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Several Cerrado tree species have traits and structures that protect from fires. The effectiveness of a trait depends on the fire regime, especially the frequency. We used Vochysia elliptica, a common Cerrado tree, as a model to test whether different fire frequencies alter crown architecture and flower, fruit and seed production.We analysed the effect of fire on the production of inflorescences, fruits and seeds, as well as seed germination and tree architecture of 20 trees in each of three plots of a long‐term ecological experiment managed with different fire regimes: burned every 2 years (B), burned every 4 years (Q) in mid‐dry season and an area protected from fire (C).We found a large negative effect of fire frequency on crown architecture and on flower and fruit production. Trees in C and Q had significantly more main branches and a larger crown area than trees in B. At its peak, a tree in C was expected to produce 2.4 times more inflorescences than Q, and 15.5 times more than B, with similar magnitudes for fruits. Sixty per cent of trees in B and 10% in Q produced no fruits.The differences in architecture might explain the reduction in sexual reproduction due to a smaller physical space to produce flowers at the branch apices. Resource limitation due to plant investment to replace burned vegetative parts may also decrease sexual reproduction. Our results indicate potentially severe consequences of high fire frequencies for population dynamics and species persistence in Cerrado communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water availability may affect plant productivity because it limits a plant's ability to reproduce and defend itself. In this field study, we studied the effect of water increment in relation to: a) flower production, b) fruit production and c) herbivory, focusing on Fuchsia boliviana (Onagraceae) in the Yungas forest of Northwestern Argentina. We selected 10 pairs of plants of similar size separated at least 5 m from each other. We watered one plant of the pair with 20 L twice a week between September and December, 2016. The number of flowers and fruits of all plants were counted twice a week. Herbivory was quantified once from photographs of five leaves per plant using ImageJ version 1.5i. Based on Wilcoxon tests, we found no difference in the number of flowers, or fruits, nor in herbivory in plants of both treatments. We observed a trend for watered plants starting to flower later and with more intensity than unwatered plants. We discuss different options that may explain why water increase did not affect reproduction nor the level of herbivore damage in Fuchsia boliviana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of tropical forests to anthropogenic climate change is critically important to future global carbon budgets, yet remains highly uncertain. Here, we investigate how precipitation, temperature, solar radiation and dry- and wet-season lengths are related to annual tree growth, flower production, and fruit production in three moist tropical forest tree species using long-term datasets from tree rings and litter traps in central Panama. We also evaluated how growth, flower, and fruit production were interrelated. We found that growth was positively correlated with wet-season precipitation in all three species: Jacaranda copaia ( r = 0.63), Tetragastris panamensis ( r = 0.39) and Trichilia tuberculata ( r = 0.39). Flowering and fruiting in Jacaranda were negatively related to current-year dry-season rainfall and positively related to prior-year dry-season rainfall. Flowering in Tetragastris was negatively related to current-year annual mean temperature while Trichilia showed no significant relationships of reproduction with climate. Growth was significantly related to reproduction only in Tetragastris, where it was positively related to previous year fruiting. Our results suggest that tree growth in moist tropical forest tree species is generally reduced by drought events such as those associated with strong El Niño events. In contrast, interannual variation in reproduction is not generally associated with growth and has distinct and species-specific climate responses, with positive effects of El Niño events in some species. Understanding these contrasting climate effects on tree growth and reproduction is critical to predicting changes in tropical forest dynamics and species composition under climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mediterranean ecosystems, post-fire forestry management practices are often used to improve forest structure and to reduce the risk of fire in coppices of resprouting species. Such practices enhance tree growth (i.e., height), probably because they release resources. On the one hand, resource release may stimulate reproduction. On the other hand, tree species that are regenerating after a fire may already face a delay in reproduction, and this delay may be lengthened if species mainly invest these additional resources in growth. Within this theoretical framework, it is poorly understood how different forest management practices affect the reproductive abilities of forest species. In this study, we analyzed the effect of two post-fire forestry treatments (selective thinning of resprouts and selective thinning of resprouts plus understory clearing) on a Mediterranean coppice dominated by the resprouter species Arbutus unedo L.; in particular, we examined how the treatments affected this species’ reproductive ability (flower and fruit production at the tree and stand level, as well as fruit characteristics). Our results show that the treatments had no effects on the number of flowers and mature fruits per individual. Meanwhile, mature fruit dry mass and seed set were greater in plots that had been both thinned and cleared than in control plots and plots that had only been thinned. This pattern was reversed for seed abortion rate: it was lower in plots that had been thinned and cleared. The dry mass of developed seeds did not differ among treatments. At the stand level, the percentage of