177 results on '"Normal force"'
Search Results
2. Tribological and mechanical properties of wood dowel rotation welding with different additives.
- Author
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Yin, Wei, Zheng, Yelong, Lu, Hongyu, and Tian, Yu
- Subjects
- *
FRICTION welding , *WELDING , *FRICTION , *INTERFACIAL friction , *ROTATIONAL motion - Abstract
Wood friction welding is a green and pollution-free wood processing technology. Research on wood friction welding mainly focuses on the influence of wood type, welding process, and welding interface additives on welding interface strength. However, studies on the tribological properties of wood friction welded interface and its effect on the strength of the welded interface are few. In this article, chemical additives in wood were added to the interface. The frictional force, normal force, microstructure, and chemical composition of the welding interface, and their effects on the strength of the welding interface were studied. In the rotating friction welding of wood, frictional force increased gradually with friction welding. Approximately 2 s after welding, the frictional force achieved a stable state. Normal force increased and then gradually decreased. No considerable changes in frictional force and interface strength were observed and interface strength increased with normal force. The interface strength of glucose and rosin increased, whereas that of N2 protection showed little change. The interface strength of tung oil, cellulose, and guaiac decreased. This study provides a basic reference for the further industrial application of wood friction welding technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. 3D projection of the LuGre friction model adapted to varying normal forces.
- Author
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Colantonio, Lorenzo, Dehombreux, Pierre, Hajžman, Michal, and Verlinden, Olivier
- Abstract
In this paper, we develop an adaptation of the LuGre friction model so as to allow the development of the friction force and its application in any directions on systems subjected to varying normal forces. This is achieved by projecting a modified LuGre model adapted to varying normal forces in 3D along an arbitrary orthogonal system. Consequently, the direction of the friction force is automatically oriented in the correct direction, thus stick, stick-slip, and slip behavior can be represented in all directions. The projected friction model has the following friction features: stick-slip, presliding displacement, frictional lag, varying break-away force, viscous friction, Stribeck effect, and is adapted to varying normal forces. The equivalence of this projected LuGre model with the modified one is proven analytically. The friction model is then applied to simulate the friction on two mechanical systems. The first system consists of a cube sliding on a plane with a transition from stick to slip due to varying normal forces and with a pulling force oriented in multiples directions of the contact plane. The second one is a more complex system consisting of three turbine blades that uses friction to damp their resonance. The results obtained for both systems are consistent with literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Influence of normal forces on the frictional behavior in tribological systems made of different bracket types and wire dimensions.
- Author
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STOCKER, Thomas, Haoyan LI, BAMIDIS, Elias P., BAUMERT, Uwe, HOFFMANN, Lea, WICHELHAUS, Andrea, and SABBAGH, Hisham
- Subjects
FRICTION ,ARTIFICIAL saliva ,FINITE element method ,STAINLESS steel ,STEEL wire - Abstract
The aim of the present work was measuring the effect of varying normal forces on frictional forces applied to different bracket types in combination with archwires made of NiTi and stainless steel of variable cross section. The measurements were carried out in artificial saliva. Three-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests (α=0.05) were applied. Except for one subgroup the combination of normal force, bracket system and wire dimension had significant effect on friction (p<0.001) as friction increased with increasing normal forces. Only moderately tied ligatures or passive self-ligating brackets generate low friction forces. There was a statistically significant order (0.016"x0.022"<0.018"x0.025"<0.019"x0.025") for stainless steel wire material. Finite element modeling simulation showed the increasing effect of active clip force on friction especially for 0.025" wire profiles. If compared to NiTi wires, stainless steel archwires delivered higher friction. Combinations between wire-type and ligation should be chosen carefully for the intended treatment step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Tactile Roughness Perception of Virtual Gratings by Electrovibration.
- Author
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Isleyen, Aykut, Vardar, Yasemin, and Basdogan, Cagatay
- Abstract
Realistic display of tactile textures on touch screens is a big step forward for haptic technology to reach a wide range of consumers utilizing electronic devices on a daily basis. Since the texture topography cannot be rendered explicitly by electrovibration on touch screens, it is important to understand how we perceive the virtual textures displayed by friction modulation via electrovibration. We investigated the roughness perception of real gratings made of plexiglass and virtual gratings displayed by electrovibration through a touch screen for comparison. In particular, we conducted two psychophysical experiments with ten participants to investigate the effect of spatial period and the normal force applied by finger on roughness perception of real and virtual gratings in macro size. We also recorded the contact forces acting on the participants’ finger during the experiments. The results showed that the roughness perception of real and virtual gratings are different. We argue that this difference can be explained by the amount of fingerpad penetration into the gratings. For real gratings, penetration increased tangential forces acting on the finger, whereas for virtual ones where skin penetration is absent, tangential forces decreased with spatial period. Supporting our claim, we also found that increasing normal force increases the perceived roughness of real gratings while it causes an opposite effect for the virtual gratings. These results are consistent with the tangential force profiles recorded for both real and virtual gratings. In particular, the rate of change in tangential force ($dF_t/dt$) as a function of spatial period and normal force followed trends similar to those obtained for the roughness estimates of real and virtual gratings, suggesting that it is a better indicator of the perceived roughness than the tangential force magnitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Squeal Noise Analysis Using A Combination of Nonlinear Friction Contact Model.
- Author
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Rusli, M., Fesa, M. H., Dahlan, H., and Bur, M.
- Subjects
STICK-slip response ,VIBRATION (Mechanics) ,FRICTION ,RELATIVE velocity ,FRICTION velocity - Abstract
Squeal noise is generated by an unstable friction-induced vibration in a mechanical structure with friction load. Nonlinear mechanisms like sprag-slip, stick-slip, and negative frictions damping are believed in contributing to generate this kind of noise. However, the prediction of its occurrence still counts on the analysis of complex-linear eigenvalue, which may underpredict the number of unstable vibration modes. The structure also is found to seem to generate squeal noise randomly. In this paper, nonlinear analysis of a squeal noise was investigated. The study was conducted numerically by a simple two-degree of freedom model and an experimental observation using a circular and slider plate with a friction contact interface. The friction force is modelled as a function cubic nonlinear contact stiffness and nonlinear negative velocity function of friction coefficient. It is found that mode coupling instability will occur if the normal contact stiffness and friction coefficient exceed the bifurcation point to generate a couple-complex conjugate eigenvalue and eigenvector. However, when the system is stated linearly stable, instability still can appear because of increasing the nonlinear contact stiffness and coefficient of friction. The instability is affected significantly by relative velocity and pressing force. Both parameters dynamically change depending on the vibration response of the structure. Furthermore, it is also found the stick-slip phenomenon interacted with mode coupling instability to generate squeal noise. It contributes to supply energy to increase the response caused by instability of mode coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Friction and wear analysis of the external return spherical bearing pair of axial piston pump/motor.
- Author
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Deng, Haishun, Hu, Cong, Wang, Qingchun, Wang, Lei, and Wang, Chuanli
- Subjects
- *
RECIPROCATING pumps , *FRICTION , *MOTORS - Abstract
By discretizing the contact area between the external retainer plate and the external spherical hinge, a mathematical model for the force relation of an arbitrary contact point in the external return spherical bearing pair was established and a mathematical expression for the friction power of the external return spherical bearing pair was deduced. The influences of the slant inclination of the external swash plate, pump shaft rotating speed, eccentricity, spring force and number of discrete contact points on the friction power were also analysed. The results show that the power fluctuation amplitude of the discrete contact point in the external return spherical bearing pair increases with increasing slant inclination of the external swash plate, pump shaft rotating speed and spring force; the total friction power was found to increase linearly. However, the power fluctuation amplitude of the discrete contact point in the external return spherical bearing pair was found to decrease with increasing eccentricity, with the total friction power decreasing nonlinearly until reaching a certain value. The distribution shape of the friction power of the discrete contact point is only affected by eccentricity. If the eccentricity is large, the friction power of the discrete point presents a double-peak distribution, whereas if it is small, a multiple-peak distribution is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Normal force and displacement amplitude influences on silver-plated electrical contacts subjected to fretting wear: A basic friction energy – contact compliance formulation.
- Author
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Pompanon, F., Laporte, J., Fouvry, S., and Alquier, O.
- Subjects
- *
FRETTING corrosion , *FRICTION , *ENERGY density , *ELECTRONIC equipment - Abstract
During the last decades, the use of connectors in electrical devices for automotive has significantly increased. This raise in the number of electrical and electronic devices on board has led to a growing number of breakdowns. Indeed, this connectors need to keep a low and stable electrical contact resistance (ECR) but due to engine vibrations, fretting wear damage occur. Characterized by small oscillatory motions, fretting induces wear and oxide debris layer (third body) decaying the electrical contact resistance. The aim of this work is to study the effects of two main factors, which are the normal contact force and the displacement amplitude. In this study, a silver-plated contact (2 µm of thickness) was investigated applying various loading parameters: 2 N < P < 6 N and ±3 µm < δ* < ±20 µm. Results show that the ECR endurance decreases when the displacement amplitude increases regardless of the normal force. However, a non-monotonic evolution is found regarding normal force effect. Indeed, for a given displacement amplitude, a rise of the normal force tends to increase the contact pressure but at the same time induces a reduction of the effective sliding amplitude due a larger tangential accommodation. Hence, by coupling a friction energy density approach with a basic compliance description, the synergic effect of the normal force and the displacement amplitude is described and the ECR endurance predicted. • The influence of the normal force on the electrical endurance was clarified. • Reduction of the sliding amplitude when the normal force increases (accommodation). • Fretting maps of endurance and friction energy were developed. • The higher the friction dissipation, the lower the electrical endurance. • Prediction of the electrical endurance based on a friction density approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Effect of normal force on the fretting wear behavior of Inconel 690 TT against 304 stainless steel in simulated secondary water of pressurized water reactor.
