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Background: Nissen fundoplication is the most popular laparoscopic operation for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Partial fundoplications seem to be associated with a lower incidence of postoperative dysphagia, and thus a better quality of life for patients. The aim of this study was to compare the long-term outcome in neurologically normal children who underwent laparoscopic Nissen, Toupet, or Thal procedures in three European centers with a large experience in laparoscopic antireflux procedures., Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed the data of 300 consecutive patients with GERD who underwent laparoscopic surgery. The first 100 cases were recorded for each team, with the first team using the Toupet, the second team using the Thal, and the third team using the Nissen procedure. The only exclusion criteria for this study was neurologic impairment. For this reason, 66 neurologically impaired children (52 Thal, 10 Nissen, 4 Toupet) were excluded from the study. This evaluation focuses on the data for the remaining 238 neurologically normal children. The patients varied in age from 5 months to 16 years (median, 58 months). The median weight was 20 kg. All the children underwent a complete preoperative workup, and all had well-documented GERD. The position of the trocars and the dissection phase were similar in all the procedures, as was the posterior approximation of the crura. The short gastric vessels were divided in only six patients (2.5%). The only difference in the surgical procedures was the type of antireflux valve created., Results: The median duration of surgery was 70 min. There was no mortality and no conversion in this series. A total of 12 (5%) intraoperative complications (5 Nissen, 5 Toupet, 2 Thal) and 13 (5.4%) postoperative complications (3 Toupet, 4 Nissen, 6 Thal) were recorded. Only six (2.5%) redo procedures (2 Thal, 2 Toupet, 2 Nissen) were performed. After a minimum follow-up period of 5 years, all the children were free of symptoms except nine (3.7%), who sometimes still require medication. The incidence of complications and redo surgery for the three procedures analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test are not statistically significant., Conclusions: For pediatric patients with GERD, laparoscopic Nissen, Toupet, and Thal antireflux procedures yielded satisfactory results, and none of the approaches led to increased dysphagia. The 5% rate for intraoperative complications seems linked to the learning curve period. The authors consider the three procedures as extremely effective for the treatment of children with GERD, and they believe that the choice of one procedure over the other depends only on the surgeon's experience. Parental satisfaction with laparoscopic treatment was very high in all the three series.

Laparoscopic fundoplication is performed commonly in children, and it represents "the gold standard" in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) refractory to medical therapy. We present a single surgeon's experience with a posterior partial valve. Between May 1993 and May 2002, we operated on 574 children using Toupet's procedure. Among the patients, 24 were younger than 1 year of age, and 17 others were neurologically impaired. The average duration of the surgery was 1 hour. Complications were limited to 3 eviscerations of omentum through the port wounds. Relapse of GERD secondary to valve failure occurred in 6 patients, 1 neurologically impaired and 1 with mucoviscidosis. All six patients have been reoperated on laparoscopically, and Toupet fundoplication was performed again with good results. We think that the 270-degree posterior valve, according to Toupet, is a good procedure to adopt in children with GERD with a low rate of recurrence at long-term follow-up., (Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.)

We determine the feasibility of laparoscopic revision surgery in children following previous open and laparoscopic antireflux operations. To give an objective overview about this topic, we analyzed the outcome of 15 children (8 girls and 7 boys) who had undergone attempted laparoscopic revision between 4 and 72 months (median 16 months) after a previous antireflux operation. Seven patients had previously undergone an open antireflux procedure (4 Nissen fundoplication; 3 Thal procedure) and 8 a laparoscopic procedure (5 Nissen; 3 Toupet's procedure). Two of these children were mentally handicapped. The indications for revision were: recurrent reflux, 5; valve migration, 5; valve dismount, 5. Eight procedures comprised construction of a new Nissen fundoplication and in 7 cases a Toupet's procedure was performed. Revision was successfully completed laparoscopically in 10 cases, 7 of 8 patients following a previous laparoscopic procedure and in 3 of 7 following a previous open operation. Operating time ranged between 70 and 140 minutes (median 90 minutes). No perioperative complications occurred in either group. All patients were discharged within 3 to 4 days after the redo procedure. Follow-up time varied between 6 months and 7 yrs. Preoperative symptoms were relieved in all patients and all antireflux medication has been discontinued, except in two cases that still had rare symptoms. Although technically challenging, laparoscopic reoperation for recurrent gastroesophageal reflux disease can be performed safely and with good results, in the hands of experienced endoscopic surgeons. Reoperation is likely to be more difficult following failure of an open procedure than after failure of a laparoscopic one. Concerning the type of procedure, redo surgery is more difficult to perform after Nissen's than after Toupet's or Thal's procedure., (Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.)

Background: Very few children need gastroesophageal antireflux surgery during their first year of life; hence, no series has been published so far. The authors report their experience in 3 centers., Methods: From January 1993 to December 1998, 36 infants between 23 days and 13 months of age, suffering from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), underwent surgery by a laparoscopic approach. The patients' weights ranged from 2.4 to 8.5 kg. Preoperative diagnostic studies included esophagograms, manometries, endoscopies, and pH-metries. Fifteen babies (41.6%) had associated anomalies, and 10 (27.7%) were neurologically impaired. Thirty-six laparoscopic fundoplications were performed according to either Toupet's procedure (17 of 36), Rossetti's (10 of 36), Nissen's (8 of 36) or Lortat-Jacob's (1 of 36). Four infants previously had undergone a gastrostomy, whereas 6 needed one during the antireflux procedure., Results: There was no mortality in our series. Three infants (8.3%) had an intraoperative complication: 1 lesion of a diaphragmatic vessel, 1 pneumothorax, and 1 case of severe hiatal hernia requiring conversion to open surgery. During the median follow-up of 22 months, 4 redo procedures were performed (11.1%)., Conclusions: This experience shows the feasibility of laparoscopic fundoplication even in children below 1 year of age. An accurate preoperative diagnostic study is mandatory, because 50% of these patients presented associated anomalies. A long and accurate follow-up is necessary to evaluate long-term results and detect possible complications, which can occur as late as 1 year after surgery. In addition, we believe that redo antireflux surgery is possible by the laparoscopic approach without major difficulties, based on our larger experience with older children., (Copyright 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.)

