103 results on '"Unitized cargo systems"'
Search Results
2. Analysis of the Effectiveness of a Freight Transport Vehicle at High Speed in a Vacuum Tube (Hyperloop Transport System).
- Author
-
Pellicer, David S. and Larrodé, Emilio
- Subjects
- *
FREIGHT & freightage , *VACUUM tubes , *TRANSPORT vehicles , *HYPERLOOP , *UNITIZED cargo systems , *SHIPPING containers - Abstract
This paper shows the development of a numerical analysis model, which enables the calculation of the cargo transport capacity of a vehicle that circulates through a vacuum tube at high speed, whose effectiveness in transport is analyzed. The simulated transportation system is based on vehicles moving in vacuum tubes at high speed, a concept commonly known as Hyperloop, but assuming the vehicles for cargo containers. For the specific vehicle proposed, which does not include a compressor and levitates on magnets, the system formed by the vehicle and the vacuum tube has been conceptually developed, establishing the corresponding mathematical relationships that define its behavior. To properly model the performance of this transport system, it has been necessary to establish the relationships between the design variables and the associated constraints, such as the Kantrowitz limit, aerodynamics, transport, energy consumption, etc. Once the model was built and validated, it was used to analyze the effects of the variation of the number of containers, the operating speed and the tube length, considering the total and specific consumption of energy. After finding the most efficient configuration regarding energy consumption and transport effectiveness, the complete system was calculated. The results obtained constitute a first approximation for the predesign of this transport system and the built model allows different alternatives to be compared according to the design variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Image Processing Method for Cargo Container Identification in a Stack Within the Cargo Temperature Control and Fire Safety System on Container Ships.
- Author
-
Konon, Vladyslav
- Subjects
- *
UNITIZED cargo systems , *TEMPERATURE control , *IMAGE processing , *FIRE prevention , *FREIGHT & freightage , *SHIPPING containers , *CONTAINER ships - Abstract
The current research is focused on the identification of cargo containers in a stack from their images in the infrared and visible spectra, in order to locate the container-origin of ignition within the cargo temperature control and fire safety system. The relevance of the topic is reinforced by the functional requirements for shipboard safety, which are embodied in Chapter II-2 of the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention, and demanded by the necessity of enhancing safety measures during cargo transportation by the world container fleet. The thermal imager's field of view (FOV) and the coordinate dependencies between the object and its image have been studied and modelled, and an algorithm for fire detection has been defined within the scope of the current research in connection with the containers within the camera's FOV. A corresponding verification has been carried out by means of simulation modelling using the Unity and C# programming language capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Towards a Reference Architecture for Cargo Ports.
- Author
-
Romero, Virginia M. and Fernandez, Eduardo B.
- Subjects
FREIGHT & freightage ,UNITIZED cargo systems ,INFORMATION technology ,CYBER physical systems ,SHIPPING containers ,CONTAINER terminals ,INTERNET of things ,NAVAL architecture - Abstract
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are physical systems whose operations are coordinated, monitored, and controlled by computing and communication functions. These systems are typically heterogeneous, including Internet of Things and information technology subsystems, and can present a myriad of implementation details, making them very complex systems. An important type of CPS is a maritime container terminal (cargo port), which is a facility where cargo containers are transported between ships and land vehicles for onward transportation and vice versa. A cargo port performs four basic functions: receiving, storing, staging, and loading for both import and export containers. We present here process patterns that describe the functional aspects of cargo ports and a pattern that describes their structural properties (patterns are encapsulated solutions to recurrent problems). These patterns describe semantic aspects found in any cargo port and can be adapted to describe other CPSs. We decompose these process patterns into use cases that describe their interactions with the system. We then integrate the process patterns with structural patterns to assemble a partial reference architecture (RA) that shows the interactions of all the patterns while also indicating the typical stakeholders found in all ports. We validate the proposed reference architecture, highlighting its theoretical and practical value. Software and system designers of cargo ports need to start from a conceptual and abstract view that is subsequently refined to add more details. The use of reference architectures and patterns is an effective way to organize and describe the functional and non-functional aspects of a system, as well as to unify the design of all its aspects. This is, until now, the only published RA for cargo ports, and it can be a useful guideline for the designers of any type of cargo port. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Review of the Container Ship Loading Model – Cause Analysis of Cargo Damage and/or Loss.
- Author
-
Kaup, Magdalena, Łozowicka, Dorota, Baszak, Karolina, Ślączka, Wojciech, and Kalbarczyk-Jedynak, Agnieszka
- Subjects
- *
SHIP models , *SHIPPING containers , *FREIGHT & freightage , *CONTAINER ships , *UNITIZED cargo systems , *MARINE accidents - Abstract
As the maritime transport of containers continues to grow and container ships change in terms of design and construction, it is important to ensure the appropriate level of safety for this type of transport. Over the decades, the size and cargo capacity of container ships have been changing, and so have their manoeuvring restrictions and required stability criteria. It seems that changes in the regulations, technological development and increased stability requirements are not yielding satisfactory results – the causes of container ship accidents continue to show similar patterns. The present article refers to the problem of ensuring safety in sea container transport, with a particular focus on cargo processes. Its purpose is to determine cause-and-effect relations leading to the loss of containers at sea, and to develop a model of loading that could significantly raise the level of safety of container transport. The article provides a general description of threats to ships related to weather conditions, loading methods or stability limitations. A statistical analysis of the occurrence of damage and/or loss of cargo from container ships was carried out and the risk of cargo loss was assessed on the basis of data from 2015‒2019. A Pareto diagram was used for this purpose. The authors present the concept of the container ship loading model, which may contribute to increasing the safety of shipping in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Bremen’s Neustadt port aggressively pushes breakbulk cargo traffic.