- Author
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Ming, Hongliang, Zhang, Zhiming, Wang, Jianqiu, Han, En-Hou, and Liu, Xingchen
- Subjects
- *
STAINLESS steel , *PRESSURIZED water reactors , *INCONEL , *FRETTING corrosion , *FRICTION - Abstract
For understanding the long term fretting mechanism, the effect of normal force on the fretting wear behavior of 690 TT heat transfer tube against 304 stainless steel (SS) ball in simulated secondary water with 10 6 total fretting cycles was studied. The changes of the friction coefficients can be divided into five stages: small and slowly increase stage, sharply increase to a peak point, dramatically decrease to a steady value, steady stage, and continuously increase stage. And the friction coefficient decreases with the increase of the normal force. The morphologies of the worn scars under different normal forces are quite different. A stratified layer structure is formed on the 690 TT surface during the fretting wear process when the normal force is 60N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Effect of different media on frictional forces between tribological systems made from self-ligating brackets in combination with different stainless steel wire dimensions
- Author
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Uwe Baumert, Haoyan Li, Matthias Mertmann, Thomas J. Stocker, Elias P Bamidis, Hisham Sabbagh, and Andrea Wichelhaus
- Subjects
Dental Stress Analysis ,Titanium ,Saliva ,Materials science ,Normal force ,Friction ,Orthodontic Brackets ,Tribology ,Stainless Steel ,Dry storage ,stomatognathic system ,Distilled water ,Stainless steel wire ,Tooth movement ,Materials Testing ,Orthodontic Wires ,Ceramics and Composites ,Humans ,Orthodontic Appliance Design ,Adhesive ,Composite material ,General Dentistry ,Dental Alloys - Abstract
The purpose was to determine the effect of different environments (artificial saliva, human saliva, distilled water, dry storage) on frictional forces between various tribological systems made from self-ligating brackets in combination with stainless-steel wires (dimensions: 0.016″×0.022″, 0.018″×0.025″ and 0.019″×0.025″). An universal testing-machine applied a normal force of 1 N. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests (α=5%) were used. Saliva had significantly higher frictional forces (p
- Published
- 2021
11. Atomic-Scale Friction Studies on Single-Crystal Gallium Arsenide Using Atomic Force Microscope and Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Author
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Xichun Luo, Saurav Goel, Hari M. Upadhyaya, and Pengfei Fan
- Subjects
Molecular dynamic (MD) simulation ,Work (thermodynamics) ,Materials science ,Friction ,Materials Science (miscellaneous) ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Atomic units ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Gallium arsenide ,Molecular dynamics ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0103 physical sciences ,Nanoscopic scale ,computer.programming_language ,010302 applied physics ,Normal force ,Condensed matter physics ,Mechanical Engineering ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,chemistry ,Scratch ,Single crystal gallium arsenide ,Direct and indirect band gaps ,0210 nano-technology ,computer ,AFM nanoscratching - Abstract
This paper provides a fresh perspective and new insights into nanoscale friction by investigating it through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and atomic force microscope (AFM) nanoscratch experiments. This work considered gallium arsenide, an important III–V direct bandgap semiconductor material residing in the zincblende structure, as a reference sample material due to its growing usage in 5G communication devices. In the simulations, the scratch depth was tested as a variable in the fine range of 0.5–3 nm to understand the behavior of material removal and to gain insights into the nanoscale friction. Scratch force, normal force, and average cutting forces were extracted from the simulation to obtain two scalar quantities, namely, the scratch cutting energy (defined as the work performed to remove a unit volume of material) and the kinetic coefficient of friction (defined as the force ratio). A strong size effect was observed for scratch depths below 2 nm from the MD simulations and about 15 nm from the AFM experiments. A strong quantitative corroboration was obtained between the specific scratch energy determined by the MD simulations and the AFM experiments, and more qualitative corroboration was derived for the pile-up and the kinetic coefficient of friction. This conclusion suggests that the specific scratch energy is insensitive to the tool geometry and the scratch speed used in this investigation. However, the pile-up and kinetic coefficient of friction are dependent on the geometry of the tool tip.
- Published
- 2021
12. Generalized master curve procedure for elastomer friction taking into account dependencies on velocity, temperature and normal force.
- Author
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Popov, Valentin L., Voll, Lars, Kusche, Stephan, Li, Qiang, and Rozhkova, Svetlana V.
- Subjects
- *
ELASTOMERS , *FRICTION , *TEMPERATURE effect , *MECHANICAL loads , *INDENTATION (Materials science) - Abstract
The friction between an elastomer and a rigid substrate may depend on a large number of system and loading parameters. Based on a general structure of the law of friction, we propose a generalized master curve procedure for elastomer friction where the significant governing parameter – indentation depth (or normal force) was taken into account. Unlike the generation of the classical master curve by horizontal shifting of dependence “friction - logarithm of velocity” for different temperatures, in the case of various indentation depth the shifting in both horizontal and vertical direction is required. We experimentally investigated coefficient of friction of elastomer on sliding velocity for different indentation depths and temperatures, and generated a ‘master curve’ according to this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Influence of suture size on the frictional performance of surgical suture evaluated by a penetration friction measurement approach.
- Author
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Ren, Tianhui, Zhang, Gangqiang, Borras, F.X., de Rooij, Matthijn B., Zeng, Xiangqiong, van der Heide, Emile, and Su, Yibo
- Subjects
NORMAL force (Mechanics) ,FRICTION ,SKIN ,TISSUE adhesions ,ELECTRIC waves - Abstract
The frictional performances of surgical sutures have been found to play a vital role in their functionality. The purpose of this paper is to understand the frictional performance of multifilament surgical sutures interacting with skin substitute, by means of a penetration friction apparatus (PFA). The influence of the size of the surgical suture was investigated. The relationship between the friction force and normal force was considered, in order to evaluate the friction performance of a surgical suture penetrating a skin substitute. The friction force was measured by PFA. The normal force applied to the surgical suture was estimated based on a Hertzian contact model, a finite element model (FEM), and a uniaxial deformation model (UDM). The results indicated that the penetration friction force increased as the size of the multifilament surgical suture increased. In addition, when the normal force was predicted by UDM, it was found that the ratio between the friction force and normal force decreased as the normal force increased. A comparison of the results suggested that the UDM was appropriate in predicting the frictional behavior of surgical suturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON FRICTION AND WEAR PERFORMANCE OF 45 STEEL AND GCr15 STEEL UNDER THE CONDITION OF PERMANENT MAGNETIC FIELD.
- Author
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YUHUA KANG, LIN DONG, LEWIS, ROGER, BIAO XIANG, and XIONG LIU
- Subjects
- *
STEEL , *MECHANICAL wear , *MAGNETIC fields , *FRICTION , *VELOCITY , *PERMANENT magnets - Abstract
Based on HSR-2M high-velocity reciprocating friction and wear tester, 45 steel and GCr15 steel friction pair performance test was carried out. Inside the permanent magnet magnetic field working environment, the effects of sliding velocity, normal force and other parameters on the friction coefficient and wear rate were studied. By analyzing wear scar morphology, the wear mechanism was studied and the results with and without magnetic field were contrastively analyzed. The results show that the magnetic field can reduce the friction coefficient and wear rate to some extent. With the sliding velocity increase, the friction coefficient and wear rate was reduced. With the normal force increase, the friction coefficient was reduced, but the wear rate was increased. Magnetic field can improve the friction and wear performance of 45 steel and GCr15 steel friction pairs. Without any magnetic field, the wear was typical abrasive wear, worn surface was obvious furrows, and the wear system shows greater wear rate and friction coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
15. Contact Modeling and Manipulation
- Author
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Kao, Imin, Lynch, Kevin, Burdick, Joel W., Siciliano, Bruno, editor, and Khatib, Oussama, editor
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Fretting test rig with variable normal force
- Author
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Janne Juoksukangas, Arto Lehtovaara, Jaakko Meuronen, Antti Mäntylä, Joona Vaara, Jouko Hintikka, Tero Frondelius, Tampere University, and Materials Science and Environmental Engineering
- Subjects
Materials science ,business.product_category ,friction ,Fretting ,02 engineering and technology ,Reciprocating motion ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Torque ,product development ,Lever ,Normal force ,business.industry ,Tension (physics) ,Mechanical Engineering ,Structural engineering ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Compression (physics) ,fretting fatigue ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,fretting wear ,Mechanics of Materials ,216 Materials engineering ,Artikkelit ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,testing machine ,Displacement (fluid) - Abstract
Fretting is small amplitude reciprocating sliding between surfaces, and it may quickly causes surface cracks, which can continue growing under cyclic loads, until the structure breaks entirely as a result of the fretting fatigue. Fretting can also produce hardened wear particles as a result of adhesive wear, which then accelerates abrasive wear. In this case, the community uses the term fretting wear. The design of heavily loaded contacts, susceptible to fretting, is a difficult task because there is no generally accepted design guide. More extensive fretting research is needed to create them. This paper introduces detailed design phases for a equipment (rig) for a variable normal force fretting test. Supporting high radial and normal forces such that there is minimal run-out between the specimens was the most significant design challenge. The combination of a hydrostatic radial bearing and elastic torque shaft was selected for the detail design phase based on FE-analyses, calculations, and overall evaluation. The frame of the test rig consists of the main frame, which supports mainly the normal force and two torque frames, which support torque cylinders. Many solutions, which were found to be working in the current "ring-ring" apparatus of Tampere University, could be utilized in the new test rig like the tapered connections of the specimens, the elastic rod of the torque lever, axial displacement plate, and contact pressure adjustment system. The designed test rig enables fretting tests with 0 Hz to 20 Hz cycle frequency so that normal and tangential force or displacement can be controlled independently of each other. The normal force cannot change from compression to tension dynamically, but the adhesive force of the contact can be measured by slowly increasing the tension force. The designed fretting test rig fulfills all essential requirements, which were set. publishedVersion
