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Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized by a reaction between an aqueous-alcoholic solution of zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide under ultrasonic irradiation at room temperature. The morphology, optical properties of the ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-vis spectroscopy. The [60]fullerene and zinc oxide nanocomposite were synthesized in an electric furnace at 700 degrees C for two hours. The [60]fullerene-ZnO nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM. In addition, the [60]fullerene-ZnO nanocomposite was investigated as a catalyst in the photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes using UV-vis spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the [60]fullerene-ZnO nanocomposite was compared with that of ZnO nanoparticles, heated ZnO nanoparticles after synthesis, pure [60]fullerene, and heated pure [60]fullerene in organic dyes such as methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and rhodamine B (RhB) under ultraviolet light at 254 nm.

A water-soluble fullerene [C(70)] is prepared with fullerene [C(70)] and a mixture of concd. sulfuric acid (H(2)SO(4)) and concd. nitric acid (HNO(3)) at the ratio (v/v) of 3:1 under ultrasonic irradiation at 25-43 degrees C. The MALDI-TOF-MS spectra confirmed that the product of a water-soluble fullerene compound was C(70).

A water-soluble fullerene [C60] is prepared with fullerene [C60] and a mixture of strong inorganic acids at the ratio (v/v) of 3:1 under ultrasonic condition at 25-43 degrees C. The MALDI-TOF MS and 13C-NMR spectra confirmed that the product of a water-soluble fullerene compound was C60.

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was prepared from melamine (C3H6N6) by annealing it under an electric furnace at 550 °C for 3 h. The g-C3N4 solution was prepared by dissolving powdered g-C3N4 in an aqueous solution with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The liquid–liquid interfacial precipitation (LLIP) method was used to prepare the g-C3N4–C60 fullerene nanowhisker composites from g-C3N4 solution, C60-saturated toluene, and isopropyl alcohol (IPA). X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the g-C3N4–C60 fullerene nanowhisker composites. These were further used for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under ultraviolet (at 254 and 365 nm) irradiation. In addition, UV–vis spectroscopy was utilized to confirm the photocatalytic degradation activity of RhB over the g-C3N4–C60 fullerene nanowhisker composites. Under UV irradiation, the kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of RhB using g-C3N4–C60 fullerene nanowhisker composites followed a pseudo first-order reaction rate law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composites comprising platinum nanoparticles loaded on [C60]fullerene nanowhiskers were prepared by a liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation method. The synthesized platinum nanoparticle-[C60]fullerene nanowhisker composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The catalytic activity of the platinum nanoparticle-[C60]fullerene nanowhisker composites was confirmed for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol by UV–vis spectroscopy. The reduction of 4-nitrophenol catalyzed by the platinum nanoparticle-[C60]fullerene nanowhisker composites followed the pseudo-first-order reaction rate law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel(II) oxide nanoparticles were prepared using the sol-gel method. Subsequently, a nickel(II) oxide nanoparticle-[C60]fullerene nanowhisker composite was synthesized using the nickel oxide(II) nanoparticle dispersion, C60-saturated toluene, and isopropyl alcohol via the liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation (LLIP) method. The resulting composite was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The catalytic activity of the nickel(II) oxide nanoparticle-[C60] fullerene nanowhisker composite for 4-nitroaniline reduction was evaluated with ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. The kinetic study confirmed that the reduction of 4-nitroaniline using the hybrid nanocomposite followed a pseudo-first order reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles were synthesized from cadmium sulfate (CdSO4), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sodium sulfide (Na2S) dissolved into distilled water, and the resulting solution was refluxed for 5 h. The precipitate was collected by centrifugation and dried at 100 °C for 12 h to obtain solid state CdS nanoparticles. The CdS nanoparticle solution was prepared by dissolving powdered CdS nanoparticles in an aqueous solution with the surfactant polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The [C60]Fullerene nanowhisker–CdS nanoparticle composite was prepared by the liquid–liquid interfacial precipitation (LLIP) method using C60-saturated toluene, the CdS nanoparticle solution, and isopropyl alcohol. The product of the [C60]fullerene nanowhisker–CdS nanoparticle composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the [C60]fullerene nanowhisker–CdS nanoparticle composite assessed through degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) was confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of C60 with various amine N-oxides such as 3-picoline N-oxide (Aldrich 98.0%), pyridine N-oxide hydrate (Aldrich 95.0%), quinoline N-oxide (Aldrich 97.0%), isoquinoline N-oxide (Aldrich 98.0%) under ultrasonic irradiation in air at 25–43 °C causes the oxidation of fullerene[C60(O)n] (n=1–2 or n=1). The MALDI-TOF MS, UV–vis spectra, and HPLC profile confirmed that the products of fullerene oxidation are [C60(O)n] (n=1–2 or n=1). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The reaction of C70 by ultrasonication with various oxidants such as 3-chloroperoxy benzoic acid (Fluka 99%), 4-methyl morpholine N-oxide (Aldrich 97%), chromium (VI) oxide (Aldrich 99.9%), and oxone® monopersulfate compound, at room temperature causes the oxidation of fullerene [C70(O)n] (n=1–2 or n=1). The FAB-MS, UV–visible, FT-IR spectra, and HPLC analysis confirmed that products of fullerene oxidation are [C70(O)n] (n=1–2 or n=1). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A water-soluble fullerene [C70] is prepared with fullerene [C70] and a mixture of concd. sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and concd. nitric acid (HNO3) at the ratio (v/v) of 3:1 under ultrasonic irradiation at 25–43°C. The MALDI–TOF–MS spectra confirmed that the product of a water-soluble fullerene compound was C70. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Silver nanoparticles were synthesized from the reaction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) with a 1wt% aqueous solution of polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, and Brij 97, respectively, under microwave irradiation. The resulting nanoparticles were effectively dispersed throughout water and characterized by UV–vis spectra and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The reaction time of 45s was investigated by monitoring the color change of the nanoparticle solution. The peaks in the UV–vis spectra showed surface plasmon resonance characteristics inherent in silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were reacted with 4-aminothiophenol in water, followed by addition of diethyl ether and fullerene[C60] in toluene and stirring for 24h. The resulting fullerene[C60]-silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–vis and MALDI–TOF–MS spectra. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]