- Author
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Mehta, Manik
- Subjects
FREIGHT & freightage ,HAZARDOUS substances ,TRANSSHIPMENT ,UNITIZED cargo systems ,SHIPPING containers - Published
- 2023
7. Partnerships enable revitalization: California ports paving the way for post-pandemic trade recovery.
- Author
-
Lewis, Chris
- Subjects
MARITIME shipping ,CARGO handling ,UNITIZED cargo systems ,FREIGHT & freightage ,CARGO handling equipment ,REVERSE logistics - Abstract
The article discusses ports of California blazing the trail for post-pandemic imports and exports. Topics discussed including port employees working with ocean carriers to help maximize their outbound capacity, extension of trade corridor from the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach to Sacramento by 2027, and owner-operators and fleet owners will be able to utilize their existing trucks.
- Published
- 2022
8. Adani Ports Tops Global Peers in Market Value as Cargoes Surge.
- Author
-
Malhotra, Khushi
- Subjects
MARKET value ,FREIGHT & freightage ,EXPORT marketing ,BILLIONAIRES ,HIGH speed trains ,UNITIZED cargo systems - Abstract
Adani Ports & Special Economic Zone Ltd., owned by billionaire Gautam Adani, has become the world's largest transport operations and services provider by market value due to high cargo volumes. Its market capitalization has reached $37 billion, surpassing Beijing-Shanghai High Speed Railway Co. The company's strong performance and entry into India's benchmark S&P BSE Sensex Index are expected to drive further growth. Adani Ports handled a significant portion of India's total cargo and container cargoes, with volumes increasing by 24% from the previous year. The company's recent acquisitions and strong balance sheet indicate potential for future expansion. However, there are risks following India's election, including uncertain earnings growth and regulatory scrutiny. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
9. PANORAMA DA MOVIMENTAÇÃO DE CARGAS MARÍTIMAS.
- Author
-
FUNCHAL, MARCIO
- Subjects
UNITIZED cargo systems ,SHIPPING containers ,FREIGHT & freightage ,INTERNATIONAL markets ,PANORAMAS - Abstract
Copyright of O Papel is the property of Associacao Brasileira Tecnica de Celulose e Papel and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
10. The container loading problem with cargo stability: a study on support factors, mechanical equilibrium and grids.
- Author
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Oliveira, Liliane de Azevedo, de Lima, Vinícius Loti, de Queiroz, Thiago Alves, and Miyazawa, Flávio Keidi
- Subjects
- *
STATIC equilibrium (Physics) , *FREIGHT & freightage , *UNITIZED cargo systems , *INTEGER programming , *SHIPPING containers , *CARGO handling , *TOLLS - Abstract
Approaches based on mechanical equilibrium are described for handling cargo stability in the container loading problem. This problem is expressed as an integer programming model and solved with a branch-and-cut algorithm. Cutting planes are added to avoid generating unstable packings. Three grids of points are used to pack items, and then their weakness and advantages, when combined with the cargo stability, are discussed. Computational results on 180 instances from the literature show that the support factor underestimates the solution, as the proposed approaches allowed stable packings with a higher volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Fundamental limitations of dual energy X-ray scanners for cargo content atomic number discrimination.
- Author
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Lalor, Peter and Danagoulian, Areg
- Subjects
- *
BREMSSTRAHLUNG , *ATOMIC number , *UNITIZED cargo systems , *FREIGHT & freightage , *MONTE Carlo method , *PAIR production , *SCANNING systems - Abstract
To combat the risk of nuclear smuggling, radiography systems are deployed at ports to scan cargo containers for concealed illicit materials. Dual energy radiography systems enable a rough elemental analysis of cargo containers due to the Z -dependence of photon attenuation, allowing for improved material detection. This work studies the capabilities for atomic number discrimination using dual energy MeV systems by considering dual energy { 6 , 4 } MeV , { 10 , 6 } MeV , and { 10 , 4 } MeV bremsstrahlung beams. Results of this analysis show that two different pure materials can sometimes produce identical transparency measurements, leading to a fundamental ambiguity when differentiating between materials of different atomic numbers. Previous literature has observed this property, but the extent of the limitation is poorly understood and the cause of the degeneracy is generally inadequately explained. This non-uniqueness property stems from competition between photoelectric absorption and pair production and is present even in systems with perfect resolution and zero statistical noise. These findings are validated through Monte Carlo transparency simulations. Results of this study show that currently deployed commercial radiographic systems are fundamentally incapable of distinguishing between high- Z nuclear materials and miscellaneous mid- Z cargo contents. • Dual energy cargo scanners are incapable of uniquely characterizing high-Z materials. • This stems from competition between photoelectric absorption and pair production. • Even systems with perfect statistical resolution cannot resolve this degeneracy. • Results are validated through Monte Carlo simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Vehicle's components damage potentials of liquid cargo.
