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Introduction: Radiography provides many advantages in the diagnosis and management of dental conditions. However, dental X-ray images may be subject to manipulation with malicious intent using easily accessible computer software., Methods: In this study, we sought to evaluate a dentist's ability to identify a manipulated dental X-ray images, when compared with the original, using a variant of the methodology described by Visser and Kruger. Sixty-six dentists were invited to participate and evaluate 20 intraoral dental X-ray images, 10 originals and 10 modified, manipulated using Adobe Photoshop to simulate fillings, root canal treatments, etc., Results: Participating dentists were correct in identifying the manipulated image in 56% of cases, 6% higher than by chance and 10% more than in the study by Visser and Kruger., Conclusion: Malicious changes to dental X-ray images may go unnoticed even by experienced dentists. Professionals must be aware of the legal consequences of such changes. A system of detection/validation should be created for radiographic images., (Copyright © 2017 The College of Radiographers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The aims of this study were to determine if computer-measured dynamic features (duration, size, velocity, jerk, and pen pressure) differ between genuine and simulated signatures. Sixty subjects (3 equal groups of 3 signature styles) each provided 10 naturally written (genuine) signatures. Each of these subjects then provided 15 simulations of each of three model signatures. The genuine (N = 600) and simulated (N = 2700) signatures were collected using a digitizing tablet. MovAlyzeR(®) software was used to estimate kinematic parameters for each pen stroke. Stroke duration, velocity, and pen pressure were found to discriminate between genuine and simulated signatures regardless of the simulator's own style of signature or the style of signature being simulated. However, there was a significant interaction between style and condition for size and jerk (a measure of smoothness). The results of this study, based on quantitative analysis and dynamic handwriting features, indicate that the style of the simulator's own signature and the style of signature being simulated can impact the characteristics of handwriting movements for simulations. Writer style characteristics might therefore need to be taken into consideration as potentially significant when evaluating signature features with a view to forming opinions regarding authenticity., (© 2014 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.)