- Published
- 2020
17. A mechanistic model for the growth of cylindrical debris particles in the presence of adhesion
- Author
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Enrico Milanese and Jean-François Molinari
- Subjects
velocity ,Materials science ,adhesive wear ,friction ,FOS: Physical sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter ,three-body contact ,0203 mechanical engineering ,wear volume ,General Materials Science ,single ,Normal force ,Accretion (meteorology) ,brittle-fracture ,Applied Mathematics ,Mechanical Engineering ,phase-field model ,silicon ,Adhesion ,Mechanics ,nanoscale wear ,element-method ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Collision ,Debris ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,Volume (thermodynamics) ,Mechanics of Materials ,Modeling and Simulation ,Fracture (geology) ,Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft) ,0210 nano-technology ,contact ,energy ,Asperity (materials science) - Abstract
The wear volume is known to keep increasing during frictional processes, and Archard notably proposed a model to describe the probability of wear particle formation upon asperity collision in a two-body contact configuration. While this model is largely adopted in the investigations of wear, the presence of wear debris trapped between the surfaces changes the system into a three-body contact configuration already since the early stages of the process. In such a configuration, a significant amount of wear is produced at the interface between the trapped debris and the sliding bodies. Here, relying on analytical models, we develop a framework that describes crack growth in a three-body configuration at the particle-surface interface. We then show that crack growth is favoured within the sliding surfaces, instead of within the debris particle, and test such result by means of numerical simulations with a phase-field approach to fracture. This leads to an increase in the wear volume and to debris particle accretion, rather than its breakdown. The effects of adhesion, coefficient of friction, and ratio of the applied global tangential and normal forces are also investigated. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 2020
18. 3D projection of the LuGre friction model adapted to varying normal forces
- Author
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Lorenzo Colantonio, Pierre Dehombreux, Michal Hajžman, and Olivier Verlinden
- Subjects
Mechanical system ,Control and Optimization ,Friction ,Turbine blades ,Mechanical Engineering ,Modeling and Simulation ,Aerospace Engineering ,Normal force ,LuGre ,Computer Science Applications - Abstract
In this paper, we develop an adaptation of the LuGre friction model so as to allow the development of the friction force and its application in any directions on systems subjected to varying normal forces. This is achieved by projecting a modified LuGre model adapted to varying normal forces in 3D along an arbitrary orthogonal system. Consequently, the direction of the friction force is automatically oriented in the correct direction, thus stick, stick-slip, and slip behavior can be represented in all directions. The projected friction model has the following friction features: stick-slip, presliding displacement, frictional lag, varying break-away force, viscous friction, Stribeck effect, and is adapted to varying normal forces. The equivalence of this projected LuGre model with the modified one is proven analytically. The friction model is then applied to simulate the friction on two mechanical systems. The first system consists of a cube sliding on a plane with a transition from stick to slip due to varying normal forces and with a pulling force oriented in multiples directions of the contact plane. The second one is a more complex system consisting of three turbine blades that uses friction to damp their resonance. The results obtained for both systems are consistent with literature.
- Published
- 2022
19. Experimental and Numerical Study of the Effect of Surface Patterning on the Frictional Properties of Polymer Surfaces
- Author
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Gianluca Costagliola, Federico Picollo, Federico Bosia, Nicola M. Pugno, Simone Balestra, Ettore Vittone, Agusti Sin, Amedeo Pegoraro, and Jean-François Molinari
- Subjects
stick-slip ,Materials science ,friction ,surface treatments ,02 engineering and technology ,Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter ,surfaces ,Square (algebra) ,Stress (mechanics) ,contact mechanics, friction, interface, micro-tribology, stick-slip, surface roughness and asperities, surface treatments, surfaces, tribological systems ,0203 mechanical engineering ,contact mechanics ,micro-tribology ,Dynamical friction ,Stress concentration ,Condensed Matter - Materials Science ,Normal force ,Mechanical Engineering ,Humidity ,surface roughness and asperities ,tribological systems ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Mechanics ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,Mechanics of Materials ,interface ,0210 nano-technology ,Saturation (chemistry) ,Contact area - Abstract
We describe benchmark experiments to evaluate the frictional properties of laser patterned low-density polyethylene as a function of sliding velocity, normal force, and humidity. The pattern is a square lattice of square cavities with sub-mm spacing. We find that dynamic friction decreases compared to nonpatterned surfaces, since stress concentrations lead to early detachment, and that stick-slip behavior is also affected. Friction increases with humidity, and the onset of stick-slip events occurs in the high humidity regime. Experimental results are compared with numerical simulations of a simplified 2D spring-block model. A good qualitative agreement can be obtained by introducing a deviation from the linear behavior of the Amontons-Coulomb law with the load due to a saturation in the effective contact area with pressure. This also leads to the improvement of the quantitative results of the spring-block model by reducing the discrepancy with the experimental results, indicating the robustness of the adopted simplified approach, which could be adopted to design patterned surfaces with controlled friction properties.
- Published
- 2022
20. Normal and shear forces between boundary sphingomyelin layers under aqueous conditions
- Author
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Jacob Klein, Nir Kampf, Weifeng Lin, and Yifeng Cao
- Subjects
Materials science ,Friction ,Shear force ,Analytical chemistry ,02 engineering and technology ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Phosphatidylcholine ,Synovial Fluid ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Liposome ,Normal force ,Aqueous solution ,Surface force ,General Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Sphingomyelins ,chemistry ,Liposomes ,Lubrication ,Aluminum Silicates ,Calcium ,0210 nano-technology ,Sphingomyelin - Abstract
Sphingomyelin is one of the predominant phospholipid groups in synovial joints, where lipids have been strongly implicated in the boundary lubrication of articular cartilage; however, little attention has been paid to its lubrication behavior. In this study, we demonstrate that sphingomyelin is an excellent boundary lubricant by measuring the normal and shear forces between sphingomyelin-layer-coated surfaces with a surface force balance under aqueous conditions. Slightly negatively-charged egg sphingomyelin vesicles were adsorbed on mica either by calcium bridging or by charge screening with high concentration monovalent salt. The normal force profiles between opposing egg sphingomyelin layers (vesicles or bilayers) show long-ranged weak repulsion and short-ranged strong repulsion on approaching. Friction coefficients, calculated from the highest load, were (7.2 ± 1.7) × 10-4 at contact stresses of 9.1 ± 0.7 MPa across 0.3 mM liposome dispersion in 0.03 mM Ca2+, and (0.8-3.5) × 10-3 at contact stresses of 7.6 ± 0.8 MPa across 0.3 mM liposome dispersion in 150 mM NaNO3. Similar or slightly lower friction coefficients of (5.3 ± 0.8) × 10-4 at 9.8 ± 0.2 MPa were obtained by replacing the liposome dispersion in 0.03 mM Ca2+ by water. Such low friction coefficients, attributed to the hydration lubrication mechanism, are comparable to those of phosphatidylcholine lipids, which have been widely recognized as excellent aqueous biolubricants. Therefore, we believe that sphingomyelin, in parallel with phosphatidylcholine, contributes to the remarkably good boundary lubrication in synovial joints.
- Published
- 2020
21. Structural Characteristics and Sliding Friction Properties of 40CrNiMo Steel after Broadband Laser Hardening
- Author
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Yin Zhang, Pengfei Zhu, Hongzhi Yan, Songbai Li, and Jia Li
- Subjects
Austenite ,Normal force ,business.product_category ,Materials science ,Scanning electron microscope ,Delamination ,Abrasive ,friction ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,Wedge (mechanical device) ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Martensite ,Materials Chemistry ,Hardening (metallurgy) ,structural characteristics ,TA1-2040 ,Composite material ,scanning speed ,business ,laser hardening - Abstract
The surface of 40CrNiMo steel, which is commonly used for the sprag clutch wedge, is prone to wear. In this study, hardening of the matrix material was conducted by broadband-laser scanning at various scanning speeds. The hardness distribution and structure evolution were analyzed along the vertical direction. Characteristics of the hardened layer were explored using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. The friction coefficient, wear amount, and wear morphology of sliding friction against GCr15 steel were investigated under various conditions. The results show that the depth of the hardened zone decreases with increasing scanning speed. Under the experimental power and defocus, a laser scanning speed between 700–1020 mm/min can meet the general surface requirements of the sprag clutch wedge. After laser hardening, the main components of the hardened layer included lath-shaped and needle-shaped martensite and retained austenite. In terms of friction and wear, when the relative movement speed was within 300–500 mm/min, the relative movement speed decreased and the normal force increased, which led to an increase in the friction coefficient and its fluctuation, as well as an increase in wear volume of the hardened layer. The wear mechanism of the hardened layer included abrasive wear, adhesive wear, and oxidative wear. Excessive normal force resulted in obvious delamination of the sample. Within the scope of the experiment, the best laser hardening results were obtained with a scanning speed of 800 mm/min.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Thermal buckling and natural vibration of a rectangular thin plate with in-plane stick-slip-stop boundaries.