- Author
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Romero Navarrete, José A and Otremba, Frank
- Subjects
FREIGHT & freightage ,UNITIZED cargo systems ,LATERAL loads ,MOTOR vehicle springs & suspension ,ENERGY consumption ,CARGO handling - Abstract
The failure of vehicle's suspension components has contributed to road crashes, while their defective operation can deteriorate the fuel efficiency of the vehicles. In this context, and when compared with solid cargo transporters, the road tankers would tend to produce larger roll forces during turning, as the curved shape of the liquid cargo container, shifts upwards the centre of gravity of the cargo. With reference to a rectangular cargo container representing the solid cargo situation, the increase in the position due to elliptical and circular tank shapes, can attain a value of 17% (100% fill, circular tank). In this study, experimental results comparing the lateral load transfer due to solid and liquid cargoes, indicate that the average force increase on the vehicle's load-receiver side due to a liquid cargo, is 4.3%. To analyse the full-scale situation of both situations, that is, the higher position of the centre of gravity and the shifting of the liquid cargo, a simplified model is developed. The outputs from such a model when subjected to realistic operating conditions (speed and turning radius), suggest that the higher position of the centre of gravity due to using a non-rectangular cargo container generates an average force increase of 4.9% on the side receiving the load transfer. The incorporation of the effect of the liquid cargo, through the simple pendulum analogy, suggests that such an average increases to 6.76%, with a maximum of 8.35% in the case of the elliptical tank at 75% fill level. It is found that the average liquid cargo effect is 5.44%, which should be compared with the 4.3% of the experiments. Road tankers components would thus have a relatively shorter load cycle life than those of the solid cargo trucks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Baltimore Ship Accident Has East Coast Ports Scrambling to Absorb Cargo.
- Author
-
Murray, Brendan
- Subjects
FREIGHT & freightage ,MARINE accidents ,SHIPPING rates ,UNITIZED cargo systems ,CARGO ships ,PROTECTIONISM - Abstract
US East Coast ports are making adjustments to handle cargo redirected from Baltimore harbor following a bridge collapse. The Port of Virginia is opening an hour earlier to accommodate more truckers, while the Port of New York and New Jersey is working to allow quick access for transport companies. A major railroad is also expanding its services. While the immediate impact on containerized trade can be absorbed, the long-term effects will be more severe due to the importance of the bridge as a feeder into the port. The closure of Baltimore's port will have a local economic impact and highlights the need for more resilience and self-sufficiency in supply chains. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
14. Forwarder thinking: DP World shuns asset-light model in rapid expansion of forwarding unit.
- Author
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Knowler, Greg
- Subjects
DELIVERY of goods ,FREIGHT & freightage ,FREIGHT forwarders ,AIR freight ,UNITIZED cargo systems - Abstract
The article focuses on Dubai Ports (DP) World's departure from the traditional asset-light approach by significantly expanding its end-to-end logistics capability, integrating infrastructure ownership into its forwarding product. Topics discussed include DP World's rapid expansion of forwarding branches worldwide, investments made by other port operators to control cargo beyond container terminal areas, and the shift towards greater control and resilience in supply chains.
- Published
- 2024
15. Cost analysis of bulk cargo containerization.
- Author
-
Matsuda, Takuma, Hanaoka, Shinya, and Kawasaki, Tomoya
- Subjects
- *
CONTAINERIZATION , *UNITIZED cargo systems , *FREIGHT & freightage , *SHIPPING containers , *COST analysis - Abstract
Bulk cargo containerization (BCC) involves changes in the transportation mode of container shipping for cargo that uses bulk carriers without packing. This topic has recently attracted considerable attention as an alternative transportation method for container cargo. BCC is advantageous because it can address imbalances in the amount of cargo conveyed between the main and back hauls, thereby improving efficiency. A previous survey among companies involved in cargo shipping revealed that in addition to ocean freight, vanning and devanning, and customs clearance costs, consignees' decisions were the key factor in selecting transport modes. The present study aims to clarify the cost competitiveness of container shipping and identify cost reductions that may increase the use of BCC. To quantitatively check the results of the survey employed in this study, we constructed a model based on consignees' and container shipping companies' costs to determine the choice of transport mode for back-haul trade, then examined the incentives for consignees and shipping companies. We found that BCC can be realized by cost reduction on the part of the consignee and profit improvement on the part of the container shipping company for some routes and goods. Although reducing the freight rate would effectively promote BCC, reducing other costs would not have the same effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Stabilization of External Loads in High-Speed Flight Using an Active Cargo Hook.
- Author
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Enciu, Jacob, Singh, Ajay, and Horn, Joseph F.
- Subjects
- *
HIGH-speed aeronautics , *FREIGHT & freightage , *UNITIZED cargo systems , *LIMIT cycles , *WIND tunnels - Abstract
The use of an active cargo hook for stabilizing external loads during high-speed flight is demonstrated in simulation. A CONEX cargo container with two rear-mounted stabilization fins is used as the subject load. Significant nonlinearities in the dynamics of the external load result in multiple equilibria and limit cycle oscillations. A full-state feedback linear quadratic controller is developed assuming an isolated load in a wind tunnel model and shown to be successful in stabilizing the originally unstable load at a target airspeed of 100 kt. The design is then completed to cover the target carriage envelope from hover to high-speed flight. Simulations of a coupled system incorporating a UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter with an actuated cargo hook and the external load show that the controller is successful in providing system stability throughout the target flight speed envelope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Yield Management by Reconstruction of Cargo Contribution for Container Shipping.