The popularity of photography has grown as more individuals have access to camera equipment. Photos seem significant in our daily lives because they are rich with information. However, to learn more, images must often be enhanced. While many technologies are available to enhance the photographs, they are often used to produce phony shots, which leads to the spread of false information. The serious problem of image forgeries has to be addressed. To detect picture fraud, several well-established frameworks have been developed in the past. Recently, there has been an increase in the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which has affected the localization of photo forgeries. One of the most difficult methods of picture falsification is image splicing, which involves cutting a section of one image into another. The picture forgery localization methods based on literature have a lot of drawbacks. As such, developing a technique for accurately and reliably identifying forgeries in photos that have been manipulated is crucial. We provide a potent deep learning-based approach that combines CNN with error level analysis (ELA) to detect picture fraud. To ascertain whether or not a picture has been manipulated, the ELA from an image is extracted and sent to CNN. Transfer learning with UNET (encoder-decoder model), and ELA is used to locate the tampered area. The recommended methods for predicting the changed location. The experiment results on the CASIA 2.0 database are quite encouraging, and these methodologies have been duly evaluated. The results of the recommended model outperform other well-known Transfer learning methodologies compared to the findings. The study suggests that the proposed method might get 0.917 and 0.935 accuracy and precision, respectively. Moreover, the graphical user interface—which enables us to determine the veracity of an image—is designed using these models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Detection of cross-border series of fraudulent identity documents. • Realistic operating conditions for cross-border comparisons. • Concrete examples highlight the investigative and crime intelligence interest. The serial character of document fraud and its connection to organised crime groups who produce, sell and/or use fraudulent documents is a challenge for security and crime fighting. As a response, the added value of forensic intelligence is increasingly recognised. Using a forensic profiling method and a dedicated system deployed in Switzerland, document examiners can detect series (i.e., documents that share a common source) of fraudulent documents conveniently and efficiently. This detection can trigger or orientate investigations, supports crime intelligence efforts, and facilitates cross-jurisdictional cooperation. This study aims to assess the suitability of the forensic profiling system for international purpose and the efficiency of the method to detect cross-border series. The forensic profiling system has been deployed in France in the framework of a cross-border pilot project conducted by the School of Criminal Justice from the University of Lausanne and the French National Police (Division Nationale de Lutte contre la Fraude Documentaire et à l'Identité) over the period July 2019–May 2020. Data from the Swiss and French forensic profiling systems were compared to each other to detect cross-border series. The study sought to create operating conditions as close as possible to the real-life conditions of the profiling systems. The results are extremely positive both quantitatively and qualitatively. They demonstrate the benefit of setting up a systematic exchange of forensic data issued from profiling systems for fraudulent identity documents between France and Switzerland, let alone between any other countries. The results open up a very promising prospect for a sustained operational implementation by the police services of both countries and the extension of the exchanges internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Letter of Credit (LC) transactions play a vital role in facilitating international trade, but are vulnerable to various forms of fraud such as forgery of documents and manipulation of information. In the banking context, ensuring the security of LC transactions is an urgent challenge. This research aims to investigate the potential of applying blockchain technology in improving the security of LC transactions and reducing the risk of fraud in the banking sector. This research is included in descriptive quantitative research. This research was conducted at Banks in DKI Jakarta. The population in this research are customers who use Letter of Credit transactions. The sampling technique in this research is purposive sampling so that in this research the research sample was 100 customers who used letter of credit transactions. The data analysis technique in this research uses Partial Least Square (PLS). The research results show that blockchain technology has great potential to increase the security of LC transactions through aspects such as high data security, transparency and auditability, as well as automation through smart contracts. With proper implementation, blockchain technology can help reduce the risk of fraud, increase operational efficiency, and build trust in international trade. This study contributes to the understanding of the potential application of blockchain technology in the global financial context and highlights the importance of cross-sector collaboration to address transaction security challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image manipulation is easier than ever, often facilitated using accessible AI-based tools. This poses significant risks when used to disseminate disinformation, false evidence, or fraud, which highlights the need for image forgery detection and localization methods to combat this issue. While some recent detection methods demonstrate good performance, there is still a significant gap to be closed to consistently and accurately detect image manipulations in the wild. This paper aims to enhance forgery detection and localization by combining existing detection methods that complement each other. First, we analyze these methods' complementarity, with an objective measurement of complementariness, and calculation of a target performance value using a theoretical oracle fusion. Then, we propose a novel fusion method that combines the existing methods' outputs. The proposed fusion method is trained using a Generative Adversarial Network architecture. Our experiments demonstrate improved detection and localization performance on a variety of datasets. Although our fusion method is hindered by a lack of generalization, this is a common problem in supervised learning, and hence a motivation for future work. In conclusion, this work deepens our understanding of forgery detection methods' complementariness and how to harmonize them. As such, we contribute to better protection against image manipulations and the battle against disinformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the issue of franchisees filing claims against franchisors for alleged misrepresentations in Item 7 disclosures in the Franchise Disclosure Document (FDD). Item 7 disclosures provide estimates of the costs and expenses required to start a franchise. The article discusses strategies that franchisors can use to defend against fraud claims based on false or misleading Item 7 disclosures, and provides examples of court cases where franchisees have made such claims. It also explores the importance of reasonable reliance and due diligence in determining the outcome of these claims, and mentions the impact of COVID-19, supply chain disruptions, and inflation on construction costs. The article concludes by offering strategies for franchisors to protect themselves against misrepresentation claims related to Item 7 disclosures. [Extracted from the article]

The milk consumption has increased constantly, with milk being part of the diet of a large proportion of the global population. As a result of this growing demand, the increased competition in the dairy market and the increasing complexity of the supply chain, the producers in the sector of milk and dairy products resort to technological fraud, which is considered to be a predominant problem in countries without a specific legislation. Therefore, this paper aims to review the main adulterants, the counterfeiting techniques and various methods of detecting counterfeiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Derecho UNED is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Easy Social Sciences is the property of GESIS - Leibnitz-Institute for Social Sciences in Mannheim and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arts for Linguistic & Literary Studies is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

