina Martin Kukwa Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland T. K. Arun Kumar The Zamorin’s Guruvayurappan College, Kozhikode, Kerala 673014, India Vladimír Kunca Technical University in Zvolen, Ul. T. G. Masaryka 24, 960 53 Zvolen,Slovakia Ivana Kušan Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Thomas W. Kuyper Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Carlos Lado Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain Thomas Læssøe Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 København, Denmark Patrice Lainé 123 rue Saint Antoine, 75004, Paris, France Ewald Langer University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany Ellen Larsson University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden Karl-Henrik Larsson Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway Gary Laursen Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7000, U.S.A. Christian Lechat Ascofrance, 64 route de Chizé, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France Serena Lee Herbarium Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, Singapore James C. Lendemer (1) Institute of Systematic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, New York 10458-5126, U.S.A.; (2) Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, New York 10016, U.S.A. Laura Levin University of Buenos Aires, Junin 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina Uwe Lindemann Landesmuseum für Naturkunde, Münster, Germany Håkan Lindström Östansjö 150, 840 64 Kälarne, Sweden Xingzhong Liu Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 Park 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China Regulo Carlos Llarena Hernandez Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Peñuela, Universidad Veracruzana, Amatlán de los Reyes, Ver., Mexico Esteve Llop Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Csaba Locsmándi Hungarian Natural History Museum, 1087 Budapest, Hungary Deborah Jean Lodge USDA Forest Service, NRS, P.O. Box 1377, Luquillo, Puerto Rico 00773-1377, U.S.A. Michael Loizides P.O. Box 58499, 3734 Limassol, Cyprus László Lőkös Hungarian Natural History Museum, 1087 Budapest, Hungary Jennifer Luangsa-ard National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), NSTDA, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Rd., Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand Matthias Lüderitz AG Geobotanik Schleswig-Holstein & Hamburg, c/o University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 75, 24098 Kiel, Germany Thorsten Lumbsch Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, Illinois 60605, U.S.A. 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Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands Guilhermina Marques Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Laboratory of Mycology and Soil Microbiology, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal Rubén Martínez-Gil Ascomycete.org, 36 rue de la Garde, 69005 Lyon, France Guy Marson Musée national d’histoire naturelle, 25 rue Münster, 2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg Gerardo Mata Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91070, Veracruz, Mexico P. Brandon Matheny University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, U.S.A. Geir Harald Mathiassen Tromsø University Museum, University of Tromsø — The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway Neven Matočec Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Helmut Mayrhofer Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Holteiasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria Mehdi Mehrabi Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran Ireneia Melo Botanical Garden, National Museum of Natural History and Science, University of Lisbon, Portugal Armin Mešić Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Andrew S. Methven Savannah State University, Savannah, Georgia 31404, U.S.A Otto Miettinen Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Ana M. Millanes Romero Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain Andrew N. Miller Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, Illinois 61820-6970, U.S.A. James K. Mitchell Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, U.S.A. Roland Moberg Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Pierre-Arthur Moreau Université Lille, Fac. Pharma. Lille, EA4483 IMPECS, 59000 Lille, France Gabriel Moreno Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain Olga Morozova Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Asunción Morte Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain Lucia Muggia University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy Guillermo Muñoz González Avda Valvanera N.32, 5D, 26500 Calahorra, La Rioja, Spain Leena Myllys Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland István Nagy Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary László G. Nagy Institute of Biochemistry, BRC-HAS, 6726 Szeged, Temesvari krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary Maria Alice Neves Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP 88040-900, Brazil Tuomo Niemelä Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Pier Luigi Nimis University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy Nicolas Niveiro Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina Machiel E. 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La Llosa, 219, 39509 Villanueva de la Peña, Mazcuerras, Cantabria, Spain Ursula Peintner Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Shaun Pennycook Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1072, New Zealand Olinto Liparini Pereira Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Pablo Pérez Daniëls University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain Miquel À. Pérez-De-Gregorio Capella C/ Pau Casals, 6, 1º, 1ª, 17001, Girona, Spain Carlos Manuel Pérez del Amo C/ Luis de Ulloa, 1, 7º I, 26004 Logroño, Navarra, Spain Sergio Pérez Gorjón Universidad de Salamanca, Avda. Licenciado Mendez Nieto s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain Sergio Pérez-Ortega Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain Israel Pérez-Vargas Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, c/ Astrofísico Sánchez s/n 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain Brian A. Perry California State University East Bay, Hayward, California 94542, U.S.A. Jens H. Petersen Nøruplundvej 2, 8400 Ebeltoft, Denmark Ronald H. Petersen University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, U.S.A. Donald H. Pfister Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge MA 02138, U.S.A. Chayanard Phukhamsakda Mae Fah Luang University, Chang Wat Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Marcin Piątek W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Krakow, Poland Meike Piepenbring Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany Raquel Pino-Bodas Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain Juan Pablo Pinzón Esquivel Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5, Apdo. Postal: 4-116 Itzimná,C.P: 97100, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico Paul Pirot Rue des Peupliers 10, 6840 Neufchâteau, Belgium Eugene S. Popov Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Orlando Popoff Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina María Prieto Álvaro Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain Christian Printzen Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Abteilung Botanik und Molekulare Evolutionsforschung, Herbarium Senckenbergianum (FR), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Nadezhda Psurtseva Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Witoon Purahong Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH — UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle, Germany Luis Quijada Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, U.S.A. 