- Author
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Lin, Yisong, Wang, Xuefeng, and Jin, Jian Gang
- Subjects
- *
UNITIZED cargo systems , *REVENUE management , *MARITIME shipping , *SHIPPING containers , *FREIGHT & freightage , *SHIP models - Abstract
This study provides a cargo contribution yield management model to solve the ship capacity control problem for the container liner shipping industry. We propose a new objective to optimize cargo contribution to replace the focus on total revenue or average revenue in the current research. We reflect the special characteristics of yield management in container liner shipping, and all cost items were identified and calculated to develop a new cargo contribution evaluating system. We propose a mathematical model for service route segments' allocation distribution based on cargo contribution. We use a genetic algorithm to solve the model further with comparative analysis with actual practice. The study cultivates new ground in the current literature with a wide range of innovative applications at a practical level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. CARGO MOVEMENT.
- Author
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Hoo, Lawrence and Taylor, Prince
- Subjects
- *
FREIGHT & freightage , *POETRY collections , *SHIPPING containers , *UNITIZED cargo systems - Published
- 2022
19. Comparison of Dual-Energy, Z-SCAN, and Z-SPEC Material Separation Techniques for High-Energy X-Ray Cargo Inspection.
- Author
-
Langeveld, Willem G. J.
- Subjects
- *
MASS attenuation coefficients , *WAVE analysis , *FREIGHT & freightage , *UNITIZED cargo systems , *RADARSAT satellites , *HEART beat , *NANOCARRIERS , *X-rays - Abstract
The most widely used technology for non-intrusive active inspection of cargo containers and trucks is x-ray radiography at high energies (4-9 MeV). Techniques such as dual-energy imaging, spectroscopy (Z-SPEC), and statistical waveform analysis (Z-SCAN) can be used to extract the effective atomic number Z of the cargo material from the x-ray transmission data because the mass attenuation coefficient depends on energy as well as Z. Knowledge of Z in turn leads to improved detection capability of contraband and threats, including special nuclear materials (SNM) and shielding. Dual-energy imaging is the method currently used in commercially available cargo scanners. Z-SPEC and Z-SCAN have both been demonstrated in prototype systems. The relative merits of these three methods have, however, not been evaluated in the past. Here, we employ an idealized model to compare these techniques in principle. In the process, we derive a slight modification of the Z-SPEC method which turns out to be usable at higher transmission, and which appears to improve on the Z-SCAN method. We find that dual-energy imaging is especially effective with high x-ray dose rate, and thus is preferred at high cargo transmission. The modified Z-SPEC technique, however, performs better than dual-energy at low transmission, and has the highest material separation capability overall when an intensity-modulated x-ray source is used. Z-SPEC and Z-SCAN perform even better with a high duty factor source and/or fast detectors. We show results for a number of different x-ray source dose rates, x-ray source energies, and x-ray pulse rates, with and without the use of an intensity-modulated x-ray source, and discuss some implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Refrigerated cargoes expected to continue growth into 2022.
- Author
-
Buxbaum, Peter
- Subjects
SHIPPING rates ,FREIGHT & freightage ,COLD storage warehouses ,FREIGHT & freightage rates ,UNITIZED cargo systems ,PINEAPPLE ,NUTS - Published
- 2021
21. Remotely controlled opening of delivery vehicles and release of cargo by external triggers.
- Author
-
Zhu, Dingcheng, Roy, Sathi, Liu, Ziyao, Weller, Horst, Parak, Wolfgang J., and Feliu, Neus
- Subjects
- *
UNITIZED cargo systems , *FREIGHT & freightage , *REAL-time control , *DELIVERY of goods , *CONTROLLED drugs - Abstract
Abstract Tremendous efforts have been devoted to the development of future nanomedicines that can be specifically designed to incorporate responsive elements that undergo modification in structural properties upon external triggers. One potential use of such stimuli-responsive materials is to release encapsulated cargo upon excitation by an external trigger. Today, such stimuli-response materials allow for spatial and temporal tunability, which enables the controlled delivery of compounds in a specific and dose-dependent manner. This potentially is of great interest for medicine (e.g. allowing for remotely controlled drug delivery to cells, etc.). Among the different external exogenous and endogenous stimuli used to control the desired release, light and magnetic fields offer interesting possibilities, allowing defined, real time control of intracellular releases. In this review we highlight the use of stimuli-responsive controlled release systems that are able to respond to light and magnetic field triggers for controlling the release of encapsulated cargo inside cells. We discuss established approaches and technologies and describe prominent examples. Special attention is devoted towards polymer capsules and polymer vesicles as containers for encapsulated cargo molecules. The advantages and disadvantages of this methodology in both, in vitro and in vivo models are discussed. An overview of challenges associate with the successful translation of those stimuli-responsive materials towards future applications in the direction of potential clinical use is given. Graphical abstract Release of encapsulated molecular cargo upon (external) triggers. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Fuzzy-AHP를 활용한 벌크화물 하역 안전요인 분석에 관한 연구 : 철재화물을 중심으로
- Author
-
김병화, 박성훈, 공정민, and 여기태
- Subjects
UNITIZED cargo systems ,SAFETY factor in engineering ,LOADING & unloading ,FREIGHT & freightage ,SAFETY education - Abstract
In this paper, we analyze accident factors that occur in the unloading of steel cargoes and try to derive priority of importance among factors. The Fuzzy-AHP, which enables hierarchical analysis through pairwise comparison of factors, is used to derive priorities of safety factors to consider when unloading steel cargo. In the top factor analysis results, weights were ranked in order of human factors, safety education, equipment and facilities, and business environment. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the improvement of the safety consciousness of the field workers and enterprises and to reduce the incidence of accidents in the unloading and unloading operations by deriving the relative importance between the factors. In the future, it is necessary to study the cargoes of other disasters such as container cargo as well as steel cargo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. A DEEP Q-LEARNING NETWORK FOR SHIP STOWAGE PLANNING PROBLEM.