More than 70 years have passed since Philippe Lauer published his edition of the 130 royal diplomas of Charles III the Simple (893/898-923). Since then numerous studies of these diplomas have been brought forward, concerning their genuineness, interpolations, datings, identifications of places and more. This paper unites these studies and adds further thoughts, thus providing comments on no less than 47 charters, acting as a supplement to Lauer's edition: Four deperdita are added to the collection. Seven diplomas thought to be genuine by Lauer are identified as forgeries, while in turn three supposed forgeries are shown to be genuine. Four more diplomas contain interpolations and another two were rewritten at a later point. Datings of a further 18 diplomas are corrected, as are the places of issue of another 13. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article interrogates the early reception history of the late Qing Chinese novel The Travels of Lao Can authored by Liu E (1857–1909). It argues that for decades this novel was widely read as a book of prophecy that revealed the future of China based on traditional Chinese occult wisdom. It was this alleged mystique, instead of its literary merits, that accounted for the high popularity of the text in the late Qing and Republican book market. This argument is predicated upon the discovery and reappraisal of a 1916 "fake edition" of the book until now unremarked in Chinese literary historiography. Investigating this forgery reveals that it was arguably the most widely circulated edition of The Travels of Lao Can in the Republican period. Bound with a newly fabricated sequel that explicitly manifested its "divinatory efficacy", this edition greatly shaped the popular reception of the text as a book of prophecy. Revisiting this "fake edition" and the forgotten stories behind it not only enables the rereading of The Travels of Lao Can in its full complexity, but also points to deeper questions about the relationship between print culture, literary consumption, and the production of occult knowledge in China's modern transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Phenomenological Studies / Phänomenologische Forschungen is the property of Felix Meiner Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economy & Market Communication Review / Casopis za Ekonomiju i Trzisne Komunikacije is the property of Pan-European University Apeiron and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses two separate topics. The first topic is the falsification of legal documents, specifically in the context of a trainer providing false information and recommending clients to forge vaccination documents. The author argues that this is unethical and fraudulent, and emphasizes the potential legal consequences for clients if caught. The second topic is the criteria for admission to veterinary schools and what constitutes success in veterinary education. The author questions the various factors considered in the admission process and raises the question of what defines success in the profession. The author also shares their personal experience and raises concerns about the hoops that applicants to Canadian veterinary colleges must go through. [Extracted from the article]

It is settled in South African and English law that for the fraud exception to apply to demand guarantees or letters of credit the fraud must have been committed by the beneficiary (or his agent with the beneficiary's knowledge) and not by a third party. Even where the fraud relates to a forgery or materially fraudulent document, the fraud must have been committed by the beneficiary for the exception to apply. This is in contrast with American law, where the fraud relating to forgeries and materially fraudulent documents does not necessarily have to be committed by the beneficiary. This contribution considers the law in this regard in these three jurisdictions.

In the article, the author discusses the wire transfer risks facing lawyers in their practice of law. Also cited are the 2021 report showing that victims of fraudulent wire transfer activities suffered 6.9 billion dollars in losses in 2021, and the major types of fraud facing lawyers like compromised wire instructions, counterfeit bank checks, and forged trust account checks.

