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Objective: To study patterns of failure following primary antireflux surgery and to evaluate efficacy of reoperation using a left thoracoabdominal Collis gastroplasty and selective fundoplication., Methods: Thirty-one patients who underwent reoperative antireflux surgery between 1991 and 2000 were studied. Transabdominal fundoplication had been performed in 21 patients, and ten patients had a partial fundoplication by left thoracotomy, 1-33 years (mean, 15 years) previously. All patients presented with clinically disabling symptoms. Objective studies documented for all patients, a disrupted fundoplication, a short esophagus, and an associated hiatus hernia (Type I: 21 patients, 68%; Type III: ten patients, 32%), esophagitis (nine patients, 29%), and Barrett's mucosa (five patients, 16%). Abnormal esophageal motility was found in nine of 26 (36%) patients studied. All patients were reoperated using a left thoracoabdominal approach, with epidural analgesia. A Collis gastroplasty was used to lengthen the esophagus, incorporating a complete (24 patients, 77%) or partial (seven patients, 23%) fundoplication based of preoperative esophageal function studies., Results: There was no perioperative mortality. Median length of hospitalization was 8 days, and was uncomplicated for 18 (58%) patients. Postoperative morbidity was considered minimal, and comprised left lower lobe infiltrates (six patients, 19%), atrial fibrillation (three patients, 10%), urinary tract infection (one patient, 3%), superficial wound infection (one patient, 3%), aspiration (one patient, 3%), and nausea (one patient, 3%). Median follow-up was 42 months (6-105 months), and was complete for 29 patients. Six patients (21%) had moderate-severe post-thoracotomy pain, for up to 18 months postoperatively, and five patients (17%) required esophageal dilation, ranging from two to six dilations within the first 6 months after surgery. Overall, 93% (27/29) of patients were satisfied with the results of surgery, in terms of quality of swallowing and control of preoperative symptoms., Conclusions: In this series, failure of primary antireflux surgery was related to short esophagus. Intermediate-term subjective results of reoperative antireflux surgery were good for selected patients who undergo esophageal lengthening and fundoplication. The left thoracoabdominal approach was safe, generally well tolerated, and provided excellent exposure of the esophagogastric junction for complex reoperative antireflux surgery.