- Author
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Cui, Defu and Hu, Haiyan
- Subjects
- *
NORMAL force (Mechanics) , *MECHANICAL buckling , *FRICTION , *THERMAL expansion , *AERODYNAMIC heating , *SOLAR heating - Abstract
This study is devoted to analyzing the thermal buckling behavior and natural vibration characteristics of a uniformly heated rectangular thin plate with two adjacent in-plane frictional sliding edges. These sliding edges are initially at a stick status under the friction forces, and may slightly slip due to the thermal expansion of the plate until the sliding edges contact the stops, i.e. the bounds of the clearances. In the study, both temperature dependencies of material properties and friction coefficients are taken into consideration. For each case, the explicit equations for the buckling temperature rise and the natural frequencies of the plate are derived. Then, some parametric studies are made to reveal the influences of both normal forces and clearances on the critical buckling temperature rise and the natural vibration characteristics of the plate. The results show that both normal forces and clearances have significant influences on the critical buckling temperature rise and the natural frequencies of the plate, especially for the square plate, which has repeated natural frequencies. These results enable one to adjust the normal forces and the clearances in design in order to improve the mechanical performance of a heated rectangular thin plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. How to Measure the Area of Real Contact of Skin on Glass
- Author
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Laurence Willemet, Nicolas Huloux, Michael Wiertlewski, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement Etienne Jules Marey (ISM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-16-CE33-0002,IOTA,Pinces Optiques Interactives à Retour Tactile(2016), and ANR-16-CE10-0003,Phase,Toucher Artificiel pour la Perception et la Manipulation(2016)
- Subjects
Junctions ,Materials science ,Friction ,Acoustics ,02 engineering and technology ,Measure (mathematics) ,Vibration ,[SPI.AUTO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Automatic ,Fingers ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Humans ,Contact Imaging ,Biomechanics ,Force ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Skin ,Normal force ,[SDV.NEU.PC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Psychology and behavior ,Sensors ,Acoustic wave ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Computer Science Applications ,Human-Computer Interaction ,Area measurement ,Optical surface waves ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,Acoustic waves ,Tactile devices ,Touch ,Levitation ,Reflection (physics) ,Ultrasonic sensor ,0210 nano-technology ,Contact area - Abstract
The contact between the fingertip and an object is formed by a collection of micro-scale junctions, which collectively constitute the real contact area. This real area of contact is only a fraction of the apparent area of contact and is directly linked to the frictional strength of the contact (i.e., the lateral force at which the finger starts sliding). As a consequence, a measure of this area of real contact can help probe into the mechanism behind the friction of skin on glass. In this article, we present two methods to measure the variations of contact area; one that improves upon a tried-and-true fingertip imaging technique to provide ground truth, and the other that relies on the absorption and reflection of acoustic energy. To achieve precise measurements, the ultrasonic method exploits a recently developed model of the interaction that incorporates the non-linearity of squeeze film levitation. The two methods are in good agreement ($\rho =0.94$) over a large range of normal forces and vibration amplitudes. Since the real area of contact fundamentally underlies fingertip friction, the methods described in the article have importance for studying human grasping, understanding friction perception, and controlling surface-haptic devices.
- Published
- 2021
24. The effect of adhesion and roughness on friction hysteresis loops
- Author
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M. Bazrafshan, Dirk J. Schipper, and M.B. de Rooij
- Subjects
Materials science ,Friction ,02 engineering and technology ,Surface finish ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Shear stress ,Boundary element method ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,Pre-sliding ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Normal force ,Hysteresis ,Mechanical Engineering ,Work (physics) ,Adhesion ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Roughness ,22/4 OA procedure ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,Mechanics of Materials ,Nanotribology ,0210 nano-technology ,Contact area - Abstract
Friction hysteresis results from an oscillating friction force at a contact interface. At nano-scale, this phenomenon is affected by the roughness of the contact interface and adhesion. In nanotribology, therefore, it is highly desirable to understand and predict this behavior to estimate the energy loss and possible wear. This paper presents a boundary element model (BEM) for the adhesive friction hysteresis contact at the interface of two bodies of arbitrary geometry. In the model, adhesion is represented by means of a Dugdale approximation of the total work of adhesion at local areas with a very small gap between the two surfaces. The amplitude of the oscillating tangential displacement is very small compared to the contact area which means that the interface does not experience gross-sliding between the two surfaces (the contact remains in the pre-sliding state). Hence, the frictional contact is divided into sticking and slipping regions, defined based on the local values for shear stress and normal pressure, and the rate of relative displacement. The model is first verified by comparing the numerical and analytical (Mindlin theory) solutions for the contact of a smooth ball and a flat of identical materials under a fixed normal force and an oscillating friction force. Then, the problem is solved at the smooth interface between a rigid ball and an elastic flat for various values of the work of adhesion. It is shown that as the work of adhesion increases, both static friction force and pre-sliding displacement increase due to the increase in the contact repulsive force. In addition, the rough interface between a glass ball against a silicon wafer and a DLC (Diamond-Like Carbon) coating is considered. Since adhesion depends on the interface roughness, the corresponding contact repulsive force is different for these interfaces. For the smoother interface, a larger contact repulsive force and consequently, a larger static friction force and pre-sliding displacement are obtained.
- Published
- 2019
25. Experimental analysis of the surface roughness in the coefficient of friction test
- Author
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Emilio Gómez, Roberto D'Amato, Alessandro Ruggiero, and Roque Calvo
- Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology ,Microscope ,Materials science ,Normal force ,Friction ,Surface Roughness ,Frequency Domain ,Pin-on-ball Test ,Fast Fourier transform ,02 engineering and technology ,Surface finish ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,law.invention ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Artificial Intelligence ,law ,Frequency domain ,Surface roughness ,Coherence (signal processing) ,Profilometer ,Composite material - Abstract
Mechanical wear has its origin in the friction of surfaces under contact and it is characterized for low normal forces by the mean coefficient of friction (COF) test on tribometers. The roughness of the worn surfaces is well established that is independent of the wear. Nevertheless a main hypothesis of this work is the research for evidences of the friction test variability influence on the surface roughness of worn materials in the test. The experimental setup includes the COF test ball-on-flat with steel on titanium and the surface roughness measured with an optical profilometer (confocal microscope) is analyzed. The space domain study of roughness parameters is developed on profiles (1D) and the surface (2D). The correlation study of the variability of the COF test with roughness metrics seeks the most significant roughness parameters. Its coherence and significance to respect the friction process are discussed. The similarities in the surface topography and its link with the COF signal are analyzed in the frequency domain based on power spectral analysis (PSA) from the fast Fourier transformation (FFT). Next, the whole profiles are also decomposed in frequency ranges by wavelet filtering that reveal the traces of the COF test on the surfaces and their similarities in the frequency domain.
- Published
- 2019
26. Influence of the contact parameters and several graphite materials on the tribological behaviour of graphite/copper two-disc electrical contacts
- Author
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Dejan Poljanec and Mitjan Kalin
- Subjects
wear ,Materials science ,Orders of magnitude (temperature) ,friction ,chemistry.chemical_element ,grafit ,02 engineering and technology ,baker ,obraba ,electrical contacts ,0203 mechanical engineering ,trenje ,električni kontakti ,električni tok ,Graphite ,Composite material ,Normal force ,graphite ,Mechanical Engineering ,Contact resistance ,electrical current ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Tribology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Copper ,Electrical contacts ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,chemistry ,Mechanics of Materials ,copper ,0210 nano-technology ,Carbon ,udc:539.92:621.8(045) - Abstract
This paper reports on the performance and tribological mechanisms in a newly developed design for an electrical sliding contact in terms of sliding velocity, normal force and electrical current during 24-h experiments. Copper discs were run against hard-carbon graphite, electrographite and polymer-bonded graphite. The average wear rates of the copper discs against the three graphite materials were reduced to 10−8 and 10−7 mm3/Nm, and the graphite discs to 10−6 mm3/Nm, which is for 1 and 1–2 orders of magnitude less, than copper slip-rings and carbon brushes in conventional systems, respectively. The coefficient of friction was 0.2–0.4, depending on the conditions, which is comparable to the values of conventional electrical sliding contact. Tribofilms are generated in almost all contacts, and crucially determine the contact performance. The polymer-bonded-graphite/Cu formed the most compliant tribofilms that unify and decrease the local contact pressures and temperatures, and have the largest surface coverage that reduces the wear and contact resistance, which in turn reduces the contact instabilities and so the friction.
