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Polysaccharide has been widely used in medical and health field because of its function of immune regulation. The aim of present study was to use protein chip to test the 200 cytokines secreted by macrophages which were induced by the polysaccharides of Tricholoma matsutake (TMP-A) to study the role of TMP-A acting on macrophages and its mechanism, further understanding the mechanism of the TMP-A effect on immune activity. The results of the analysis indicated that among all of these cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-10, IL-23, TNF-α, CD40L, G-CSF, etc. there are 73 up-regulated and 43 down-regulated cytokines. The KEGG analysis indicated that T. matsutake polysaccharide can influence the immune response of macrophages through a series of signaling pathways, and the three major signaling pathways are Jak-STAT signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Those three signaling pathway are closely related to the pathogenesis of many diseases. The results showed that TMP-A can activate immune cells to regulate the immunity.

A new heteropolysaccharide was isolated from the fruiting bodies of Tricholoma matsutake which had a molecular weight of 12078 Da. The results of structural features analysis showed that T. matsutake polysaccharide, here named TMP-B, was mainly composed of α - D - glucose and α - D - galactose which ratios were 7:2 and had a backbone of 1, 4 - linked α - D - glucose which branches were mainly composed of two 6 - linked α - D - galactose residue, and the α - D - galactose was 1, 6 - linked. Antitumor activity results showed that heteropolysaccharide TMP-B could inhibit the growth of S180 tumor in vivo and promote the apoptosis of L929 cells in vitro . Immunoregulatory activity results showed that TMP-B could promote the proliferation of macrophages by affecting G0/G1 phase, S phases and G2/M phases and promote cytokines release and gene expression. The result of this study introduced Maerkang T. matsutake as a possible valuable source which helped to exhibit unique antitumor and immunoregulatory properties., Competing Interests: Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

Background: Tricholoma mongolicum Imai is a well-known edible and medicinal mushroom which in recent years has attracted increasing attention because of its bioactivities. In this study, water-soluble polysaccharides were extracted from T. mongolicum Imai by cellulase-assisted extraction and their antioxidant activities were investigated., Results: In order to improve the yield of polysaccharides, four variables, cellulase amount (X1 ), pH (X2 ), temperature (X3 ) and extraction time (X4 ), were investigated with a Box-Behnken design. The optimal conditions were predicted to be cellulase amount of 20 g kg(-1) , pH of 4.0, temperature of 50 °C and extraction time of 127 min, with a predicted polysaccharide yield of 190.1 g kg(-1) . The actual yield of polysaccharides under these conditions was 189.6 g kg(-1) , which matched the predicted value well. The crude polysaccharides were purified to obtain four fractions, and characterization of each was carried out. In addition, antioxidant properties of four polysaccharides assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryldydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical-scavenging assays indicated that polysaccharides from T. mongolicum Imai (TMIPs) possessed antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner., Conclusion: TMIPs show moderate antioxidant activities in vitro. Therefore it is suggested that TMIPs are potential natural antioxidants for use in functional foods. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Polysaccharide TLH-3 from the fruit body of Tricholoma lobayense Heim has shown outstanding antioxidant activity. In order to further explore it, TLH-3 was successfully modified to obtain a sulfated derivative (STLH-3). The chemical characteristics of STLH-3 and TLH-3 were determined by high performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. Antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of the samples were investigated in vitro. The antioxidant activities of STLH-3 were significantly improved. In the four indicators of antioxidant activity, the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide anion scavenging activities of STLH-3 have exceeded that of Vitamin C (Vc). The cytotoxicity against tumor cells including human cervical carcinoma cell line (HeLa) and human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) of STLH-3 was obviously stronger than that of TLH-3. STLH-3 had no toxic on human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HELF) cells. These results suggested that STLH-3 would be a promising bioactive macromolecule for potential applications in the field of health care and pharmaceutical., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Ultrasonic-microwave synergistic extraction (UMSE), purification, and characterization of Tricholoma mongolicum Imai polysaccharides (TMIPs) from fruit bodies were investigated in this study. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the UMSE conditions. The results indicated that the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: extraction time of 24.65 min, microwave power of 109.98 W, and water to raw material ratio of 21.62 ml/g. Under optimized conditions, the yield and purity of TMIPs were 35.41 ± 0.62% and 73.92 ± 0.83%, respectively. Crude TMIPs were purified by DEAE-Cellulose 52 chromatography and Sephadex G-100 chromatography to afford four fractions, namely, TMIP-1, TMIP-2, TMIP-3, and TMIP-4. Preliminary TMIP characterization was conducted by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. TMIP antioxidant activities were investigated by measuring its scavenging ability on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl radicals, ferric reducing activity power, and reducing power assay. The results indicated that TMIPs have good antioxidant activity., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

An immunoenhancing water-soluble hetero polysaccharide was isolated from an alkaline extract of the fruit bodies of an ectomycorrhizal edible mushroom, Tricholoma crassum (Berk.) Sacc. The structure of the molecule was investigated using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis; periodate oxidation study, and NMR spectroscopy techniques ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC). On the basis of the above-mentioned experiments the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as: This polysaccharide exhibited splenocyte, thymocyte as well as macrophage activations., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)