Background: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is considered useful for the treatment of parapneumonic empyema in children. However, thoracoscopic management of empyema due to esophageal leakage as an operative complication has not been well described in the literature. Case presentation: We successfully decorticated severe empyema using uniport VATS in 2 children (a 2-year-old boy who suffered esophageal perforation after laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery, and a 7-month-old girl who had anastomotic leakage after thoracoscopic repair of esophageal atresia). In these patients, we noticed that pleural effusion rapidly progressed to empyema and caused respiratory insufficiency due to wide-range coverage by fibrotic pleural rind that was successfully decorticated under video-assisted vision from a mini-thoracotomy, followed by spontaneous healing of the leakage. Conclusions: We did not attempt to closely approach or try to repair the esophageal leakage. We believe that this is an important tip for these situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to assess quality of life (QoL) after laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery (LARS) in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and to evaluate GERD symptoms and their impact on daily life and school. From June 2016 to June 2019, all children with GERD from 2 to 16 years of age, without neurologic impairment or malformation-related reflux, were prospectively included in a monocentric study. Patients (or their parents according to the age of the child) answered the Pediatric Questionnaire on Gastroesophageal Symptoms and QoL (PGSQ) before surgery and 3 and 12 months after surgery. Variables were compared by paired, bilateral Student t-test. Twenty-eight children (16 boys) were included. The median age at surgery was 77 months (IQR: 59.2–137) with median weight of 22 kg (IQR: 19.8–42.3). All had a laparoscopic Toupet fundoplication. Median duration of follow-up was 14.7 months (IQR: 12.3–22.5). One patient (4%) had a recurrence of GERD symptoms without abnormalities on follow-up examinations. Preoperative total PGSQ score was 1.42 (± 0.7) and decreased significantly 3 months (0.56 ± 0.6; p < 0.001) and 12 months after surgery (0.34 ± 0.4; p < 0.001). PGSQ subscale analysis revealed a significant decrease at 3 and 12 months for GERD symptoms (p < 0.001), impact on daily life (p < 0.001), and impact on school (p = 0.03). Conclusion: There was a significant improvement in symptoms and their frequency after LARS in children, as well as an improvement of QoL, in the short and medium term. The impact of GERD should be taken into consideration in the treatment decision, given that surgery clearly improves the QoL. What is Known: • Laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery (LARS) is an established and effective treatment option in pediatric patients with severe GERD refractory to medical treatment. • Effect of LARS on the quality of life (QoL) has been mainly investigated in the adult population but there is very little data on the effect of LARS on the QoL in pediatric patients. What is New: • Our prospective study was the first to analyze the effect of LARS on QoL in pediatric patients without neurologic impairment using validated questionnaires at two postoperative time points with a significant improvement in postoperative QoL at 3 and 12 months. • Our study emphasizes the importance of evaluating QoL and impact of GERD on all the aspects of daily life and of taking these into consideration in the treatment decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total esophagogastric dissociation (TEGD) was proposed to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) both as a rescue in case of fundoplication failure and as first-line surgery in neurologically impaired children (NIC). Aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of TEGD on the quality of life (QoL) of both NIC and their caregivers focusing on the parents' point of view. A retrospective observational study was conducted on all NIC who underwent TEGD in our center between 2012 and 2022. A questionnaire centered on the parents' point of view and investigating QoL of NIC and their caregivers was administered to all patients' parents. Data were compared using Fisher exact test and Mann–Whitney test; a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. 12 patients were enrolled in the study. Parents reported improvements in weight gain (p = 0.03), sleep disorders, apnea, regurgitation and vomiting (p < 0.01). Caregivers also declared a decrease in number of hospitalizations, particularly related to severe respiratory infections and ab ingestis pneumonia (p = 0.01). We also documented a reduction of caregivers' worries during food administration (p < 0.01). 50% of parents whose children were subjected to both fundoplication and TEGD would suggest TEGD as first line surgical treatment instead of fundoplication. According to parents' point of view, TEGD improves significantly NIC QoL and 50% of them would enthusiastically suggest TEGD as first-line surgical approach to GERD in NIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Esophageal atresia (EA) is a rare congenital malformation. A high incidence of GER unresponsive to medical management is noted with EA. Literature suggests that complications from GER can persist in adulthood. In paediatric age, laparoscopic treatment is a valid option even if recurrence rate is not negligible.Aims and Objectives: To evaluate our experience with gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) treatment after esophageal atresia (EA) repair.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analysed 29 consecutive patients treated for EA at birth and studied for GER at our Institute in a period of 11 years.Results: 24/29 (82,7%) cases had symptoms of reflux, 17/29 (58,6%) cases were treated with laparoscopic fundoplication (LF). Three infants were younger than 6 months and had apparent life threatening events (ALTE) condition as principal indication for surgery. No intra-operative complications occurred. 3/17 LF had open surgical conversion due to technical problems. 2/17 cases required a second operation. At the last follow-up: (1) 6/17 (35,3%) of patients healed after the last operation, (2) 8/17 (47,1%) have GER improvement (four still in medical treatment), (3) 2/17 (11,8%) have persistent GER, (4) 1/17 (5,9%) died for causes not related to antireflux surgery.Conclusions: According to literature and to our retrospective analysis, LF for GER after EA repair is feasible, even if recurrence risk is not negligible. Infants less than 6 months old with associated conditions (malformations, gastrostomy/jejunostomy) seem to have a higher failure rate with a greater risk of conversion. Longer follow-up and multicenter experiences would guarantee an adequate surveillance for patients with EA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first case of fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) using indocyanine green (ICG) in a pediatric redo-Nissen fundoplication. The patient is a 17-year-old male with recurrent gastroesophageal symptoms who underwent primary antireflux surgery at 10 months of age. During the redo fundoplication, ICG was intravenously administered to help the visualization during the adhesiolysis between liver, stomach and right crus of the diaphragm and to spare small oesophageal vessels and the left gastric artery. In this case, FGS made the surgery easier than usual and likely reduced the risk of intra-operative complications. Therefore, we believe that this new technology should be regularly used in these types of complex intra-abdominal redo operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the perioperative outcomes of laparoscopic fundoplication (LF) for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children with scoliosis. Methods: Data of consecutive patients with GERD who underwent LF from January 2015 to December 2020 at a single pediatric institution were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Eighty-two patients underwent laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. The median [interquartile range (IQR)] body weight was 9.3 [7; 14] kg. Seventy-five patients were neurologically impaired (91%), and other comorbidities included scoliosis (n = 33), lung disease (n = 39), and cardiac disease (n = 14). The median (IQR) operative time including the creation of the gastrostomy and volume of bleeding were 160 [143; 190] min and 2 [1; 5] mL, respectively. There were no significant differences between patients with and those without scoliosis (p = 0.17 and p = 0.90, respectively). Patients with cardiac disease had a longer operative time (167 [161; 193] vs. 157 [141; 190] min, p = 0.01). There were three post-operative complications in children with neurological impairment; however, there was no clear relationship between the severity of scoliosis and complications. Conclusion: Severity of scoliosis did not correlate with perioperative results and post-operative complications. This suggests that the same LF technique can be used regardless of the presence or absence of scoliosis in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The recurrence rate of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) after fundoplication has been reported to be 7–25%. We investigated the risk factors for recurrence of GERD after Thal fundoplication (TF) in our department with the aim of further reducing the recurrence rate of GERD. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 276 patients who underwent TF for GERD at our hospital between 2000 and 2019. Retrospectively considered variables were obtained from the medical records of patients. The variables included patient characteristics, GERD severity, surgery-related factors and postoperative course. Results: The postoperative GERD recurrence rate was 5.8%. In the univariate analysis, the presence of convulsive seizures (12/4 vs. 110/150, p = 0.046) and the absence of a tracheostomy (0/16 vs. 53/207, p = 0.048) at the time of TF were significantly associated with recurrence. In the multivariate analysis, the presence of convulsive seizures at the time of TF was the only factor significantly associated with recurrence. Conclusion: The presence of convulsive seizures and the absence of a tracheostomy at the time of TF were significantly associated with GERD recurrence after TF. Active control of seizures and consideration of surgical indications, including assessment of respiratory status, are important in preventing the recurrence of GERD after TF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is an extremely common condition with several medical and surgical treatment options. A multidisciplinary expert panel was convened to develop evidence-based recommendations to support clinicians, patients, and others in decisions regarding the treatment of GERD with an emphasis on evaluating different surgical techniques.Methods: Literature reviews were conducted for 4 key questions regarding the surgical treatment of GERD in both adults and children: surgical vs. medical treatment, robotic vs. laparoscopic fundoplication, partial vs. complete fundoplication, and division vs. preservation of short gastric vessels in adults or maximal versus minimal dissection in pediatric patients. Evidence-based recommendations were formulated using the GRADE methodology by subject experts. Recommendations for future research were also proposed.Results: The panel provided seven recommendations for adults and children with GERD. All recommendations were conditional due to very low, low, or moderate certainty of evidence. The panel conditionally recommended surgical treatment over medical management for adults with chronic or chronic refractory GERD. There was insufficient evidence for the panel to make a recommendation regarding surgical versus medical treatment in children. The panel suggested that once the decision to pursue surgical therapy is made, adults and children with GERD may be treated with either a robotic or a laparoscopic approach, and either partial or complete fundoplication based on surgeon-patient shared decision-making and patient values. In adults, the panel suggested either division or non-division of the short gastric vessels is appropriate, and that children should undergo minimal dissection during fundoplication.Conclusions: These recommendations should provide guidance with regard to surgical decision-making in the treatment of GERD and highlight the importance of shared decision-making and patient values to optimize patient outcomes. Pursuing the identified research needs may improve future versions of guidelines for the treatment of GERD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has a high worldwide prevalence in adults and children. There is uncertainty regarding medical versus surgical therapy and different surgical techniques. This review assessed outcomes of antireflux surgery versus medical management of GERD in adults and children, robotic versus laparoscopic fundoplication, complete versus partial fundoplication, and minimal versus maximal dissection in pediatric patients. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched (2004–2019) to identify randomized control and non-randomized comparative studies. Two independent reviewers screened for eligibility. Random effects meta-analysis was performed on comparative data. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias and Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Results: From 1473 records, 105 studies were included. Most had high or uncertain risk of bias. Analysis demonstrated that anti-reflux surgery was associated with superior short-term quality of life compared to PPI (Std mean difference = − 0.51, 95%CI − 0.63, − 0.40, I2 = 0%) however short-term symptom control was not significantly superior (RR = 0.75, 95%CI 0.47, 1.21, I2 = 82%). A proportion of patients undergoing operative treatment continue PPI treatment (28%). Robotic and laparoscopic fundoplication outcomes were similar. Compared to total fundoplication, partial fundoplication was associated with higher rates of prolonged PPI usage (RR = 2.06, 95%CI 1.08, 3.94, I2 = 45%). There was no statistically significant difference for long-term symptom control (RR = 0.94, 95%CI 0.85, 1.04, I2 = 53%) or long-term dysphagia (RR = 0.73, 95%CI 0.52, 1.02, I2 = 0%). Ien, minimal dissection during fundoplication was associated with lower reoperation rates than maximal dissection (RR = 0.21, 95%CI 0.06, 0.67). Conclusions: The available evidence regarding the optimal treatment of GERD often suffers from high risk of bias. Additional high-quality randomized control trials may further inform surgical decision making in the treatment of GERD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Esophageal achalasia is a rare, chronic, and progressive neurodegenerative motility disorder that is characterized by a lack of relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) is the ideal in our population. Multiple surgical and medical treatments have been raised. However, there has been a need to expand studies and generate a clear algorithm for an ideal therapeutic algorithm. Methods: Clinical record was retrospectively analyzed of patients who underwent LHM and Dor fundoplication evaluated with Eckardt score, at four Colombian medical centers between February 2008 and December 2018. Results: There were a total of 21 patients (12 males and 9 females, ages 8 months to 16 years). The time from onset of symptoms to surgery was between 5 months and 14 years. One patient had esophageal mucosa perforation, 2 patients were converted to open surgery, and 1 patient had a postoperative fistula. All patients were discharged 3 to 9 days postoperatively, at which time they tolerated normal oral feeding. During follow-up, all the patients had an improvement in nutritional status and a greater functional recovery; 4 had reflux and 1 had reflux-like symptoms. Conclusion: LHM with Dor-type fundoplication maintains the effectiveness of open surgery with low postoperative morbidity and mortality and good functional results according to Eckardt score evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fundoplication is indicated in patient with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) who need long-term medication, fail to response to optimal medication therapy, or have life-threatening complication. Objective: To evaluate the outcome of GERD patients at 12 months after fundoplication. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study includes children who were diagnosed GERD and underwent fundoplication between January 2006 and December 2018 at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. Studied outcomes were the need of antireflux medications, prevalence of persistent symptoms, GERD-related hospitalization rate, re-operation rate, and mortality rate at 12 months after fundoplication. Results: Overall, 59 patients (49% male) were included in the present study. The median age (IQR) at the time of GERD diagnosis and fundoplication was 11 (5 to 48) and 18 (8 to 66) months, respectively. All children had comorbid conditions, the most common of which was neurological impairment (n = 48, 81%). Fifty-seven and 2 patients underwent Nissen and Thal fundoplication, respectively. At 12-month follow-up, 30 (51%) were prescribed antireflux medications and 25 (42%) had persistent GERD symptoms. The median (IQR) hospitalization rate was 2.5 (2 to 3) times/year. Only 1 (1.7%) patient, who had esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula, underwent reoperation due to fundoplication disruption. There were 9 deaths (15.3%). Causes of death were GERD-related aspiration pneumonia (n = 1), sepsis (n = 5), hospital-acquired pneumonia (n = 2), and recurrent ependymoma (n = 1). Conclusion: Most patients with GERD who have comorbid conditions have persistent symptoms and need continuing antireflux medications after fundoplication. Therefore, long-term follow-up of GERD patients following fundoplication is essential, particularly those at risk of a high failure rate of fundoplication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Many studies on short-term efficacy of laparoscopic antireflux surgery (LARS) have shown good to excellent results on reflux symptom control and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Prospective studies on the long-term efficacy, however, are scarce and indicate that the efficacy of symptom control may decline over time. The aim of this study is to assess the 2-year outcome on reflux symptoms and HRQoL after LARS. Materials and Methods: Between 2011 and 2013, 25 children (12 males, median age 6 [2-18] years) with proton pump inhibitor-resistant gastroesophageal reflux disease were included in a prospective longitudinal cohort study. To assess reflux symptoms and HRQoL, patients and/or their caregivers were asked to fill out the validated age-appropriate gastroesophageal reflux symptom questionnaire and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ before, 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years after LARS. Results: Two years after LARS, 29% of patients had moderate to severe reflux symptoms compared with 92% (P < .001) before operation and 12% 3-4 months