- Published
- 2018
27. Psychophysical Evaluation of Change in Friction on an Ultrasonically-Actuated Touchscreen
- Author
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Cetin Yilmaz, Cagatay Basdogan, Muhammad Khurram Saleem, Koç University, Boǧaziçi üniversitesi = Boğaziçi University [Istanbul], Başdoğan, Çağatay (ORCID 0000-0002-6382-7334 & YÖK ID 125489), Saleem, Muhammad Khurram, Yılmaz, Çetin, College of Engineering, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Boğaziçi University [Istanbul]
- Subjects
Adult ,ultrasonic vibrations ,surface haptics ,Friction ,Acoustics ,Tactile perception ,02 engineering and technology ,law.invention ,Fingers ,User-Computer Interface ,Touchscreen ,0203 mechanical engineering ,law ,Psychophysics ,Surface roughness ,Humans ,Ultrasonic vibrations ,Surface haptics ,Ultrasonics ,Physics ,Normal force ,integumentary system ,[SPI.MECA.BIOM]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Biomechanics [physics.med-ph] ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Computer science ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,Computer Science Applications ,body regions ,Human-Computer Interaction ,Vibration ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,Contact mechanics ,Touch Perception ,0210 nano-technology ,Falling (sensation) ,Tactile sensor - Abstract
To render tactile cues on a touchscreen by friction modulation, it is important to understand how humans perceive a change in friction. In this study, we investigate the relations between perceived change in friction on an ultrasonically actuated touchscreen and parameters involved in contact between finger and its surface. We first estimate the perceptual thresholds to detect rising and falling friction while a finger is sliding on the touch surface. Then, we conduct intensity scaling experiments and investigate the effect of finger sliding velocity, normal force, and rise/fall time of vibration amplitude (transition time) on the perceived intensity of change in friction. In order to better understand the role of contact mechanics, we also look into the correlations between the perceived intensities of subjects and several parameters involved in contact. The results of our experiments show that the contrast and rate of change in tangential force were best correlated with the perceived intensity. The subjects perceived rising friction more strongly than falling friction, particularly at higher tangential force contrast. We argue that this is due to hysteresis and viscoelastic behavior of fingertip under tangential loading. The results also showed that transition time and normal force have significant effect on our tactile perception.., NA
- Published
- 2018
28. GAIT KINETICS IMPACT SHOE TREAD WEAR RATE
- Author
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Kurt E. Beschorner, Mark S. Redfern, Jessica R. Sider, and Sarah L. Hemler
- Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases ,Adult ,Male ,Materials science ,Friction ,Shear force ,Biophysics ,Slip and fall ,Walking ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Gait (human) ,Floors and Floorcoverings ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Ground reaction force ,Slipping ,Gait ,Normal force ,business.industry ,Rehabilitation ,Fatigue testing ,030229 sport sciences ,Structural engineering ,Actigraphy ,Healthy Volunteers ,Shoes ,body regions ,Female ,Tread ,business ,human activities ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Background Adequate footwear is an important factor for reducing the risk of slipping; as shoe outsoles wear down, friction decreases, and slip and fall risk increases. Wear theory suggests that gait kinetics may influence rate of tread wear. Research question Do the kinetics of walking (i.e., the shoe-floor force interactions) affect wear rate? Methods Fourteen participants completed dry walking trials during which ground reaction forces were recorded across different types of shoes. The peak normal force, shear force, and required coefficient of friction (RCOF) were calculated. Participants then wore alternating pairs of shoes in the workplace each month for up to 24 months. A pedometer was used to track the distance each pair of shoes was worn and tread loss was measured. The wear rate was calculated as the volumetric tread loss divided by the distance walked in the shoes. Three, mixed linear regression models were used to assess the impact of peak normal force, shear force, and RCOF on wear rate. Results Wear rate was positively associated with peak RCOF and with peak shear force, but was not significantly related to peak normal forces. Significance The finding that shear forces and particularly the peak RCOF are related to wear suggests that a person’s gait characteristics can influence wear. Therefore, individual gait kinetics may be used to predict wear rate based on the fatigue failure shoe wear mechanism.
- Published
- 2021
29. Characterising the friction coefficient between rubber O-rings and a rigid surface under extreme pressures
- Author
-
Eduardo Yanes, James J. C. Busfield, Nicola M. Pugno, Benjamin Berryhill, and Julien Ramier
- Subjects
Normal force ,Materials science ,Polymers and Plastics ,Friction ,Organic Chemistry ,Hydrostatic pressure ,Fluoroelastomer ,Mechanics ,Elastomer ,Finite element method ,High pressure ,Experiment ,TP1080-1185 ,Natural rubber ,visual_art ,Surface roughness ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Lubrication ,Extrusion ,Rubber ,Polymers and polymer manufacture - Abstract
Previous research into the friction behaviour of elastomers has typically focused on the effects of velocity, contact pressure, counter surface and lubrication on the coefficient of friction. O-ring type elastomer seals are common in many different industries. Friction plays a critical role during the setting and in service of these components. An experimental O-ring friction testing rig has been developed that can measure the effects of sliding speed and hydrostatic pressure on elastomer friction. Finite element analysis (FEA) packages can adopt fixed friction coefficients or ones that are pressure dependent. For the latter case, the dependence of the frictional behaviour is typically obtained from the instantaneous stress response at any given pressure and then related to the normal force response. The friction rig described in this paper uses industry standard dimensions for the O-ring gland, the pre-compression levels, extrusion gap size and pressure rating. The coefficient of friction is derived by dividing the measured friction force by the normal force, which was determined using an FEA modelling approach, as it could not be measured directly. Finally, a relationship between the frictional velocity and surface roughness is obtained in order to provide a frequency dependent Coefficient of Friction (CoF) that is easily translatable between surfaces.
- Published
- 2021
30. Assessment of Tribological Properties of Ti3C2 as a Water-Based Lubricant Additive
- Author
-
Koo-Hyun Chung and Huong T. T. Nguyen
- Subjects
Work (thermodynamics) ,wear ,Materials science ,lubricant additive ,friction ,02 engineering and technology ,lcsh:Technology ,Corrosion ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0203 mechanical engineering ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,lcsh:Microscopy ,lcsh:QC120-168.85 ,Titanium carbide ,Normal force ,lcsh:QH201-278.5 ,lcsh:T ,Economies of agglomeration ,water lubrication ,Tribology ,titanium carbide ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,chemistry ,lcsh:TA1-2040 ,Lubrication ,lcsh:Descriptive and experimental mechanics ,lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,0210 nano-technology ,MXenes ,lcsh:TK1-9971 - Abstract
Water-based lubrication has attracted remarkable interest due to its environmental and economic advantages. However, practical applications of water-based lubrication are often limited, mainly because of low viscosity and corrosivity. The use of additives has been proposed to overcome these limitations. In this work, the tribological characteristics of titanium carbide (Ti3C2) MXenes, as additives for water-based lubrication, were systematically investigated for contact sliding between stainless steel under various normal forces and Ti3C2 concentrations. Both friction and wear were found to decrease with increasing Ti3C2 concentration up to 5 wt%, and then increased when the concentration was larger than 5 wt%. The results suggest that Ti3C2 flakes hindered direct contact, particularly at the edges of the contact interfaces. It was further shown that the agglomeration of Ti3C2 flakes may have reduced the hindering when an excessive amount of Ti3C2 (e.g., 7 wt%) was applied. The decreases in the friction coefficient and wear rate with 5 wt% of Ti3C2 concentration w approximately 20% and 48%, respectively. The outcomes of this work may be helpful in gaining a better understanding of the tribological properties of Ti3C2 as a feasible water-based lubrication additive.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Impact of parameter settings on normal force and gap height during tribological measurements.
- Author
-
Joyner (Melito), Helen S., Pernell, Chris W., and Daubert, Christopher R.
- Subjects
- *
PARAMETER estimation , *TRIBOLOGY , *FLUCTUATIONS (Physics) , *STATISTICAL correlation , *FRICTION , *DATA integrity - Abstract
Highlights: [•] Tribological surface affected friction coefficient. [•] Normal force and gap height fluctuation were affected by instrument parameters. [•] A data screening protocol was developed to mitigate variations in normal force. [•] Proper selection of measurement parameters is critical to obtain reproducible data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Friction-Assisted Pulling Force Detection Mechanism for Tactile Sensors.
- Author
-
Tsun-Yi Chen, Yung-Chen Wang, Cheng-Yao Lo, and Rongshun Chen
- Subjects
- *
TACTILE sensors , *FLEXIBLE display systems , *ERGONOMICS , *BIOSENSORS , *MICROFABRICATION - Abstract
This paper proposes a novel friction-assisted capacitance tactile sensing mechanism to simultaneously detect pulling, normal, and shear forces for 3D display image control applications with integrated transparency and flexibility. The sensing mechanism supports fingertip sensing ranges with ergonomic considerations, which is an improvement on previous studies. The mechanism produces demonstration sensitivities of 0.38, 0.28, 0.24, and 0.33 pF/N and sensing ranges 0-1 N, 0-1.6 N, 0-1.4 N, and 0-2.0 N for pulling (θ = 90°), friction-assisted pulling (θ = 30°), normal, and shear forces, respectively. In this paper, we proposed friction-assisted pulling force under θ = 30°, which fit a human fingertip and allowed it to control 3D virtual image. On average, the demonstration tactile sensor transparency is over 80% in the visible region. This study conducts and examines the theoretical design, simulation, fabrication, and measurement of the mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Frictional characteristics of Fusion Deposition Modeling (FDM) manufactured surfaces
- Author
-
Foad Sojoodi Farimani, Matthijn de Rooij, Sarthak Misra, Edsko E.G. Hekman, Biomechanical Engineering, Surface Technology and Tribology, Basic and Translational Research and Imaging Methodology Development in Groningen (BRIDGE), and Robotics and image-guided minimally-invasive surgery (ROBOTICS)
- Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology ,Materials science ,GRAPHITE ,Tribology ,CONTACT ,Friction ,SLIDING WEAR ,02 engineering and technology ,Kinematics ,ADHESION ,Additive manufacturing (AM) ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,Machining ,Boundary value problem ,Normal force ,Mathematical model ,Plane (geometry) ,Mechanical Engineering ,WEAR PERFORMANCE ,22/2 OA procedure ,Mechanics ,3D printing ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Maxima and minima ,Fused deposition modeling (FDM) ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Purpose Additive manufacturing (AM) is a promising alternative to the conventional production methods (i.e., machining), providing the developers with great geometrical and topological freedom during the design and immediate prototyping customizability. However, frictional characteristics of the AM surfaces are yet to be fully explored, making the control and manufacturing of precise assembly manufactured mechanisms (i.e., robots) challenging. The purpose of this paper is to understand the tribological behavior of fused deposition modeling (FDM) manufactured surfaces and test the accuracy of existing mathematical models such as Amontons–Coulomb, Tabor–Bowden, and variations of Hertz Contact model against empirical data. Design/methodology/approach Conventional frictional models Amontons–Coulomb and Tabor–Bowden are developed for the parabolic surface topography of FDM surfaces using variations of Hertz contact models. Experiments are implemented to measure the friction between two flat FDM surfaces at different speeds, normal forces, and surface configuration, including the relative direction of printing stripes and sliding direction and the surface area. The global maximum measured force is considered as static friction, and the average of the local maxima during the stick-slip phase is assumed as kinematic friction. Spectral analysis has been used to inspect the relationship between the chaos of vertical wobbling versus sliding speed. Findings It is observed that the friction between the two FDM planes is linearly proportional to the normal force. However, in contrast to the viscous frictional model (i.e., Stribeck), the friction reduces asymptotically at higher speeds, which can be attributed to the transition from harmonic to normal chaotic vibrations. The phase shift is investigated through spectral analysis; dominant frequencies are presented at different pulling speeds, normal forces, and surface areas. It is hypothesized that higher speeds lead to smaller dwell-time, reducing creep and adhesive friction consequently. Furthermore, no monotonic relationship between surface area and friction force is observed. Research limitations/implications Due to the high number of experimental parameters, the research is implemented for a limited range of surface areas, which should be expanded in future research. Furthermore, the pulling position of the jaws is different from the sliding distance of the surfaces due to the compliance involved in the contact and the pulling cable. This issue could be alleviated using a non-contact position measurement method such as LASER or image processing. Another major issue of the experiments is the planar orientation of the pulling object with respect to the sliding direction and occasional swinging in the tangential plane. Practical implications Given the results of this study, one can predict the frictional behavior of FDM manufactured surfaces at different normal forces, sliding speeds, and surface configurations. This will help to have better predictive and model-based control algorithms for fully AM manufactured mechanisms and optimization of the assembly manufactured systems. By adjusting the clearances and printing direction, one can reduce or moderate the frictional forces to minimize stick-slip or optimize energy efficiency in FDM manufactured joints. Knowing the harmonic to chaotic phase shift at higher sliding speeds, one can apply certain speed control algorithms to sustain optimal mechanical performance. Originality/value In this study, theoretical tribological models are developed for the specific topography of the FDM manufactured surfaces. Experiments have been implemented for an extensive range of boundary conditions, including normal force, sliding speed, and contact configuration. Frictional behavior between flat square FDM surfaces is studied and measured using a Zwick tensile machine. Spectral analysis, auto-correlation, and other methods have been developed to study the oscillations during the stick-slip phase, finding local maxima (kinematic friction) and dominant periodicity of the friction force versus sliding distance. Precise static and kinematic frictional coefficients are provided for different contact configurations and sliding directions.