- Author
-
Yifan Shen, Ning Zhao, Mengjue Xia, and Xueqiang Du
- Subjects
- *
CONTAINER terminals , *MARINE terminals , *UNITIZED cargo systems , *STOWAGE , *CARGO handling , *FREIGHT & freightage - Abstract
Ship stowage plan is the management connection of quae crane scheduling and yard crane scheduling. The quality of ship stowage plan affects the productivity greatly. Previous studies mainly focuses on solving stowage planning problem with online searching algorithm, efficiency of which is significantly affected by case size. In this study, a Deep Q-Learning Network (DQN) is proposed to solve ship stowage planning problem. With DQN, massive calculation and training is done in pre-training stage, while in application stage stowage plan can be made in seconds. To formulate network input, decision factors are analyzed to compose feature vector of stowage plan. States subject to constraints, available action and reward function of Q-value are designed. With these information and design, an 8-layer DQN is formulated with an evaluation function of mean square error is composed to learn stowage planning. At the end of this study, several production cases are solved with proposed DQN to validate the effectiveness and generalization ability. Result shows a good availability of DQN to solve ship stowage planning problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. A semiempirical transparency model for dual energy cargo radiography applications.
- Author
-
Lalor, Peter and Danagoulian, Areg
- Subjects
- *
MASS attenuation coefficients , *ATOMIC number , *SHIPPING containers , *RADIOGRAPHY , *FREIGHT & freightage , *UNITIZED cargo systems - Abstract
Cargo containers passing through ports are scanned by non-intrusive inspection systems to search for concealed illicit materials. By using two photon beams with different energy spectra, dual energy inspection systems are sensitive to both the area density and the atomic number of cargo contents. Most literature on the subject assumes a simple exponential attenuation model for photon intensity in which only free streaming photons are detected. However, this approximation neglects second order effects such as scattering, leading to a biased model and thus incorrect material predictions. This work studies the accuracy of the free streaming model by comparing it to simulation outputs, finding that the model shows poor atomic number reconstruction accuracy at high- Z and suffers significantly if the source energy spectra and detector response function are not known exactly. To address these challenges, this work introduces a semiempirical transparency model which modifies the free streaming model by rescaling different components of the mass attenuation coefficient, allowing the model to capture secondary effects ignored by the free streaming model. The semiempirical model displays improvement agreement with simulated results at high- Z and shows excellent extrapolation to materials and thicknesses which were not included during the calibration step. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that the semiempirical model yields accurate atomic number predictions even when the source spectra and detector response are not known exactly. Using the semiempirical model, manufacturers can perform a simple calibration to enable more precise Z reconstruction capabilities, which has the potential to significantly improve the performance of existing dual energy radiographic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Great Lake's ports work on building cargo diversity: Project cargo's growing diversification role.
- Author
-
Ryan, Leo
- Subjects
FREIGHT & freightage ,HARBORS ,UNITIZED cargo systems ,LAKES ,CARGO handling ,OFFSHORE wind power plants ,STRUCTURAL steel ,WAREHOUSES - Published
- 2020
26. Gujarat Pipavav Port spurts on handling 199 thousand TEUs Containers Cargo in Q1FY24.
- Subjects
SHIPPING containers ,UNITIZED cargo systems ,FREIGHT & freightage - Abstract
The company has also handled Dry Bulk Cargo of 0.67 million million tones [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
27. Gujarat Pipavav Port handles 199 thousand TEUs Containers Cargo in Q1FY24.
- Subjects
SHIPPING containers ,UNITIZED cargo systems ,FREIGHT & freightage - Abstract
The company has also handled Dry Bulk Cargo of 0.67 million million tones [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
28. Gujarat Pipavav Port trades higher on handling 199 thousand TEUs Containers Cargo in Q4FY23.
- Subjects
SHIPPING containers ,UNITIZED cargo systems ,FREIGHT & freightage - Abstract
The company has also handled Dry Bulk Cargo of 0.69 million tones [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
29. Supply Chain Chokeholds & Cargo Contamination Liability.
- Author
-
Nolan, Christopher R.