after operation (P = .219). The significant increase in HRQoL shortly after fundoplication (80.0 compared with 69.5 (P = .004)) is not observed after 2 years (72.0 compared with 69.5, P = .312). Correlation between the impaired HRQoL scores and the recurrence of symptoms could not be verified. Conclusions: Although the efficacy of LARS tends to deteriorate after 2 years, LARS is still effective in controlling reflux symptoms in the majority of patients. The short-term improvement in HRQoL after LARS appears to be transient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Laparoscopic fundoplication in children under 5 kg is still debated. Our objective was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic fundoplication (LF) in children under 5 kg.Methods: We reviewed the cases of 96 children treated by laparoscopic fundoplication between 2005 and 2014. Thirty-five patients had a weight of 5 kg or less at the time of LF (Low Weight Group) and 61 patients had a weight between 5.1 and 10 kg (High Weight Group). The pre-operative, peri-operative, post-operative data regarding surgery and anesthesia were compared between groups.Results: Mean weight was 3.9 ± 0.8 kg in the LWG and 7.8 ± 1.5 kg in the HWG. Children in the LWG were more prone to pre-operative respiratory management (40% mechanical ventilation and 42.9% oxygen therapy). The operating times (82 ± 28 min for LWG and 85 ± 31 min for HWG) and respiratory parameters during the procedure (PCO2) were comparable between groups. Post-operative complications were 1 gastric perforation with peritonitis and 1 small bowel obstruction in the LWG, 2 cases of gastric perforation with peritonitis in the HWG. Mean follow-up was 67 ± 44 months. Significant recurrence of GERD requiring a redo fundoplication was noted in 3 patients in the LWG and 1 patient in the HWG.Conclusion: Laparoscopic fundoplication is a safe procedure in infants ≤ 5 kg without increase of post-operative complications, recurrence, or mean operative time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Respiratory manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), particularly chronic cough, are being recognized with increased frequency in children. This survey aimed to investigate the efficacy of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for treatment of GERD-related respiratory symptoms not responsive to medical therapy in neurological normal children.Materials and Methods: We collected data of children with GERD-related respiratory complaints not responsive to medical therapy who underwent laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication in four European centers of Pediatric Surgery over a 10-year period. We excluded children with neurological impairment.Results: A total of 220 laparoscopic Nissen procedures were performed in the period 2005-2015. Twenty-four (12 boys and 12 girls, average age 9.5 years) out of the 220 patients (10.9%) presented with chronic cough and other respiratory manifestations, including asthma, reactive airway disease, and recurrent pneumonia. Average operative time was 65 minutes (range 45-100). As for postoperative complications, two tight wraps requiring endoscopic dilatation (IIIb Clavien) and two relapses of GERD for slipped Nissen requiring reoperation (IIIb Clavien) were recorded. None of these complications occurred in the group of patients with GERD-related respiratory symptoms. At follow-up evaluation, respiratory symptoms disappeared with a significant improvement of quality of life scoring (I Grade Visick) in 22/24 patients (91.6%).Conclusion: Our results confirm that GERD should be investigated as one of the possible etiologic factors in any child with persistent respiratory complaints. In patients with symptoms not responsive to medical therapy, laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is the treatment of choice with a very high success rate (>90% in our series), a very low morbidity, a significant improvement in airway symptoms, and a marked reduction in the need for medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Introduction: We compared laparoscopic Toupet fundoplication (LTF) and laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF) in neurologically normal children. Methods: Forty neurologically normal children who were followed up for more than 3 years after LTF (n = 22) or LNF (n = 18) were reviewed retrospectively. LTF and LNF were performed between 2006 and 2012. Results: There were no significant differences in gender (LTF, 15 male and 7 female patients; LNF:, 12 male and 6 female patients), mean age at surgery (LTF vs LNF: 2.5 vs 2.3 years), mean weight at surgery (LTF vs LNF: 9.6 vs 8.9 kg), preoperative symptoms, preoperative pH monitoring (pH <4) (LTF vs LNF: 26.7% vs 21.8%), mean operative time (LTF vs LNF: 117 vs 126 min), postoperative recommencement of enteral feeding (LTF vs LNF: 3.7 vs 3.8 days), or duration of hospitalization (LTF vs LNF: 5.5 vs 6.3 days). Intraoperative complications were esophageal trauma (LTF; n = 1; 4.5%) and liver trauma (LNF; n = 1; 5.6%) (P = 0.70). Post‐LTF complications were wrap stenosis (n = 1; 4.5%), and post‐LNF complications were wrap stenosis (n = 1; 5.5%) and gastric outlet obstruction (n = 1; 5.5%) (P = 0.43); all were managed conservatively. No case required conversion to open repair. There was no recurrence after LTF, but there were three cases (16.7%) after LNF (P = 0.08). Reoperation was performed at 4, 11, and 13 months, respectively. Conclusion: Despite LTF and LNF appearing to be equally effective, three LNF cases required reoperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neurologically impaired children (NIC) often experience swallowing difficulties and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Although these conditions could place children in a state of poor nutritional status and prevent them from thriving, there is insufficient research evaluating growth and nutritional status following fundoplication in these patients.Method: This is a retrospective study of patients who were neurologically impaired and underwent Nissen fundoplication between April 2001 and March 2015. Seventy-six patients were enrolled, and the follow-up period was 12 months or longer. Growth was measured by the change in body weight and height. Nutritional status was measured by the change in body mass index, serum albumin and protein level.Results: Median age at operation was 1.85 years old, and median body weight was 10 kg. The respective Z scores for weight and height showed significant improvements after 1 year since the operation compared to 1 year within the operation (−2.42 ± 2.19 vs. −1.31 ± 1.96, P < 0.001) (−1.6 ± 2.16 vs. −1.05 ± 1.69, P = 0.002). The respective Z scores for body mass index, albumin and protein also showed improvements after 1 year since the operation compared to 1 year within the operation (−2.07 ± 2.99 vs. −0.89 ± 2.1, P < 0.001) (3.55 ± 0.48 vs. 3.86 ± 0.45, P < 0.001) (6.22 ± 0.76 vs. 6.65 ± 0.51, P < 0.001). Hospital visitation scores associated with reflux were significantly lower after the operation (4.1 ± 3.43 vs. 1.18 ± 1.67, P < 0.001).Conclusions: In summary, after Nissen fundoplication in NIC with GER, growth and nutritional status improved significantly. Also, hospital visitation scores associated with reflux decreased after the operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to determine whether (1) the propensity for concurrent fundoplication during gastrostomy varies among hospitals, and (2) postoperative morbidity differs among institutions performing fundoplication more or less frequently.Methods: Children who underwent gastrostomy with or without concurrent fundoplication were identified in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Pediatric (ACS-NSQIP-P). A hierarchical multivariate regression modeled the excess effects that hospitals exerted over propensity for concurrent fundoplication adjusting for preoperative clinical variables. Hospitals were designated as low outliers (significantly lower-adjusted odds of concurrent fundoplication than the average hospital with similar patient mix), average hospitals, and high outliers based on their risk-adjusted concurrent fundoplication practice. The postoperative morbidity rates were compared among low-outlier, average, and high-outlier hospitals.Results: Between 2011 and 2013, 3775 children underwent gastrostomy at one of 54 ACS-NSQIP-P participating hospitals. The mean hospital concurrent fundoplication rate was 11.7% (range 0-64%). There was no significant difference in unadjusted morbidity rate in children with concurrent fundoplication, 11.0% compared to 9.7% in children without concurrent fundoplication. After controlling for clinical variables, 8 hospitals were identified as low outliers (fundoplication rate of 0.4%) and 16 hospitals were identified as high outliers (fundoplication rate of 34.6%). The average unadjusted morbidity rate among hospitals with low, average, and high odds of concurrent fundoplication were 9.6, 10.6, and 8.4%, respectively.Conclusion: Hospitals vary significantly in propensity for concurrent fundoplication during gastrostomy yet postoperative morbidity does not differ significantly among institutions performing fundoplication more or less frequently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF) is the standard for surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), but postoperative complications and pain are common in patients with severe neurological impairment (NI) and those undergoing reoperative procedures. Transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) is an endoscopic alternative to treat GERD. Long-term results in pediatric