- Published
- 2020
34. Tribological Characteristics of Single-Layer h-BN Measured by Colloidal Probe Atomic Force Microscopy
- Author
-
Koo-Hyun Chung and Tien Van Tran
- Subjects
wear ,Materials science ,friction ,02 engineering and technology ,Nitride ,engineering.material ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,symbols.namesake ,Coating ,Materials Chemistry ,hexagonal-boron nitride (h-BN) ,Lubricant ,Composite material ,Normal force ,atomic force microscopy ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Tribology ,Orders of magnitude (numbers) ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,lcsh:TA1-2040 ,engineering ,symbols ,0210 nano-technology ,Raman spectroscopy ,lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,Layer (electronics) - Abstract
The tribological characteristics of single-layer (1L) hexagonal-boron nitride (h-BN) were systematically investigated using colloidal probe atomic force microscopy, with an aim to elucidate the feasibility as a protective coating layer and solid lubricant for micro- and nanodevices. The experiments were performed to detect the occurrence of failure of 1L h-BN for up to 10,000 cycles under various normal forces. The failure of 1L h-BN did not occur for 10,000 cycles under a 10 &mu, N normal force, corresponding to a contact pressure of about 0.34 GPa. However, the complete failure of 1L h-BN occurred faster with an increasing normal force from 20 to 42 &mu, N. It was observed that the SiO2/Si substrate was locally exposed due to defect formation on the 1L h-BN. The Raman spectroscopy measurement results further suggest that the failure was associated with the compressive strain on 1L h-BN. The friction of 1L h-BN before failure was orders of magnitude smaller than that of a SiO2/Si substrate. The overall results indicate the feasibility of atomically thin h-BN as a protective coating layer and solid lubricant. In particular, the results of this work provide fundamental tribological characteristics of pristine h-BN as a guide, which may be helpful in other practical deposition methods for atomically thin h-BN with enhanced tribological characteristics.
- Published
- 2020
35. Effects of Rosin Powder Application on the Frictional Behavior Between a Finger Pad and Baseball
- Author
-
Takeshi Yamaguchi, Naoto Yamakura, Shinnosuke Murata, Takehiro Fukuda, and Daiki Nasu
- Subjects
lcsh:Sports ,Friction coefficient ,Materials science ,Normal force ,integumentary system ,Magnesium ,friction ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Index finger ,powder ,ROSIN POWDER ,Force sensor ,body regions ,lcsh:GV557-1198.995 ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,finger ,chemistry ,Sports and Active Living ,Pine resin ,medicine ,baseball pitching ,grip ,Composite material ,human activities ,Original Research - Abstract
Rosin powder, which is composed of magnesium carbonate powder and pine resin, is often used as a grip-enhancing agent in baseball pitching. However, the effect of rosin powder on friction at the baseball-human finger interface remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of rosin powder on the friction coefficient between a baseball and a finger using sliding friction tests. Ten young adult males participated in this study who were asked to slide the index finger of their dominant hand over the leather skin of a baseball adhered to the force sensor, which was not a real baseball pitching situation. Our findings suggest that rosin powder application stabilizes friction under both dry and wet conditions; that is there was less dependence of the friction coefficient on the normal force and less variation in the friction coefficient among individuals. For most participants, the friction coefficient was not necessarily increased by the presence of rosin powder at the finger pad-leather sheet interface under dry conditions. However, under wet conditions, rosin powder application increased the friction coefficient compared with the non-powdered condition in the large normal force condition, indicating the efficacy of rosin powder as a grip-enhancing agent.
- Published
- 2020
36. Effect of Material Hardness on Friction Between a Bare Finger and Dry and Lubricated Artificial Skin
- Author
-
Yoji Yamada, Yasuhiro Akiyama, Shogo Okamoto, and Koki Inoue
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Materials science ,Friction ,Surface Properties ,02 engineering and technology ,Models, Biological ,Artificial skin ,Fingers ,Young Adult ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Skin Physiological Phenomena ,Humans ,Composite material ,Coefficient of friction ,Material hardness ,Normal force ,integumentary system ,Tribology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Computer Science Applications ,body regions ,Human-Computer Interaction ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,Assistive robot ,Mica ,Deformation (engineering) ,0210 nano-technology ,human activities - Abstract
Understanding the tribological phenomena when fingers slide over soft surfaces such as skin is important for many practical applications. Therefore, this article analyzed the coefficients of friction for a bare finger sliding over artificial skin with different hardness under dry and lubricated surface conditions. This article contrasts with previous research that predominantly analyzed the contact between skin and hard surfaces or probes. Under dry conditions, the coefficient of friction was constant for artificial skins that were harder than the finger pad, irrespective of the normal force of the finger. However, the coefficient of friction decreased with increasing normal force for softer artificial skins. When the surface of the artificial skin model was lubricated with mica, the coefficient of friction exhibited normal-force dependence only for soft artificial skins, similar to the observations under dry conditions. This effect was due to the deformation friction; thus, the coefficient of friction increased as the normal force increased. Conversely, when the model was lubricated with ${\mathrm{ TiO}}_2$ , the coefficient of friction depended on the normal force for all hardness levels. These findings provide insights into the friction experienced during skin-skin or skin-soft material contact under dry and lubricated conditions that can easily occur in daily life. Thus, the results of this study can be useful for the development of skin care products or assistive robots involving human-robot contact.
- Published
- 2020
37. Tribological Investigation on the Friction and Wear Behaviors of Biogenic Lubricating Greases in Steel–Steel Contact
- Author
-
Jorge H.O. Seabra, José M. Franco, David Gonçalves, Erik Kuhn, and Nazli Acar
- Subjects
Materials science ,Tribology ,Friction ,Biogenic lubricating greases ,Environmental pollution ,02 engineering and technology ,lcsh:Technology ,law.invention ,lcsh:Chemistry ,Rolling bearing friction torque ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Wear ,law ,Grease ,General Materials Science ,Lubricant ,Instrumentation ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Friction torque ,Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes ,Normal force ,Bearing (mechanical) ,lcsh:T ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,Metallurgy ,General Engineering ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,lcsh:QC1-999 ,Computer Science Applications ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,lcsh:QD1-999 ,lcsh:TA1-2040 ,0210 nano-technology ,lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,lcsh:Physics ,Tribometer - Abstract
The applications of biogenic lubricating greases to machine elements play important roles in the reduction of friction energy and minimizing wear in a tribological contact, as well as the prevention of environmental pollution. The aim of this work was to investigate completely biogenic lubricating greases from a tribological point of view. Model greases were examined using a ball on a disc tribometer at a constant normal force to investigate the friction and wear process according to Fleischer&rsquo, s energetic wear model. Using the energy-based wear model, the friction and wear process could be interpreted as a cause&ndash, effect sequence. Moreover, the influence of the model grease composition on the friction and wear process was analyzed. In addition, rolling bearing tests were performed to investigate the tribological behaviors of some selected biogenic greases during real machine element contact. These tests allowed for the quantification of the friction torque behavior of the full bearing and the evaluation of the wear obtained through lubricant analysis procedures. This experimental work provides useful information regarding the influence that the composition of biogenic model greases has on friction and wear behaviors in a tribological contact.