- Subjects
- *
SUPPLY chains , *FREIGHT & freightage , *CARGO handling , *MARITIME piracy , *UNITIZED cargo systems , *SHIPPING containers - Abstract
The cargo interest may well have insurance to fill the gap between invoice value and COGSA recovery. Earlier this year, an ocean cargo container carrier issued a bill of lading for a refrigerated container containing 966 cases of frozen high-end seafood (the Cargo). The following terms of the bill of lading will be relevant to your analysis: The face of the bill of lading: "No. of Pkgs -- 966", then under "Description of Goods" on the same line: "Cases.". [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2022
30. Cargo drones edge closer to lift-off.
- Subjects
FREIGHT & freightage ,UNITIZED cargo systems ,HAZARDOUS substances ,MEDICAL supplies - Abstract
BRIEFING For the past five years, we've been waiting patiently for cargo drones to take off in Britain. What might a safe cargo drone container actually look like?. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2022
31. An 'exciting' market: High and heavy cargoes driving European ro/ro volume growth.
- Author
-
Wallis, Keith
- Subjects
FREIGHT & freightage ,UNITIZED cargo systems - Abstract
The article explores how high and heavy cargoes has been driving European roll on/roll off (ro/ro) carriers and ports volume growth. It mentions that shipping industry has faced delays at European ports due to Covid-19 pandemic related congestion and labor issues. It discusses that challenges associated with equipment shortages, high freight rates and historic port congestion.
- Published
- 2021
32. Supply chain relief on horizon for importers, exporters: Transpacific shipping demand down, cargo congestion easing at West Coast ports.
- Author
-
RENSHAW, TIMOTHY
- Subjects
SUPPLY chains ,FREIGHT & freightage ,SHIPPING rates ,UNITIZED cargo systems ,FREIGHT & freightage rates ,SHIPPING companies - Abstract
The article reports that retailers and businesses that depend on transpacific imports and exports can be swapping loses for wins in the supply chain waiting game. Topics include container shipping rates and container cargo bottlenecks dropping, along with pandemic-induced maritime goods movement backlogs and dysfunction; and cargo container to leave its port of origin until it is unloaded at its destination terminal.
- Published
- 2022
33. Checkliste: zu den Vorabanmeldungsfristen ICS2.
- Subjects
AIR travel ,UNITIZED cargo systems ,SHIPPING containers ,FREIGHT & freightage ,INLAND navigation - Abstract
Copyright of Zoll.Export is the property of Forum Verlag Herkert GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
34. Cargo carriers grapple with the great digital divide: Cost, collaboration, complexity key challenges in digitizing marine freight movement.
- Author
-
RENSHAW, TIMOTHY
- Subjects
FREIGHT & freightage ,DIGITAL divide ,MARITIME shipping ,FREIGHT & freightage rates ,AIRLINE industry ,SHIPPING companies ,UNITIZED cargo systems ,INSURANCE companies - Published
- 2021
35. A Descriptive Framework for the Development and Operation of Liner Shipping Networks.
- Author
-
Venus Lun, Y. H., Lai, Kee‐Hung, and Cheng, T. C. Edwin
- Subjects
- *
SHIPPING companies , *CONTAINERIZATION , *FREIGHT & freightage , *UNITIZED cargo systems , *BUSINESS enterprises , *INDUSTRIAL management - Abstract
A liner shipping network is a form of collaboration in the liner shipping industry where players such as intermodal services providers, container management services providers and container terminal operators share resources and assets to develop mutually beneficial strategies and seek operational performance gains. This paper examines the liner shipping industry from the network perspective with a focus on developing a descriptive framework for the development and operations of liner shipping networks. To achieve this objective, we use case study research to establish a descriptive framework for the reference of liner shipping companies (LSCs) and their business partners to operate and manage their networks competently. To understand the participation of LSCs in liner shipping networks, we explore the driving forces that prompt LSCs to develop and operate their networks based on evidence from case studies of liner shipping services. This study provides a useful framework for LSCs and their business partners to compare different areas for cost and service improvements in operating liner shipping networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. MCNPX computational modeling applied to the potential dose rates calculation of cargo scanning.
- Author
-
Gomes, Renato G., Braga, Kelmo L., Mederios, Marcos P.C., Stenders, Ricardo M., Correa, Samanda C.A., Rebello, Wilson F., Silva, Ademir X., and R. Andrade, Edson
- Subjects
- *
FREIGHT & freightage , *UNITIZED cargo systems , *SHIPPING containers , *LINEAR accelerators , *RADIATION exposure , *TRUCK driving - Abstract
This study focusses on the risk of potential exposure to radiation for personnel driving a truck as well as illegal individuals being transported in cargo containers. Inspection facilities usually use a high energy linear accelerator (linac) in order to inspect the cargo. Since this type of equipment has associated health risks due to potential unwanted exposure, the occupational and public dose limits should be calculated in order to develop safer work conditions. This work used a computation model running the code MCNPX to simulate a typical cargo inspection facility which used a linac operating at 4.5 MeV. Two scenarios were considered: (1) exposure of the driver to the primary beam due to a potential failure of the safety sensors; and (2) dose received by an illegal individual being transported inside the cargo container. The results show a dose of 0.8514 mSv per scan for the driver exposed to the primary X-ray beam, and 0.1997 mSv per scan for an individual transported in the cargo box. In conclusion, both the individual and the driver received a dose below the acceptable limit considered safe for an individual (1 mSv/year). However, that was the value of one scan; in a case in which multiple scans would be performed, the dose limit can be quickly exceeded. In that case, the limit would be exceeded by the driver faster than by the individual in the cargo. • Focus on the risk of potential exposure to radiation for personnel driving a truck. • MCNPX computation model simulates a typical cargo inspection facility. • Results suggest that the system is safe even in an abnormal situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Case study analysis of the impacts of electronic commerce on the strategic management of container shipping companies.