populations are unknown.Methods: Eleven patients who underwent TIF between January 2008 and September 2010 were included. A retrospective chart review was performed to evaluate long-term patient outcomes. Median follow-up was 5.6 years (range = 0.42-8.76 years).Results: Average patient age was 16.5 ± 5.1 years. Severe NI was present in 81.8% (9/11) of patients, and 63.6% (7/11) had undergone one or more prior fundoplication attempts. Overall, symptomatic reflux recurred or persisted in 54.5% (6/11) of patients. Recurrent symptoms were more common among those who had previous fundoplications than those who did not (71.4% [5/7] vs. 25% [1/4]). Four patients went on to require reoperation, including one laparoscopic Nissen and three disconnects. At last follow-up, 81.8% (9/11) of patients were still on antireflux medications.Conclusions: This is the first report of long-term outcomes for treatment of GERD using TIF in a pediatric population. The recurrence rate was high, likely related to the fact that the population treated was extremely high risk. Recurrence was higher in patients with a prior fundoplication, perhaps identifying prior antireflux operations as a relative contraindication to TIF. Nevertheless, complications were low, and a subset of patients did receive a durable benefit from the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achalasia is a rare esophageal motility disorder: its optimal treatment in children is still a matter of debate. Records of children treated for achalasia, over an 18-year period, were reviewed.Forty-eight children (median age at diagnosis 10 years; range 3-17 years) were identified. Twenty-eight patients were initially treated with Heller's myotomy (HM) and 20 with balloon dilatation (BD). At last follow-up (median 3 years; range 1-5.5 years), 43.8% (21/48) of children were symptom free. The number of asymptomatic children was significantly higher among those treated initially with HM compared to BD (HM 15/28, 53.6% BD 6/20, 30%, p < 0.05). All children who underwent BD required HM due to symptom recurrence. The median (range) total number of procedures was significantly higher in the BD group (BD 3 (1-7); HM 1 (1-5); p < 0.05) with a shorter time to the second intervention (BD 14 months, 95%CI 4-24; HM 58 months, 95%CI 38-79; p < 0.05). Of 108 procedures, esophageal perforation occurred in two children after HM (two out of 48 HM procedures in total, 4%) and one child after BD (1/60, 1.7%).Conclusion: Less than half of children with achalasia are symptom free after initial treatment with either BD or HM. HM, however, when performed as first procedure, provided longer symptom-free period and reduced need for subsequent intervention. What is Known: • Balloon dilatation (BD) and Heller's myotomy (HM) are safe and effective treatment options for achalasia. • Controversy, however, exists regarding the most effective initial therapeutic approach. What is New: • HM with or without fundoplication may represent the initial therapeutic approach of choice. • Initial BD may negatively affect the outcome of a subsequent HM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Achalasia is a rare disorder in children who are commonly treated by laparoscopic Heller's myotomy (LHM). However, there are no large studies evaluating the results of LHM in the pediatric population, and the need of a concomitant fundoplication remains unclear. The aim of the study is to appraise the results of LHM based on a systematic literature review.Materials and Methods: MEDLINE search of the English literature was performed for "achalasia," "children," "laparoscopy," "Heller," "myotomy," and "cardiomyotomy." Frequency of postoperative symptoms was grouped to calculate the percentage of patients with symptoms improvement. Incidence of postoperative gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) and dysphagia between patients with and without fundoplication at the time of LHM was compared by Fisher's Exact Test. P < .05 was regarded as significant.Results: Twenty-one studies were analyzed (331 children, 1-19 years). All studies were retrospective case-series reviews. Intraoperative complications occurred in 33 patients (10%), with esophageal perforations in 31 (9%), and conversion to open procedure in 9 (2.7%). Fundoplication was performed in 271 (82%): Dor (n = 205, 76%), Toupet (n = 49, 18%), Thal (n = 13, 4.5%), and Nissen (n = 4, 1.5%). Incidence of postoperative GER and dysphagia was similar between children with and without fundoplication (P = 1). Forty-nine (15%) required re-intervention: pneumatic dilatations (n = 30, 9%), redo-surgery (n = 23, 7%), botox injection (n = 1, 0.3%), and medical therapy (n = 5, 1.5%).Discussion: LHM for achalasia is effective in 85% of children. Revision surgery is required in 7%. There is no difference in incidence of GER and dysphagia between patients with and without fundoplication. Routine use of an additional fundoplication might not be justified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic fundoplication and compare it with the open procedure in the management of hiatal hernia (HH) in children. Patients and methods This comparative study was conducted on 20 patients younger than 18 years who underwent open or laparoscopic fundoplication between June 2006 and December 2014. The patients were followed up for 9-12 months. Results Among 20 patients there were 17 sliding, one paraesophageal, and two mixed HHs. Laparoscopic surgery (LS) was conducted in 12 patients and open surgery (OS) in eight patients. The operative time was shorter in the OS group (117.6±46.5 min) versus the LS group (168.3±61.2 min). The time to start oral intake and the time to full feeding were shorter in the LS group (2.0±0.8 and 8.5±3.6 days, respectively) versus the OS group (4.2±1.8 and 12.1±9.0 days, respectively). The length of hospital stay was shorter in the LS group (24.3±12.8 days) versus the OS group (56.2±45.7 days). There were no statistically significant differences in sex, age, or body weight between the two groups. One patient died after cardiac surgery. No recurrence was reported. Conclusion Laparoscopic fundoplication in children is safe and effective and it may be the treatment of choice for HH and gastroesophageal reflux disease in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study was undertaken to investigate the intraoperative and postoperative complications, efficacy and outcome of two laparoscopic fundoplications for the treatment of esophageal hiatal hernia in children. Methods: To find a rational procedure, we performed a retrospective analysis of 136 children with esophageal hiatal hernia who underwent laparoscopic Nissen-Rossetti or Thal fundoplication at two children's hospitals in Shanghai over 13 years. The median follow-up time of the children was 42 months (range: 1-138 months). Their age varied from 1 month to 11 years (median: 18.6 months). Results: All the children underwent laparoscopic fundoplications (72 cases of Nissen-Rossetti and 60 cases of Thal fundoplication) and 4 children converted to open surgery. The mean age of the children at the time of operation was 1.6±1.9 years, and the mean weight was 9.1±5.6 kg. Gastroesophageal reflux was significantly more severe after a Thal fundoplication ( P=0.003) and slight esophageal stenosis was significant after a Nissen-Rossetti fundoplication ( P=0.02). The recurrent rate of hiatal hernia was 2.8% (2/72) after Nissen-Rossetti fundoplication in contrast to 5% (3/60) after Thal fundoplication. No death occurred after surgery. Conclusion: There was no statistical difference of recurrence between laparoscopic Nissen-Rossetti and Thal fundoplication in the long-term outcomes. The rate of slight dysphagia was higher in the Nissen-Rossetti group. The Thal group had a significantly higher recurrence rate of gastroesophageal reflux. There still exited learning curve for this procedure. The incidence rate of complications is significantly related to the proficiency of pediatric surgeon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Outcomes of fundoplication in children.Methods: In this monocentric retrospective study, chart review was performed on children who underwent fundoplication between 2006 and 2013. Outcomes were defined as the need for redo fundoplication and recommencement of anti-reflux medication (ARM) at 6-month follow-up.Results: 119 patients underwent fundoplication with a mean age of 4.76 years and 55.5% of these were male. At 6-month follow-up, 21 (17.6%) required redo fundoplication and 64 (53.8%) were recommenced on ARM. Post-operative complications occurred in 50 (42.2%) of children; 30% of those with complications had surgery at less than 1 year of age, and 36% had an associated comorbid condition. Neither being under the age of one nor associated comorbidity was significantly associated with a poor outcome. Concurrent gastrostomy was associated with a higher risk of being back on ARM at 6-month follow-up (p = 0.003). Neither gastrointestinal or respiratory symptoms pre-surgery nor abnormal pre-operative investigations including pH monitoring and endoscopy were predictive of poor outcome post-fundoplication.Conclusion: Although fundoplication has a role in the treatment of severe GORD in children, the majority of children in this study needed to restart their anti-reflux medications within 6 months of surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several questions and answers related to pediatric surgery is presented including indications and timing for laparoscopic pyloromyotomy, similarity between surgical technique and complication rate of laparoscopic pyloromyotomy, and indications for laparoscopic fundoplication.