- Published
- 2020
38. Closed loop application of electroadhesion for increased precision in texture rendering
- Author
-
J. Edward Colgate and Roman V. Grigorii
- Subjects
FOS: Computer and information sciences ,Texture rendering ,Friction ,Modulation effect ,Surface Properties ,Friction force ,Computer science ,Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction ,02 engineering and technology ,Rendering (computer graphics) ,Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC) ,Fingers ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Feedback, Sensory ,Humans ,Computer vision ,ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS ,Electroadhesion ,Normal force ,business.industry ,Equipment Design ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,Computer Science Applications ,Human-Computer Interaction ,Touch Perception ,Touch ,Artificial intelligence ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Closed loop ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Tactile displays based on friction modulation offer wide-bandwidth forces rendered directly on the fingertip. However, due to a number of touch conditions (e.g., normal force, skin hydration) that result in variations in the friction force and the strength of modulation effect, the precision of the force rendering remains limited. In this paper we demonstrate a closed-loop electroadhesion method for precise playback of friction force profiles on a human finger and we apply this method to the tactile rendering of several textiles encountered in everyday life.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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39. Natural and induced surface roughness determine frictional regimes in hydrogel pairs
- Author
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Joshua A. Dijksman, Raisa E. D. Rudge, and Elke Scholten
- Subjects
Surface (mathematics) ,Materials science ,Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods ,Friction ,02 engineering and technology ,Surface finish ,Surface roughness ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Composite material ,VLAG ,Normal force ,Polymer network ,Mechanical Engineering ,Asperity size ,Hydrogels ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Tribology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,Mechanics of Materials ,Self-healing hydrogels ,0210 nano-technology ,Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter ,Asperity (materials science) - Abstract
Hydrogels display extremely complex frictional behavior with surprisingly slippery surfaces. We measure the sliding behavior of hydrogels submerged in water using a custom-made tribotool. Samples with an imposed surface roughness give two distinct frictional regimes. Friction coefficients in the first regime change with asperity sizes and Young's moduli. Under increased normal force, a second frictional regime emerges likely due to smoothening of asperities. Friction coefficients in the second regime remain constant across length scales of roughness and appear to be material specific. The hydrogel polymer network also directly influences the surface topography, and with that, the frictional behavior of hydrogels. We highlight the tribological importance of surface roughness at different length scales, which provides potential to engineer functional frictional behavior.
- Published
- 2020
40. Step-Change in Friction Under Electrovibration
- Author
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M. Reza Alipour, Benoit P. Delhaye, Cagatay Basdogan, Idil Ozdamar, Philippe Lef`evre, Koç University, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), UCL - SST/ICTM/INMA - Pôle en ingénierie mathématique, UCL - SSS/IONS/COSY - Systems & cognitive Neuroscience, Başdoğan, Çağatay (ORCID 0000-0002-6382-7334 & YÖK ID 125489), Özdamar, İdil, Alipour, M. Reza, Delhaye, Benoit P., Lefevre, Philippe, College of Engineering, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, and Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Subjects
FOS: Computer and information sciences ,Adult ,tactile feedback ,surface haptics ,Computer science ,Capacitive sensing ,friction ,Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction ,Computer science, cybernetics ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Vibration ,Viscoelasticity ,Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC) ,Fingers ,Young Adult ,Skin Physiological Phenomena ,contact mechanics ,Electrovibration ,Humans ,Normal force ,electrovibration ,integumentary system ,010401 analytical chemistry ,[SPI.MECA.BIOM]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Biomechanics [physics.med-ph] ,Contact mechanics ,Friction ,Surface haptics ,Tactile feedback ,Mechanics ,Tactile perception ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Electric Stimulation ,0104 chemical sciences ,Computer Science Applications ,Human-Computer Interaction ,Touch Perception ,sense organs ,0210 nano-technology ,Falling (sensation) ,Contact area - Abstract
Rendering tactile effects on a touch screen via electrovibration has many potential applications. However, our knowledge on tactile perception of change in friction and the underlying contact mechanics are both very limited. In this article, we investigate the tactile perception and the contact mechanics for a step change in friction under electrovibration during a relative sliding between a finger and the surface of a capacitive touch screen. First, we conduct magnitude estimation experiments to investigate the role of normal force and sliding velocity on the perceived tactile intensity for a step increase and decrease in friction, called rising friction (RF) and falling friction (FF). To investigate the contact mechanics involved in RF and FF, we then measure the frictional force, the apparent contact area, and the strains acting on the fingerpad during sliding at a constant velocity under three different normal loads using a custom-made experimental set-up. The results show that the participants perceived RF stronger than FF, and both the normal force and sliding velocity significantly influenced their perception. These results are supported by our mechanical measurements; the relative change in friction, the apparent contact area, and the strain in the sliding direction were all higher for RF than those for FF, especially for low normal forces. Taken together, our results suggest that different contact mechanics take place during RF and FF due to the viscoelastic behavior of fingerpad skin, and those differences influence our tactile perception of a step change in friction., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK)
- Published
- 2020
41. Tactile Roughness Perception of Virtual Gratings by Electrovibration
- Author
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Yasemin Vardar, Aykut Isleyen, Cagatay Basdogan, Koç University, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, and Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Subjects
FOS: Computer and information sciences ,Friction ,Computer science ,Acoustics ,Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction ,spatial period ,Surface finish ,skin penetration ,Texture (music) ,psychophysical experiments ,Vibration ,050105 experimental psychology ,Contact force ,Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC) ,active touch ,Fingers ,Physical Phenomena ,User-Computer Interface ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Roughness perception ,Modulation (music) ,Humans ,Electrovibration ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,[INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC] ,touch screen ,Haptic technology ,electrovibration ,Normal force ,virtual texture ,05 social sciences ,[SPI.MECA.VIBR]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Vibrations [physics.class-ph] ,Computer Science Applications ,Human-Computer Interaction ,friction modulation displays ,normal force ,Touch Perception ,Touch ,consumer electronics ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Realistic display of tactile textures on touch screens is a big step forward for haptic technology to reach a wide range of consumers utilizing electronic devices on a daily basis. Since the texture topography cannot be rendered explicitly by electrovibration on touch screens, it is important to understand how we perceive the virtual textures displayed by friction modulation via electrovibration. We investigated the roughness perception of real gratings made of plexiglass and virtual gratings displayed by electrovibration through a touch screen for comparison. In particular, we conducted two psychophysical experiments with 10 participants to investigate the effect of spatial period and the normal force applied by finger on roughness perception of real and virtual gratings in macro size. We also recorded the contact forces acting on the participants' finger during the experiments. The results showed that the roughness perception of real and virtual gratings are different. We argue that this difference can be explained by the amount of fingerpad penetration into the gratings. For real gratings, penetration increased tangential forces acting on the finger, whereas for virtual ones where skin penetration is absent, tangential forces decreased with spatial period. Supporting our claim, we also found that increasing normal force increases the perceived roughness of real gratings while it causes an opposite effect for the virtual gratings. These results are consistent with the tangential force profiles recorded for both real and virtual gratings. In particular, the rate of change in tangential force ($dF_t/dt$) as a function of spatial period and normal force followed trends similar to those obtained for the roughness estimates of real and virtual gratings, suggesting that it is a better indicator of the perceived roughness than the tangential force magnitude., Comment: Manuscript received June 25, 2019; revised November 15, 2019; accepted December 11, 2019
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Modeling Sliding Friction Between Human Finger And Touchscreen Under Electroadhesion
- Author
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Cagatay Basdogan, M. Reza Alipour Sormoli, Omer Sirin, and Koç University
- Subjects
surface haptics ,Friction ,Capacitive sensing ,02 engineering and technology ,Vibration ,electroadhesion ,law.invention ,Fingers ,Physical Phenomena ,User-Computer Interface ,Touchscreen ,0203 mechanical engineering ,law ,contact mechanics ,Electrovibration ,Humans ,Physics ,Electroadhesion ,Normal force ,electrovibration ,[SPI.MECA.BIOM]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Biomechanics [physics.med-ph] ,Mechanics ,Models, Theoretical ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,and contact area ,Computer Science Applications ,Human-Computer Interaction ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,Contact mechanics ,Touch ,0210 nano-technology ,Normal ,Tribometer - Abstract
International audience; When an alternating voltage is applied to the conductive layer of a capacitive touchscreen, an oscillating electroadhesive force (also known as electrovibration) is generated between the human finger and its surface in the normal direction. This electroadhesive force causes an increase in friction between the sliding finger and the touchscreen. Although the practical implementation of this technology is quite straightforward, the physics behind voltage-induced electroadhesion and the resulting contact interactions between human finger and the touchscreen are still under investigation. In this paper, we first present the results of our experimental study conducted with a custom-made tribometer to investigate the effect of input voltage on the tangential forces acting on the finger due to electroadhesion during sliding. We then support our experimental results with a contact mechanics model developed for estimating voltage-induced frictional forces between human finger and a touchscreen as a function of the applied normal force. The unknown parameters of the model were estimated via optimization by minimizing the error between the measured tangential forces and the ones generated by the model. The estimated model parameters show a good agreement with the ones reported in the literature.
- Published
- 2020
43. Identification of heel strike under a slippery condition
- Author
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Wen-Ruey Chang and Xu Xu
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Heel ,Friction ,High-speed camera ,Poison control ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Human Factors and Ergonomics ,Angular velocity ,Walking ,Kinematics ,Slip (materials science) ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Floors and Floorcoverings ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Heel strike ,050107 human factors ,Simulation ,Normal force ,05 social sciences ,Geodesy ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,Shoes ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Accidental Falls ,Female ,Glass ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Geology - Abstract
Kinematics at heel strike instant (HSI) has been used to quantify slip severity. However, methods to identify HSI remain ambiguous and have not been evaluated under slippery conditions. A glass force plate was used to observe the contact interface between shoe and floor under slippery conditions. HSIs identified from the video captured beneath the force plate and from the force plate and kinematics were compared. The results showed that HSIs identified with the video were closer to those identified with the normal force threshold (NFT) (9.0 ms ± 5.5 ms) than were most of those identified with kinematics. Slips with a longer distance travelled between NFT HSI and video HSI had a larger heel horizontal velocity (0.8 m/s) and a smaller foot angular velocity (100deg/s) at the NFT instant, and were still part of the forward swing. The results show that improved methods are needed over NFT to identify HSI, especially under slippery conditions.