- Author
-
Pe&ñaloza, Eladio, Brooks, Mary, and Marche, Sunny
- Subjects
- *
ELECTRONIC commerce , *SHIPPING companies , *UNITIZED cargo systems , *STRATEGIC planning , *MARINE service , *CARGO handling , *SHIPMENT of goods , *FREIGHT & freightage , *TRANSPORTATION industry - Abstract
Despite the prevalence of its use, very little is understood about the role of electronic commerce (EC) practice on the strategic management of container shipping companies. Four case studies were undertaken to assess the main uses, motivations, barriers and strategic relevance of EC in the container shipping industry between 1992 and 2002. The cases studies included one large, one medium and one small deep-sea container line, and one medium-sized feeder line. The research found that despite pressing technical and managerial barriers, the need to improve internal economies provided the most fertile grounds for EC use in 1992 and EC was seen as a tactical tool to achieve these goals. By 2002, customer-oriented motivations became critical to the increased relevance of EC and to its perception as a business necessity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Port dynamic empty container reuse
- Author
-
Jula, Hossein, Chassiakos, Anastasios, and Ioannou, Petros
- Subjects
- *
CONTAINERIZATION , *FREIGHT & freightage , *MARITIME shipping , *CONTAINER ships , *UNITIZED cargo systems - Abstract
Abstract: In this paper, empty container movements in the Los Angeles and Long Beach (LA/LB) port area are studied in an effort to reduce congestion by optimizing the empty container reuse. The dynamic empty container reuse is modeled analytically, and techniques are developed to optimize empty container operations. Several case studies based on current and projected demand in the LA/LB port area are used to evaluate the proposed techniques. Simulation results demonstrate that significant cost and congestion reductions can be achieved in the area, through reuse of empty containers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. The Caribbean basin: adjusting to global trends in containerization.
- Author
-
McCalla, Robert, Slack, Brian, and Comtois, Claude
- Subjects
- *
UNITIZED cargo systems , *CONTAINER terminals , *CARGO handling , *FREIGHT & freightage , *MARITIME shipping , *INTERNATIONAL trade - Abstract
Positioned strategically between major east–west and north–south trading routes, the Caribbean basin has become a locus of new service configurations in container shipping. Over the last decade global shipping lines have been restructuring their service networks in the region in order to integrate local services with the newly rationalized intercontinental connections. By comparing service network structures in 1994 and 2002 at three levels of organization—local, regional and global—we are able to show that although Caribbean ports are well connected to the global system, and while the total number of services has declined between the two years, those mounted by members of global alliances have increased. Moreover, services of the global carriers at the local and regional levels are on the increase. As much as the alliances are reshaping Caribbean networks, the smaller carriers are still playing a role, but at a reduced spatial scale. Parallel with the modifications to network configurations are the changes in the port system. Essentially, traffic of the most important ports in the north and western part of the basin has grown at slower rates than the ports in the south and east. These traffic changes are only partly related to network changes. It is the growth of transshipments that is driving the most important developments in port traffic and bringing to the forefront the development of hub ports. The most important are: Colon, Panama (southwest), Freeport, Bahamas (north), Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago (southeast), Kingston, Jamaica and Rio Haina, Dominican Republic (middle), and Cartagena, Colombia and Puerto Cabello, Venezuela (south). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Multipurpose vessels: a comeback in 2021? With container vessels stuffed to capacity, breakbulk cargoes are returning to breakbulk carriers.
- Author
-
Buxbaum, Peter
- Subjects
FREIGHT & freightage ,FREIGHT & freightage rates ,UNITIZED cargo systems ,COVID-19 pandemic ,FACTORY design & construction - Abstract
The other effect of the container squeeze is that general container cargo is now being carried on AAL multipurpose vessels. With container vessels stuffed to capacity, breakbulk cargoes are returning to breakbulk carriers. AAL's multipurpose ships can be reconfigured to carry bulk commodities with the use of retractable tween decks that split the cargo hold and allow the ship to carry different cargoes on different levels, including bulk cargo beneath the tween decks. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2021
41. Ship Philly First collaboratively touts Philadelphia's sea and air advantages.
- Author
-
Abbott, Paul Scott
- Subjects
SHIPS ,UNITIZED cargo systems ,CACAO beans ,FREIGHT & freightage ,FREIGHT forwarders ,STORAGE facilities ,DRAYAGE - Published