Introduction: Data on laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in infants remain limited. We describe our experience with this operation in children and in particular, infants younger than 12 months old. Materials and methods: Medical records of all paediatric patients who had laparoscopic fundoplication done for GERD from 1998 to 2013 were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups based on age: group I: 0-12 months, and group II >12 months. Data on indications, patient's demographics, operative time, blood loss, conversions, complications, recurrences and duration of hospitalization were studied. Results: A total of 86 patients were reviewed (group I, n = 21; group II, n = 65). While the mean age and body weight for group I were 8 ± 2.99 months and 6 ± 1.96 kg, the values for group II were 98 ± 65 months and 18 ± 9.6 kg, respectively. All patients had concurrent laparoscopic gastrostomy for feeding difficulties. The mean operative time was shorter in group I (157 ± 55 vs 169 ± 52 min, p = 0.66). Both groups had minimal blood loss only. The surgical outcomes in both groups were comparable in terms of recurrence (0 vs 3 %, p = 0.105) and complications (9.5 vs 6 %, p = 0.275). The median follow-up duration for group I and group II was 23 and 40 months, respectively. Sixteen (76 %) patients in group I and 45 (67 %) patients in group II did not develop pneumonia post fundoplication. Conclusion: Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication can be safely performed in infants with outcomes comparable to older patients and a shorter operative duration. Low recurrence rate (up to 3 %) is shown by our long term follow-up data. We recommend laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication to be considered in managing infants with GERD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most frequent benign disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Management of GERD has always been controversial since modern medical therapy is very effective, but laparoscopic fundoplication is one of the few procedures that were quickly adapted to the minimal access technique. The purpose of this project was to analyze the current knowledge on GERD in regard to its pathophysiology, diagnostic assessment, medical therapy, and surgical therapy, and special circumstances such as GERD in children, Barrett's esophagus, and enteroesophageal and duodenogastroesophageal reflux. Methods: The European Association of Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) has tasked a group of experts, based on their clinical and scientific expertise in the field of GERD, to establish current guidelines in a consensus development conference. The expert panel was constituted in May 2012 and met in September 2012 and January 2013, followed by a Delphi process. Critical appraisal of the literature was accomplished. All articles were reviewed and classified according to the hierarchy of level of evidence and summarized in statements and recommendations, which were presented to the scientific community during the EAES yearly conference in a plenary session in Vienna 2013. A second Delphi process followed discussion in the plenary session. Results: Recommendations for pathophysiologic and epidemiologic considerations, symptom evaluation, diagnostic workup, medical therapy, and surgical therapy are presented. Diagnostic evaluation and adequate selection of patients are the most important features for success of the current management of GERD. Laparoscopic fundoplication is the most important therapeutic technique for the success of surgical therapy of GERD. Conclusions: Since the background of GERD is multifactorial, the management of this disease requires a complex approach in diagnostic workup as well as for medical and surgical treatment. Laparoscopic fundoplication in well-selected patients is a successful therapeutic option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laparoscopic fundoplication and gastrostomy tube placement have grown in popularity within the pediatric population for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease and failure to thrive, respectively. One population that has an increased need for gastric surgery in infancy is patients with congenital heart defects, especially those with 'single ventricle physiology.' The most common defect included in this population is hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). Because of the abnormal physiology present in this condition, there are concerns with regard to the use of laparoscopic procedures for gastric surgery in patients treated with a three-staged reconstruction. We review the staged reconstruction of infants with HLHS, address safety concerns of interstage noncardiac procedures on this patient population, and review the current literature regarding outcomes of laparoscopic gastric surgery on patients with single ventricle physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The last two decades have witnessed a dramatic development of minimally invasive surgery (MIS). Robotic-assisted surgery is currently the latest step in the evolution of MIS. MIS was initially developed for adult surgery, but its use has progressively been extended to pediatrics. As for all new technologies, an objective evaluation is essential to adopt the robot in the practice of pediatrics. Materials and Methods: This article reviews the spectrum of evidence regarding the feasibility, safety, benefits, and limitations of abdominal and urological robot-assisted surgery in children. This analysis was performed using the PubMed database, using key words such as 'robot,' 'robotic surgery,' 'robot-assisted,' 'da Vinci,' and 'computer-enhanced surgery' combined with 'child,' 'children,' 'infants,' and 'pediatric.' Results: In total, 88 studies met the selection criteria for our review. Only 10 studies comparing robotic surgery with open or conventional laparoscopic surgery are available for abdominal or urological pediatric procedures. Fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux and pyeloplasty for hydronephrosis represent the most frequent procedures performed with robotic assistance in children. Conclusions: Robotic surgery is suitable in the pediatric practice, which necessitates fine dissections and sutures in narrow anatomical spaces. The initial results of robotic surgery in the field of pediatrics are encouraging. Further prospective and comparative studies, especially between robotic and laparoscopic approaches, are required to confirm these preliminary results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Laparoscopic fundoplication for severe gastroesophageal reflux (GOR) is well established in children. However, there are only a few reports on the long-term nutritional outcome following fundoplication. The aim of this study was to assess weight gain following fundoplication in children. Methods In this study, 127 children who underwent laparoscopic fundoplication±gastrostomy between July 1998 and April 2007 were followed up for a median of 29.6 months postsurgery. Data (demography, weight) at fundoplication were collected prospectively, with ethical approval. Weights were converted to Z-scores for age (Z-score of 0 is equivalent to 50th percentile, -1 to 16th centile, and -2.0 is equivalent to 2nd centile). Severe failure to thrive (FTT) was defined as a Z-score of less than or equal to -2. Data were compared using the two-tailed Student t test, and multilevel regression modeling was applied. Results At the time of operation, patients had a low weight-for-age Z-score (-1.87±0.19) and 61 children (48%) had FTT. Children who received a simultaneous gastrostomy had a significantly lower Z-score at operation (-2.80±0.22) than those who did not (-0.68±0.25, p <0.001). Overall, patients exhibited significant catch-up weight gain following surgery (+0.88±0.14, p <0.001). The greatest increase in weight was mostly marked in patients who had a gastrostomy inserted (+1.22±0.20, p <0.001), but it was also significant in patients who did not receive a gastrostomy (+0.44±0.17, p = 0.013). Catch-up weight gain occurred in neurologically impaired (NI) patients with (+1.31±0.22, p <0.001) or without (+0.81±0.29, p = 0.012) gastrostomy. Weight of neurologically normal (NN) patients was within normal range but slightly lower than average before surgery (-0.45±0.24) and this did not significantly change following surgery. There was no significant catch-up weight gain in patients (n = 9) with "esophageal pathologies" (Z-score of -1.35±0.61 at operation compared with -0.35±0.34 at follow-up; p = 0.14). Conclusions Laparoscopic fundoplication (with or without gastrostomy placement) resulted in significant weight gain in children with GOR. Insertion of a gastrostomy at the same time resulted in greater weight gain. Pronounced weight gain occurred in NI children, whereas NN children and those with esophageal pathologies did not demonstrate any significant benefit in terms of weight gain following fundoplication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Current surgical techniques for gastroesophageal reflux in infants involve gastric fundoplication and crural repair. These operations are complicated by a high recurrence rate in the infant population. The primary cause of failure is generally related to recurrent hiatal hernia. Minimal dissection of the gastroesophageal junction has been linked to reduced hiatal hernia formation. We propose an alternative plication technique for modifying the gastroesophageal junction called cardiaplication. In an effort to evaluate the effectiveness of this alternative plication technique, an animal model was developed. Materials and Methods: After Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval, 12 Yucatan piglets, weighing 10-12 kg, underwent laparotomy and cardiaplication. Plication was performed by embrocating the cardia of the stomach and secured with two or three interrupted sutures over a 1-cm length. The technique was then evaluated by comparing cardia yield pressures (CYPs). Pre- and postoperative CYPs were determined by filling the stomach with water until the cardia became incompetent. These values were compared using Student's t test for paired samples. Results: Cardiaplication was successfully completed in all pigs. CYP increased in all animals after cardiaplication from a mean of 12.5±9.6 to a mean of 76±25 cm of H2O ( P<.001). Discussion: Cardiaplication results in an increase in CYP in young pigs. This procedure may be an alternative antireflux operation for infants. With cardiaplication there is the potential benefit of not needing to modify the crura or the gastroesophageal junction. This may translate into fewer postoperative complications and less need for reoperations due to recurrent hiatal hernia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Purpose: Laparoscopic fundoplication (LF) represents the gold standard for surgical treatment for pediatric patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Methods: We report the results of long-term outcome of 36 patients who had undergone LF from January to December 1998, with a follow-up longer than 10 years (range, 11-12 years). The patients were invited, by phone, to undergo a clinical follow-up. All patients underwent the modified European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN)'s Roma III questionnaire; however, only 22 out of 36 patients accepted to be controlled in a day hospital setting, and 10 out of 36 accepted to undergo a telephonic questionnaire. Our study is focused on the data of these 32 patients. Results: Twenty-eight out of 32 (87.5%) patients had completely recovered; 4 out of 32 patients (12.5%) had a mild persistent GER; 9 out of 32 patients (28%) referred a mild dysphagia; 21 out of 32 (66%) patients could burp; and only 9 out of 32 (28%) patients could vomit. The cosmetic result was good in 30 out of 32 (94%) patients. The weight/height ratio was satisfactory in 28 out of 32 (87.5%) patients. The quality of life was good in 28 out of 32 (87.5%) patients. Conclusions: Our experience shows that the long-term follow-up after LF produces a good clinical result and a good quality of life. The modified ESPGHAN's Roma III questionnaire seems an effective way to check the long-term results, because it avoids submitting patients to long and not well tolerated instrumental exams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The purpose of this study is to study the frequency and factors associated with lower esophageal dilation (LED) after Nissen fundoplication. Methods This retrospective monocentric study included 288 patients who had undergone Nissen fundoplication from 1998 to 2009. The frequency of children requiring LED was assessed. The clinical characteristics of the patients at the time of fundoplication, their symptoms, and outcomes were recorded. The population with LED (group 1) was compared with the population without LED (group 2) to identify factors associated with postfundoplication LED using multivariate analysis. Results LED was required by 70 patients (24%) because of postoperative dysphagia, and 45/70 were dilated within the first 6 months. The mean age at dilation was 72 months (standard deviation [SD] 65), with an average post-Nissen delay of 9 months (SD 13). Surgical revision was required by 11 patients because of LED failure (n = 10) or postdilation perforation (n = 1). Patients who required post-Nissen dilation were significantly more frequently fed orally than those in group 2 and had more postoperative complications (dumping syndrome, surgical revision). Conclusions A significant frequency of postfundoplication LED was observed in this pediatric population. Dilation was associated in children with preoperative feeding or postoperative complications (dumping syndrome, surgical revision). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is the standard surgical treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), surgical complications and post-operative pain are not uncommon, especially for those patients who are neurologically impaired (NI) or undergoing re-operative procedures. To address this challenge, we utilized the transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) procedure to treat GERD via an endoscopic approach. Methods: Eleven TIF patients were included with an average age of 16.5 ± 5.1 years and weight of 45.7 ± 13.3 kg. NI was present in nine patients (82%), including a predominant number of patients with a history of seizures and gastrostomy tube feeding. Five patients had a history of a previous failed fundoplication requiring a re-operative procedure (45%). A retrospective chart review evaluated patient outcomes and post-operative complications. Results: The length of the TIF procedure was 113.3 ± 31.3 min with minimal blood loss. The length of stay was 1.2 ± 0.4 days, although one TIF patient was re-admitted for endoscopic clipping for gastric bleeding. At a follow-up of 8.2 ± 4.2 months, TIF effectively resolved GERD in 10 out of 11 children. A few of the patient's families reported complaints of gagging or dysphagia (30%, 3/11); however it was difficult to determine if complaints were due the procedures itself or baseline NI. All patients who had a follow-up upper GI or pH probe study showed no evidence of reflux. One TIF patient had no recurrent reflux but required an esophago-gastric disconnection for retching. Conclusions: The TIF procedure can complement the current surgically and medically available options for children with GERD, especially in complicated patients such as those with NI. However, complications including hemorrhage emphasize the potential risk of the procedure. Further studies with more patients and a longer follow-up course must be conducted to better assess efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Absence of consistent data on the outcome of gastric emptying after fundoplication raises concerns about preoperative workup and surgical management. This study assessed how gastric emptying evolves after isolated fundoplication in order to determine whether a preoperative investigation and/or a concurrent gastric drainage procedure are justified.Methods: Eleven children with GERD underwent both pre- and post-operative gastric emptying scintigraphy. No gastric drainage procedures were added to fundoplication. Scintigraphy was performed according to a standardized protocol (labeled meal, 300 ml + 500 μCi (99m)Tc/m(2) bsa). Half-emptying time (t (1/2)), emptying rate and fractions of retention are expressed as the median followed by the [range]; statistical significance level was set at 5%.Results: Postoperative t (1/2) (min) showed a much smaller dispersion and was significantly lower than preoperative one (76 [56;101] vs. 107 [57;186], p = 0.04) with a variation of -48 [-105;19]; there was no individual correlation between pre- and post-operative measurements (r = 0.25). The proportion of patients with delayed gastric emptying (t (1/2) > 100) was significantly lower in the postoperative scintigraphy (9 vs. 55%, p = 0.03). The postoperative emptying rate (%/h) was significantly faster (35.1 [18.9;41.7] vs. 28.5 [16.3;38.7], p = 0.05). The retentions (%) at 30 and 60 min were similar; at 90 and 120 min were significantly lower after surgery (45 [35;54] and 32 [24;46] vs. 53 [33;78] and 41 [25;66], p = 0.03 and 0.05).Conclusion: Gastric emptying accelerates significantly after fundoplication with a shift to normal values in the vast majority of patients. Scintigraphy does not predict the postoperative outcome. Therefore, concomitant drainage procedures seem unnecessary and preoperative gastric emptying study not useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to compare short-term outcomes, including intra- and perioperative complications following laparoscopic Nissen versus Thal fundoplication. Patients and Methods: From July 1998 until April 2007, 175 patients were recruited. Patients were prospectively randomized to either a Nissen wrap or a Thal wrap. Observation period was 6 weeks after surgery. Results: 89 Nissen and 86 Thal were performed. The mean age at the time of operation (OP) was 5.2 years. Demographics were similar, although weight at OP was significantly less in the Nissen group. Intraoperative complications during a Nissen included bleeding from a liver laceration in 2 patients (1 required conversion) and small bowel perforation during open port insertion in 1 patient. There were two conversions in the Thal group, due to bleeding from the omentum in 1 patient and equipment failure in the other. In a third patient the colon was perforated during insertion of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) and repaired laparoscopically. Post-OP dysphagia was similarly distributed among both groups, but was significantly more severe after a Nissen ( P = 0.018). There were two early deaths: in the Nissen group, 1 child died from peritonitis after the gastrostomy tube fell out, whereas one death in the Thal group was caused by respiratory failure associated with the patient's underlying condition. Conclusions: There was no statistical difference in the short-term outcomes between laparoscopic Nissen and Thal fundoplication, apart from a higher rate of esophagoscopy for severe dysphagia in the Nissen group. The higher number of postoperative complications in the Nissen group was largely due to gastrostomy-related problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Laparoscopic fundoplication has not been extensively reviewed to establish the efficacy and outcome in infants. Our aims were to investigate the outcome of laparoscopic fundoplication in infants and assess factors predicting outcome. Methods: We performed a retrospective study on infants undergoing laparoscopic fundoplication. Demographic data, operating time, length of hospital stay, complications, and need for redo fundoplication were recorded. Chi-squared test was performed to correlate symptoms and outcome. There were 79 patients. Median age was 6 months (range 0.5 to 11) and weight was 5.6 kg (2.6 to 10). Forty-eight were neurologically impaired, 4 had esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula. Results: The most common presenting symptoms were vomiting (71), failure to thrive (63), recurrent aspiration (47), and acute life threatening events (35). Thirty-six had severe, 20 moderate, and 19 mild reflux. Three intraoperative complications occurred: 2 (2.5%) conversions (liver bleed, inability to tolerate pneumoperitoneum) and 1 pneumothorax. Median time to full feeds was 4 days (interquartile range 3 to 6) and discharge 6 days (4 to 16). Thirty-one patients had late complications. Nineteen had retching; 2 had dysphagia-needing dilatation. Sixteen patients (20%) had late mortality due to co-morbidities. Fourteen (18%) needed redo fundoplication. There was no correlation between weight, severity of reflux, presence of either ATLE, or neurological impairment and the incidence of recurrence. Conclusions: Laparoscopic fundoplication can be safely performed in infants. There was no predictor of recurrence. However, there is a 20% late mortality in patients with severe co-morbidities, which needs to be taken into account when counseling patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robotic fundoplication has equivalent safety profiles, hospital stay, and time to alimentation, compared to laparoscopic fundoplication, but is not indicated for routine repair due to higher cost, decreased availability, and longer procedure time. Robotic surgery does offer key advantages over standard laparoscopy by employing internally articulating arms, a stable camera platform, and