strawberry trees that flowered, the percentage of strawberry trees that bore fruit, the dry biomass of mature fruits per hectare, and the number of developed seeds per hectare were not affected by these treatments. Other studies have shown that these two forest management practices can improve the vertical and horizontal structure of A. unedo coppices that are regenerating post fire; this study demonstrates that selective thinning does not modify the species’ reproductive success and, such practice when combined with understory clearing might enhance it. Consequently, these forestry practices might ensure the natural regeneration of populations of this species, as well as the availability of food for local fauna. It is thus highly recommended that such practices be used to manage coppices dominated by resprouter species following fire, especially in situations where the growth of the forest canopy has stagnated and/or reproduction of forest species has been delayed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) is a keystone resource for Sonoran desert consumers of nectar, pollen, fruit, and cactus tissues. Saguaro tissue contains oxalic acid and is unavailable to most consumers. The white-throated woodrat (Neotoma albigula) is, however, able to consume foods with high oxalate content, and is strongly associated with desert succulents, primarily cacti of the genus Opuntia. N. albigula forages secondarily on saguaro tissues, reducing photosynthetic surface area and eliciting an energetically-demanding wound response that reduces energy stores available to fuel reproduction. We observed and quantified Neotoma herbivory on saguaros in a low desert environment. Evidence of Neotoma grazing was found on 44% of all saguaros surveyed, and 13% of all saguaros had >20% of their surface area affected by Neotoma grazing. Neotoma herbivory on saguaros was predicted by the number of nearby succulents, presence of Neotoma middens, and saguaro age. When comparing similarly sized plants, saguaros with high levels (>20% of surface) of herbivory produced fewer flowers and fruits than plants with no Neotoma herbivory. These findings suggest that periodic use of saguaros by N. albigula, such as during extended droughts with conditions unfavorable for Opuntia growth and establishment, may reduce long-term reproductive capacities in low-density saguaro populations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

1. In patchily distributed plant species, seed production is likely to be influenced both by local abiotic factors affecting plant size and conditions for fruit maturation, and by population characteristics affecting the intensity of interactions with mutualists and antagonists. However, the relative importance of these effects is poorly known. 2. We used multiple regression and path models to examine the importance of abiotic factors (sun exposure, soil depth) and population characteristics (size, density and connectivity) for variation in flower and fruit production and intensity of seed predation among 39 populations of the long-lived herb Vincetoxicum hirundinaria in three consecutive years. In addition, we manipulated water availability in a field experiment and recorded short-term and long-term effects on fruit output, and conducted a supplemental hand-pollination experiment. 3. Flower production varied little, while fruit initiation, fruit abortion and fruit predation varied considerably among years. Sun exposure and soil depth affected fruit production per plant indirectly and positively through their effects on flower number. Population density affected fruit production negatively through its effect on flower number. Both fruit initiation and the proportion of fruits attacked by the tephritid fly Euphranta connexa were related positively to population size. 4. The number of full-size fruits per plant was related positively to sun exposure and population size in two years each, and related negatively to population density in one year. However, because of seed predation, the number of intact mature fruits was related significantly to population characteristics in only one of three years. 5. The field experiments showed that both shortage of water and insufficient pollination may limit fruit set in V. hirundinaria. 6. Synthesis. These results demonstrate that the relative importance of local abiotic conditions and population characteristics may vary considerably along the chain of events from flower formation to intact fruit, and also among years. They further show that, at least in species with a naturally patchy distribution, connectivity may be relatively unimportant for variation in reproductive output compared to effects of habitat quality, population size and density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The current study presents phenology data for Rhizophora mangle from two equatorial mangrove stands with different salinity regimes in Brazil. Observations based on litter fall and individual shoot development were compared and related to environmental factors. Patterns observed in litter fall were consistent with results of direct monitoring. While both reproductive organs and leaves were produced throughout the year, rates of formation followed seasonal trends. Distinct differences in propagule production between low and high salinity sites and between years of observation were detected; main propagule release was, however, restricted to the wet season which offers enhanced conditions for propagule establishment. Emergence of flowers was linked to leaf production. While there was no obvious single peak in leaf production, it was reduced towards the end of the dry season at both high and low salinity sites. Time series analysis revealed an independent pattern of leaf development superimposed on this annual seasonal trend, indicating slower development of leaf primordia during periods of low light availability in the wet season. No significant difference in age structure was detected between sun and shade leaves; maximum leaf life-time was approximately 1 year. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]