- Published
- 2018
44. Dynamic Analysis of Helical Gears With Sliding Friction and Gear Errors
- Author
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Zhaobo Chen, Wenchao Mo, and Yinghou Jiao
- Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology ,General Computer Science ,friction ,02 engineering and technology ,Deformation (meteorology) ,01 natural sciences ,Displacement (vector) ,Computer Science::Robotics ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,gears ,0103 physical sciences ,medicine ,Torque ,General Materials Science ,010301 acoustics ,Friction torque ,error analysis ,Physics ,Normal force ,business.industry ,General Engineering ,Stiffness ,Structural engineering ,Physics::Classical Physics ,Dynamics ,Vibration ,Spring (device) ,lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,medicine.symptom ,nonlinear systems ,business ,lcsh:TK1-9971 - Abstract
In helical gears, the meshing stiffness fluctuation caused by the time-varying contact lines and gear errors is a main factor affecting the dynamic characteristics of the helical gears. This paper proposes a new calculation model that can simplify the calculation of the length of time-varying contact lines, friction force, and friction torque. Moreover, this model is not subjected to any parameter of the gear. Instead of linear equivalent displacement, the normal force acted on the teeth is calculated by the time-varying deformation of the meshing spring, which is affected by the vibration displacement, installation error, tooth frequency error, and eccentric error of the gear. We establish the dynamic model of a helical gear system by considering the meshing friction, gear errors, and initial phases of errors. According to the model, the vibration characteristics are calculated and the influence laws of gear errors and supporting stiffness are obtained. Because we take into account the deformation of meshing spring, the dynamic responses of the helical gear system are more abundant than that in the previous studies. The proposed method in this paper can simplify the calculation of the time-varying meshing line, meshing friction, and torque of helical gears, and it may contribute in reducing the vibration and transmission noise of the helical gear system.
- Published
- 2018
45. Study on frictional behavior of carbon nanotube thin films with respect to surface condition
- Author
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Byung-Soo Myung, Youn-Hoo Hwang, and Hyun Joon Kim
- Subjects
Materials science ,Scanning electron microscope ,lcsh:Mechanical engineering and machinery ,friction ,02 engineering and technology ,Carbon nanotube ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,Crystallinity ,law ,Surface roughness ,lcsh:TJ1-1570 ,Thin film ,Composite material ,squeezing process ,Normal force ,carbon nanotubes ,Mechanical Engineering ,UV irradiation ,Tribology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Surface energy ,0104 chemical sciences ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,surface energy ,surface roughness ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
In this work, tribological characteristics of thin films composed of entangled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were investigated. The surface roughness of CNT thin films fabricated via a dip-coating process was controlled by squeezing during the process with an applied normal force ranging from 0 to 5 kgf. Raman spectra and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the thin films were obtained to estimate the influence of the squeezing process on the crystallinity of the CNTs. The analysis revealed that squeezing could reduce surface roughness, while preserving the crystallinity of the CNTs. Moreover, the surface energy of the cover glass used to press the CNT thin film was found to be the critical factor controlling surface roughness. A micro-tribometer and macro-tribometer were used to assess the tribological characteristics of the CNT thin film. The results of the tribotest exhibited a correlation between the friction coefficient and surface roughness. Dramatic changes in friction coefficient could be observed in the micro-tribotest, while changes in friction coefficient in the macro-tribotest were not significant.
- Published
- 2017
46. Analysis of the Normal and Frictional Force in a Towel Hanging Model.
- Author
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Yamamoto, Izumi and Imaoka, Haruki
- Abstract
When a towel is hanged on a fixed cylinder, an unbalanced position is held by the mechanics of a friction. The authors investigate the mechanical model, namely a towel hanging model, in which a friction plays an essential role. The model is a generalized model of the Euler's belt model with respect to the existence of a weight. The generalized differential equation was solvable, and the result was used to calculate resultant forces such as a total normal force, a total frictional force, a resultant force of a front part and a resultant force of a back part. The results were shown in comparison with those of the Euler's theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
47. Method for measuring transient friction coefficients for rubber wiper blades on glass surface
- Author
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Fujii, Yusaku
- Subjects
- *
TRIBOLOGY , *FRICTION , *MASS (Physics) , *BEARINGS (Machinery) - Abstract
Abstract: A method for measuring the coefficient of friction between sliding solid bodies has been developed. In the proposed method, both frictional and normal forces are measured as inertial forces acting on masses. Two pneumatic linear bearings, one placed horizontally and the other vertically, are used to realize a linear motion with a sufficiently small friction acting on the masses, i.e., the moving parts of the linear bearings. The inertial force acting on each mass is calculated from the velocity of the mass; this velocity is determined with a high accuracy by measuring the Doppler shift frequency of a laser light beam that is reflected off the mass using an optical interferometer. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by measuring the coefficient of friction between a car wiper blade and a glass surface. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2008
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48. Friction and scale-dependent deformation processes of large experimental carbonate faults
- Author
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Amir Sagy, Cristiano Collettini, Marco M. Scuderi, Telemaco Tesei, Brett M. Carpenter, Piergiorgio Scarlato, and Carolina Giorgetti
- Subjects
Carbonate ,Deformation ,Fault ,Friction ,Nanoparticle ,Scale ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Physics::Fluid Dynamics ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Geotechnical engineering ,Shear velocity ,Coefficient of friction ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Shearing (physics) ,Faults ,Normal force ,Geology ,Mechanics ,Friction, Faults, Laboratory Experiments ,Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter ,Laboratory Experiments ,chemistry ,Scale dependent ,Direct shear test - Abstract
We studied the frictional behaviour and deformation products of large (20 cm × 20 cm bare surfaces) experimental limestone faults. We sheared samples in a direct shear configuration, with an imposed normal force of 40–200 kN and shear velocity of 10 μm/s. The steady-state shearing of these surfaces yielded a coefficient of friction 0.7
- Published
- 2017
49. In vitro evaluation of the influence of velocity on sliding resistance of stainless steel arch wires in a self-ligating orthodontic bracket
- Author
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Stefano Bonetti, Fabio Savoldi, Domenico Dalessandri, Jukka Pekka Matinlinna, James K.H. Tsoi, Corrado Paganelli, and Luca Visconti
- Subjects
Dental Stress Analysis ,Materials science ,Friction ,Orthodontic Brackets ,Quantitative Evaluations ,Dentistry ,self-ligating ,Orthodontics ,02 engineering and technology ,In Vitro Techniques ,in vitro model ,orthodontic friction ,orthodontic tooth movement ,orthodontics ,resistance to sliding ,Surgery ,Oral Surgery ,Otorhinolaryngology ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,03 medical and health sciences ,Arch wires ,0302 clinical medicine ,Materials Testing ,Orthodontic Wires ,Orthodontic Appliance Design ,Composite material ,Clinical scenario ,Orthodontic Friction ,Normal force ,business.industry ,Bracket ,030206 dentistry ,Stainless Steel ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Orthodontic brackets ,Nickel titanium ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
Structured AbstractIntroduction Of the variables used by in vitro studies of resistance to sliding (RS) in orthodontics, sliding velocity (SV) of the wire is often the one farthest from its clinical counterpart. We investigated whether velocity influences the RS at values approximating the orthodontic movement. Methods A SS self-ligating bracket with a NiTi clip was fixed onto a custom-made model. Different shaped orthodontic SS wires of four sizes and two types (round, 0.020″ and 0.022″; rectangular, 0.016″×0.022″ and 0.017″×0.025″) were tested using an Instron® testing machine. Wires were pulled at four velocities (1×10−2 mm/s, 1×10−3 mm/s, 1×10−4 mm/s, 1×10−5 mm/s). Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the normal distribution of the data; two-way ANOVA was performed to compare means in the RS with wire characteristics and SV. Significance level was set at P
- Published
- 2017
50. Vibration Control to Avoid Stick-Slip Motion.
- Author
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Popp, Karl and Rudolph, Martin
- Subjects
- *
DYNAMICS , *ANALYTICAL mechanics , *VIBRATION (Mechanics) , *FORCE & energy , *BEARINGS (Machinery) , *FRICTION - Abstract
Friction-induced self-sustained oscillations result in a very robust limit cycle that characterizes stick-slip motion. This type of motion should be avoided under any circumstances because it creates noise, wear, and damage. In this paper we show, by simple models, how stick-slip motion can be avoided. Effective methods are: (i) appropriate increase of internal damping that compensates the negative damping induced by a friction characteristic, which decreases with increasing sliding speed; (ii) external excitation that breaks up the limit cycle (however, this often leads to chaotic motion); (iii) passive vibration control by fluctuating normal forces. The last mentioned mechanism is new and will be investigated in detail. The stick-slip oscillator is extended by an additional degree of freedom, which couples the slipping motion to the normal force. The dynamic behavior of the system has been worked out by analytical investigations and numerical integration. Scanning a broad range of values, parameters of the additional system, called the dynamic vibration absorber, have been found that prevent stick-slip and minimize the amplitude of the residual limit cycle. For this task the evaluation of the system behavior has been achieved by observing its energy content. The feasibility of the proposed dynamic vibration absorber is demonstrated by an experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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