three dimensional imaging. Children presenting for initial or redo fundoplication after feeding gastrostomy are a subset of patients that may benefit from the robotic approach. Minimal dissection of the phrenoesophageal ligament, in combination with four anchoring sutures from the esophagus to the crura, has been shown to lead to less wrap herniation in children. This technique is particularly difficult in standard laparoscopy without dislodgement of the gastrostomy, particularly if there are abundant adhesions or a replaced left hepatic artery to preserve. In this article, we present 15 children with neurologic impairment and previous gastrostomy who underwent Nissen fundoplication, using the da Vinci® surgical robot (Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA). All patients underwent a floppy Nissen fundoplication after crural closure and placement of four anchoring stitches to the crura. Six patients (40%) had redo Nissens and 5 (33.3%) had replaced left hepatic or accessory arteries that were preserved. Seven patients underwent repair of a hiatal hernia and 2 had biologic mesh placed. There were no conversions to open or intraoperative complications. One child had a revision of the gastrostomy site, because the prior percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy had been placed through the transverse mesocolon. There were only a few minor postoperative complications. All children were doing well at latest follow-up (average, 32 months). The da Vinci surgical robot can be used to safely perform fundoplications in patients with gastrostomy tubes. The articulating instruments allow for the optimal placement of four crural tacking sutures, while preserving the gastrostomy, even in the presence of a replaced left hepatic artery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number and types of minimally invasive surgical procedures being performed in children have increased exponentially in the last 15 years. Laparoscopic fundoplication is commonly performed for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), although the population of patients who undergo this procedure is different in adults and children. In Japan, laparoscopic fundoplication has become a standard procedure, even for children with neurological impairment; however, its indications remain controversial. In this article we review the status of laparoscopic antireflux surgery for infants and children, looking at its indications, the procedures available, the complications, and the training required to perform the procedure safely and effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication has become a frequently performed procedure in infants and children who suffer from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). In this study we describe our 8-year experience with 106 consecutive laparoscopic Nissen fundoplications. From January 1994 to May 2002, we included 106 consecutive patients (57 neurologically normal (NN) and 49 neurologically impaired (NI)). The indications were symptomatic GERD, pulmonary symptoms or a combination of both. Patient’s outcome was assessed by symptom evaluation, technical examinations and a questionnaire. Mortality was 0% and conversion rate was 2.8%. Major postoperative complications occurred in 12 patients, mostly neurologically impairment. Dysphagia occurred in 23 patients of which 4 required dilatations and 2 a redo Nissen. Gas bloating occurred in 15 children, with spontaneous regression in all. Recurrent pneumopathies were seen in four children. Documented recurrence of reflux occurred in three symptomatic patients. Redo laparoscopic surgery was performed in six patients. A questionnaire was sent to each patient’s parents. This showed that most patients had a normal or clearly improved quality of life (93.1% NN, 90.5% NI). Most patients were satisfied with the result and up to 39.5% gave a maximum satisfaction score. The laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication can safely be performed with a low conversion rate and no surgical mortality in neurologically normal and neurologically impaired children. Neurologically impaired children are more susceptible to per- and postoperative complications. A good quality of life and a high index of satisfaction could be achieved in most patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recurrence of gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) following redo Nissen fundoplication represents a significant clinical problem. The aim of this study was to identify factors predicting failure of redo Nissen fundoplication. The notes of children who underwent redo Nissen fundoplication for recurrent GOR in a single institution between June 1994 and May 2005 were reviewed. Data are reported as median (range), or as numbers of cases. Multiple logistic regression analysis, using type of first fundoplication, neurological status, presence of gastrostomy, age-weight, retching-gas bloat after first fundoplication, associated anomalies, oesophageal atresia and length of follow-up as factors, was used to generate a model to identify factors predicting recurrent vomiting (failure) after redo. Eighty-one children underwent redo Nissen fundoplication 15.9 months (0.2-176) after the initial Nissen fundoplication. In 29, the first Nissen was laparoscopic. Age at redo Nissen fundoplication was 3.3 years (0.3-15.9) and weight 12.8 kg (5-60). Thirty-four children (42%) presented with recurrent vomiting (failure). Overall, the model successfully predicted vomiting (failure) after redo fundoplication (P = 0.009). Open surgery at first fundoplication (P = 0.011) and neurological impairment (P = 0.046) were both significant predictors of redo failure in the model, whereas presence of gastrostomy (P = 0.035) and older-heavier age-weight (P = 0.028) were associated with significantly better results. Retching-gas bloat, associated anomalies and oesophageal atresia were not significant predictors of failure. Redo Nissen fundoplication has a high failure rate. Risk factors are open fundoplication at first operation and neurological impairment. Redo fundoplication after primary laparoscopic Nissen has a lower risk of failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Children with a gastrostomy may require laparoscopic fundoplication (LF). Methods: Children with a gastrostomy who underwent LF between 1998 and 2002 were reviewed. The outcomes of children undergoing LF were compared with a group of children without a gastrostomy who had the same operation during the same period. Results: Ten children with a gastrostomy in place and eight children without a gastrostomy underwent LF. The median operating time was 198 minutes (range, 115-300 minutes) in the gastrostomy group and 110 minutes (range, 80-130 minutes) in the non-gastrostomy group (P = .002). In the gastrostomy group, two children had ventriculoperitoneal shunts and two had extensive intra-abdominal adhesions due to peritonitis. One laparoscopic procedure in each group was converted to an open approach. A successful LF was performed in nine of the ten children without taking down the gastrostomy. One child with a gastrostomy experienced recurrent vomiting that was managed with a gastrojejunal tube. One child in the non-gastrostomy group required reoperation due to an esophageal stricture. Conclusion: It seems that LF can be performed safely and effectively in children with a preexisting gastrostomy. LF in children with a gastrostomy seems to be as efficacious as LF in children without a gastrostomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There have been multiple reports in the adult literature stating that previous open operations should no longer be considered a contraindication to the laparoscopic approach. However, there are little data on this topic in the pediatric population, particularly in patients with neonatal abdominal pathology unique to the newborn population. Therefore, we reviewed our experience with laparoscopic fundoplication after a variety of previous abdominal conditions and operations in the pediatric population. Methods: An institutional review board–approved retrospective chart review was performed on all patients undergoing laparoscopic fundoplication after a previous open operation between October 2000 and December 2007. The data collected demographics, comorbid conditions, previous abdominal operations, gastrostomy tube placement, time interval between the initial operation and laparoscopic fundoplication, conversions, and complications. Results: Forty-five patients underwent a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication after an open operation during the study interval. Mean age was 41.3 months (range, 1–233) with a mean weight of 14.3 kg (range, 2.9–63.6), and 31 were (78.9%) male. A total of 61 previous abdominal operations were performed (range, 1–4). Mean time between last open operation and laparoscopic fundoplication was 27.3 months (range, 0.5–147). Mean operative time was 161 minutes (range, 73–420). There were no conversions and 3 perioperative complications occurred (splenic hematoma, clogged gastrostomy tube, and liver bleed). Early reoperations were performed in 2 patients (4.4%): 1 for bleeding on day 2 and the other for leaking gastrostomy day 12. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that laparoscopic fundoplication after a previous open operation is feasible and safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and results of laparoscopic antireflux procedure in neurologically impaired children.Methods: Over a 5-yr period, 259 children affected by gastroesophageal reflux disease underwent laparoscopic antireflux procedure. Eighty of them (30.8%) were neurologically impaired. In 58 children we performed an anterior fundoplication according to Thal and in 22 patients a 360 degrees fundoplication according to Nissen. Forty-eight children underwent an associated gastrostomy placement at the same time as the laparoscopic antireflux procedure.Results: We recorded 4/80 intraoperative complications; in all cases the complication was managed laparoscopically and no conversion was needed. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 6 yrs (median 3 yrs). We recorded 24/80 postoperative complications, 5 of which required a redo procedure. We have a mortality rate of 17.5% but in only one case was the event related to the antireflux procedure.Conclusions: Laparoscopic fundoplication can be performed safely and with acceptable results in neurologically impaired children. The indication to add a gastrostomy should be tailored to the needs of the individual patient. Mortality rate in neurologically impaired children patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease is high but in most cases unrelated to the antireflux procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]