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Rebriev Southern Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 41 Chehova str., Rostov-on-Don, 344006, Russia Juan de Dios Reyes García Paseo Virgen de Linarejos 6 2 D, Linares, Jaen, Spain Miguel Ángel Ribes Ripoll Avda. Pablo Neruda 120 F, 2°D, 28018 Madrid, Spain Franck Richard CEFE UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cédex 5, France Mike J. Richardson Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, United Kingdom Víctor J. Rico Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain Gerardo Lucio Robledo Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina Flavia Rodrigues Barbosa Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. 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Sergi Santamaria Facultat de Biociències, Edifici C, Despatx C1/331, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain Josiane Santana Monteiro Botany Coordination, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, 66077-830, Belém, Pará, Brazil Hans Josef Schroers Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Barbara Schulz Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany Geert Schmidt-Stohn Burgstr. 25, 29553 Bienenbüttel, Germany Trond Schumacher University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway Beatrice Senn-Irlet RU Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland Hana Ševčíková Moravian Museum, Zeny trh 6, 659 37 Brno, Czech Republic Oleg Shchepin Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Takashi Shirouzu Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-machiya, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan Anton Shiryaev Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620144 Ekaterinburg, 8 March str., 202/3, Russia Klaus Siepe Geeste 133, 46342 Velen, Germany Esteban B. 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Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Ave Suija Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia Stellan Sunhede Hökaskog Sandbacken 1, 533 92 Lundsbrunn, Sweden Sten Svantesson University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden Sigvard Svensson Biological Museum, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden Tatyana Yu. Svetasheva (1) Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia; (2) Department of Technologies of Living Systems, Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, Lenin ave. 125, Tula, 300026, Russia Krzysztof Świerkosz Museum of Natural History, Wrocław University, ul. H. 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Box 7044, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden Holger Thüs State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany Leif Tibell Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Sanja Tibell Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Einar Timdal Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway Zdenko Tkalčec Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Tor Tønsberg University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway Gérard Trichies 5, impasse des Écoles S7700 Neufchef, France Dagmar Triebel Botanische Staatssammlung München, Menzinger Straße 67, 80638 München, Germany Andrei Tsurykau (1) F. Skorina Gomel State University, Sovetskaja Str. 104, 246019 Gomel, Belarus; (2) Institute of Natural Sciences, Samara National Research University, Moskovskoye shosse 34, 443086 Samara, Russia Rodham E. Tulloss Herbarium Amanitarum Rooseveltensis, P. O. Box 57, Roosevelt, New Jersey 08555-0057, U.S.A. Veera Tuovinen University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada Miguel Ulloa Sosa Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito/Sin Número, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, C. P. 04510, Mexico Carlos Urcelay Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina François Valade 11 rue haras, le boqueteau, 91240 Saint-Michel-sur-Orge, France Ricardo Valenzuela Garza Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Santo Tomás, 11340 Ciudad de México, Mexico Pieter van den Boom Arafura 16, 5691 JA Son, The Netherlands Nicolas Van Vooren Ascomycete.org, 36 rue de la Garde, 69005 Lyon, France Aida M. Vasco-Palacios Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, AA1226, Fundación Biodiversa Colombia, Medellín, Colombia Jukka Vauras Herbarium TUR, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland Juan Manuel Velasco Santos 3 C/Pontevedra, 18, 1º C, 37003 Salamanca, Spain Else Vellinga 861 Keeler Avenue, Berkeley, California 94708, U.S.A. Annemieke Verbeken Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium Per Vetlesen Norges Sopp- og Nyttevekstforbund, Schweigaards gate 34F, 0191 Oslo, Norway Alfredo Vizzini University of Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy Hermann Voglmayr University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria Sergey Volobuev Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Wolfgang von Brackel Kirchenweg 2, 91341 Röttenbach, Germany Elena Voronina Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biology Faculty, Moscow, Russia Grit Walther Arvid-Harnack-Str. 4, 07743 Jena, Germany Roy Watling Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, United Kingdom Evi Weber Blaihofstr. 42, 72074 Tübingen, Germany Mats Wedin Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Øyvind Weholt Nord University, Nesna, 8700 Nesna, Norway Martin Westberg Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Eugene Yurchenko Polessky State University, Dnyaprouskai flatylii str. 23, 225710, Pinsk, Belarus Petr Zehnálek Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic Huang Zhang Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, China Mikhail P. Zhurbenko Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia The following institutions are also supporting the present text (institutional support means that committees from the mentioned) Asociación Micológica Carlos Spegazzini (Argentina) Austrian Mycological Society (Austria) Croatian Mycological Society (Croatia) Committee of the Czech Scientific Society for Mycology (Czech Republic) The Netherlands Mycological Society (The Netherlands) Sociedad Española de Liquenología (Portugal/Spain) Iberian Mycological Society (which is under constitution, Portugal/Spain) Federación de Asociaciones Micológicas Andaluzas (FAMA) (Spain) Asociación Botánica y Micológica de Jaén (Spain) Asociación Micológica Hispalense Muscaria (Spain) Societat Micològica Valenciana (Spain)