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One of the challenges posed by renewable energies is the stabilization of parameters related to the quality of electrical energy. This study demonstrates the existence of a relationship between input blocks of hydropower and the variation of the fundamental frequency of the electricity grid. By mapping production data provided by the Spanish Electric Network with frequency measured in the laboratory, it is shown that gradients of hydropower are correlated with frequency fluctuations for certain characteristic times. Considering hourly instances of energy input, the study compares two methods for calculating hydropower gradients (linear regression and pseudo-linear regression) and two methods for calculating local frequency extrema (the "specular inertia" method and analysis by comparison with the moving average) in order to corroborate the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a measurement solution designed to monitor the instantaneous frequency in power systems. It uses a data acquisition module and a GPS receiver for time stamping and traceability. A Python-based module receives data, computes the frequency, and finally transfers the measurement results to a database. The frequency is calculated with two different methods, which are compared in the article. The stored data is visualized using the Grafana platform, thus demonstrating its potential for comparing scientific data. The system as a whole constitutes an efficient, low-cost solution as a data acquisition system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interconnected modern smart grid has resulted in several new power quality (PQ) disturbances that affect the frequency stability requirements in industrial power systems. Ranging between 50 ± 0. 1 Hz for interconnected networks, and even within the European synchronous area, the frequency fluctuates mainly because of the primary control. In fact, owing to the development of distributed resources (e.g. renewable energies), not all generation units are accessible, and are controllable in a few network nodes. This variability, even between nearby locations, triggers the need for a specific measurement strategies, based on an absolute reference and also conceived for monitoring PQ disturbances. This work proposes an easy-to-implement GPS-traceable method that allows the measurement of frequency with better accuracy than that required by the current regulation for interconnected networks. This work explains the measurement methodology, characterising the uncertainty by using ISO JCGM 100. For the purpose of testing and validation, three experiments were conducted: computer-designed, instrument-triggered lab disturbances, and a comparison vs. PMU performance, using real-life signals. The results showed that these experiments offered better performance with improved uncertainty. [Display omitted] • Joint characterization of accuracy and frequency stability. • GPS-referenced reliability monitoring of bulk system and power delivery. • Measurement procedure, UTC synchronized and with accuracy up to 100 ppm. • Alternative to PMUs for measuring the frequency in accordance with the (IEC). • Method without DAQ-board using zero-crossing and GPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]