- 2021
42. Recovery Operation Of TransAir Flight 810 Raises Wreckage And Cargo.
- Author
-
Phelps, Mark
- Subjects
FREIGHT & freightage ,FLIGHT recorders ,UNITIZED cargo systems ,AIR freight ,SHIPPING containers - Abstract
According to the NTSB, "In the months following the accident, TransAir's insurance provider contracted with several companies to recover the wreckage and cargo." PHOTO (COLOR): Photo: NTSB The National Transportation Board (NTSB) announced on Tuesday (Nov. 2) that an insurance-funded recovery operation has successfully retrieved both flight recorders, all major components of the first-generation Boeing 737-200 freighter operated as TransAir Flight 810 and its cargo. "The recovery of the recorders and virtually the entire airplane represents a major step forward in the investigation", said NTSB Chair Jennifer L. Homendy in a statement. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2021
43. Port of Los Angeles to operate 24/7 to unclog shipping.
- Author
-
England, Robert
- Subjects
UNITIZED cargo systems ,SHIPPING containers ,SHIPMENT of goods ,LOADING & unloading ,FREIGHT & freightage - Abstract
The Port of Los Angeles plans to operate around the clock seven days a week to address a growing backlog of shipments waiting in cargo containers anchored offshore to be unloaded at the port. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
44. The Box Is King.
- Author
-
Caryl, Christian
- Subjects
SHIPMENT of goods ,FREIGHT & freightage ,UNITIZED cargo systems ,HARBOR security ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation ,SECURITY systems - Abstract
The article looks at how the shipping container has revolutionized commerce. Economist Marc Levinson states that shipping containers made globalization possible. The article also discusses smuggling in shipping containers, the U.S. President George W. Bush administration's Container Security Initiative, American trucking magnate Malcolm McLean, Dubai Ports World, container tracking technology, and fears of terrorist attacks on ports.
- Published
- 2006
45. Mathematical Model for Cargo Allocation Problem in Synchromodal Transportation.
- Author
-
Batarlienė, Nijolė, Šakalys, Raimondas, and García Guirao, Juan Luis
- Subjects
- *
TRAIN schedules , *FREIGHT & freightage , *UNITIZED cargo systems , *MATHEMATICAL models , *SHIPPING containers , *CHOICE of transportation - Abstract
Synchromodality is a freight transport process in which information is exchanged expeditiously in order to maximize the benefits of different modes of transport and transport nodes in terms of efficiency and environmental impact. The aim of the study is to analyze the problems of synchronized intermodal traffic management between the main port and inland transport nodes in European transport corridors and to find reliable solutions to these problems. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to investigate the problem of the distribution of containers transported by rail between two transport terminals in a synchronous transport network. A specific optimization model is presented in this article. This optimization task is formulated as a stochastic integer programming model between the terminals located in Vilnius and Klaipeda Seaport, the essence of which is as follows: (a) to minimize the waiting time for container cargo at the location—terminal No. 1; (b) to minimize the total journey time of the train; (c) to minimize the waiting time for containerized cargo at the point of arrival—terminal No. 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Change in Lunch Breaks at 2 Southern California Ports Creating Cargo Delays.
- Author
-
BELGUM, DEBORAH
- Subjects
FREIGHT & freightage ,MARITIME shipping ,UNITIZED cargo systems ,SHIPPING rates ,SHIPPING containers - Published
- 2023
47. Port of Oakland Reopens as Trucker Blockade Ends.
- Author
-
Matsuda, Akiko
- Subjects
- *
FREIGHT & freightage , *TRUCK drivers , *INDEPENDENT truck drivers , *UNITIZED cargo systems , *TRUCKING - Published
- 2022
48. Record Cargo Flow to West Coast Port Offers Oil Market Lifeline.
- Author
-
Bair, Jeffrey
- Subjects
FREIGHT & freightage ,PETROLEUM shipping terminals ,TRANSPORTATION departments ,TRUCKING ,UNITIZED cargo systems - Abstract
(Bloomberg) -- Containers are arriving on the West Coast at unprecedented rates, providing support to a key pocket of the oil industry. Dockworkers at the West Coast port of Long Beach processed a record number of cargo containers last month: more than 800,000, a first in the terminal's 109-year history, according to data from the port. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2020
49. Surprise Cargo Surge Could Surpass Last Year's Holiday Period.
- Author
-
Weiss, Richard and Jasper, Christopher
- Subjects
FREIGHT & freightage ,AIR freight ,COVID-19 pandemic ,MARITIME shipping ,UNITIZED cargo systems - Abstract
Freight carriers including container shippers and cargo airlines say global demand is building toward a seasonal peak that could outstrip last year's as more consumers shop online to overcome coronavirus curbs. The concern now, Forson said, is over whether freight demand could drop in the longer term as global economic growth weakens in the wake of the health crisis, depressing consumer spending. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2020
50. It's Slow Steam Ahead for Container Cargo Volumes at West Coast Ports.
- Author
-
BELGUM, DEBORAH
- Subjects
UNITIZED cargo systems ,SHIPPING containers ,COASTS ,CONTAINER terminals ,FREIGHT & freightage - Abstract
And in September, we saw our secondmonth of double-digit declines nearlyacross the board", said Gene Seroka,the executive director of the Port ofLos Angeles, in his monthly port reportreleased on Wednesday. BUSINESS * September is usually peak season for holiday imports,but this year the schedule changed, with early importsand consumer worries keeping traffic down Normally, August and September aresome of the busiest months at the majorCalifornia ports for bringing in cargo forthe holiday season. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2022
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