Opening with the 1953 exposure of the Piltdown hoax, and its surprisingly extensive and irreverent media reception, this essay argues that public trust in national institutions was among the pressing concerns of English culture throughout the 1950s, and a recurrent theme of its major realist fiction. Focusing on novels by Kingsley Amis, C. P. Snow, and Angus Wilson about fraud and forgery in institutional settings, the essay proposes that questions of motivated misrepresentation allowed novelists to emphasize partiality and prejudice in historical and literary narrative in ways that anticipated the reflexivity of both modes later in the century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Systematic method for the profiling of fraudulent identity documents. • Visual characteristics of digitised images. • Method evaluated in real work conditions. Document fraud is a transnational form of crime, and its serial character has already been highlighted. To combat this phenomenon, the Interstate Database of Fraudulent Identity Documents (BIDIF) has been created and implemented in Switzerland. It supports the comparison of documents and the detection of series, i.e., documents that share a common source. To efficiently use such a system, forensic document examiners would benefit from a harmonised and proven profiling method. Thus, the aim of this study is to develop a method for comparing documents and establishing series. The method is meant to improve the detection capabilities of forensic document examiners operating BIDIF or engaged in the profiling of fraudulent documents. First, a method based on the visual characteristics of digitised images of fraudulent identity documents has been developed. Subsequently, the method was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated using four tests. The first test verified the ability of the method to detect pre-existing series. The second test checked the capability of the method to detect links amongst isolated documents. Finally, two further tests were carried out to compare the method impact on the successful detection of series. These tests were carried out by professional forensic document examiners and Master students in forensic science, respectively. This allowed a comparison of the method influence on series detection. The method allowed a significant increase in the number of series and links detected, while also decreasing the occurrence of false negatives and false positives. Furthermore, links were more rapidly detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant volume of sharing of digital media has recently increased due to the pandemic, raising the number of unauthorized uses of these media, such as emerging unauthorized copies, forgery, the lack of copyright, and electronic fraud, among others. In particular, several applications integrate services or products such as music distribution, content management, audiobooks, streaming, and so on, which require users to demonstrate and guarantee their audio ownership. The use of acoustic fingerprint technology has emerged as a solution that is widely used to secure audio applications. This technique extracts and analyzes certain information that identifies the inherent properties of a partial or complete audio file. In this paper, we introduce two audio fingerprinting hardware architectures with a feature extraction system based on spectrogram saliency maps (SSM) and a brute-force search. The first of these conducts a search in 33 saliency maps of 32 × 32 pixels in size. After analyzing the first algorithm, a second architecture is proposed, in which the saliency map is reduced to 27 × 25 pixels, requiring 75.67% fewer hardware resources, lowering the power consumption by 64.58%, and improving the efficiency by 3.19 times via a throughput reduction of 22.29%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In digital manipulation, creating fake images/videos or swapping face images/videos with another person is done by using a deep learning algorithm is termed deepfake. Fake pornography is a harmful one because of the inclusion of fake content in the hoaxes, fake news, and fraud things in the financial. The Deep Learning technique is an effective tool in the detection of deepfake images or videos. With the advancement of Generative adversarial networks (GAN) in the deep learning techniques, deep fake has become an essential one in the social media platform. Fake faces may threaten the public, therefore detection of deepfake images/videos is needed. For detecting the forged images/videos, many research works have been done and those methods are inefficient in the detection of new threats or newly created forgery images or videos, and consumption time is high. Therefore, this paper focused on the detection of different types of fake images or videos using Fuzzy Fisher face with Capsule dual graph (FFF-CDG). The data set used in this work is FFHQ, 100K-Faces DFFD, VGG-Face2, and WildDeepfake. The accuracy for FFHQ data sets, the existing and proposed systems obtained the accuracy of 81.5%, 89.32%, 91.35%, and 95.82%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is settled in South African and English law that for the fraud exception to apply to demand guarantees or letters of credit the fraud must have been committed by the beneficiary (or his agent with the beneficiary's knowledge) and not by a third party. Even where the fraud relates to a forgery or materially fraudulent document, the fraud must have been committed by the beneficiary for the exception to apply. This is in contrast with American law, where the fraud relating to forgeries and materially fraudulent documents does not necessarily have to be committed by the beneficiary. This contribution considers the law in this regard in these three jurisdictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Storia delle Donne is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Europe's system of open frontiers, commonly known as "Schengen," let people from different countries travel and cross the inner frontiers without problems. Different documents from these countries, not only European, can be found in road checkpoints and there is no international database to help Police forces to detect whether they are false or not. People who need a driver license to access to specific jobs, or a new identity because of legal problems, often contact forgers who provide false documents with different levels of authenticity. Governments and Police Forces should improve their methodologies, by ensuring that staff is increasingly better able to detect false or falsified documents through their examination, and follow patterns to detect and situate these forgers. In this work, we propose a method, based in formal concept analysis using negative attributes, which allows Police forces analyzing false documents and provides a guide to enforce the detection of forgers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses some low-technology scams that disrupts the lives of ordinary people as well as professionals like lawyers in the U.S. Topics include the increase in number of phone scams post-Covid-19 pandemic, sophisticated groups of professionals and unsuspecting as the potential target of scammers, and purported clients involved in scams against lawyers.

Publications baring falsified and fabricated images appear frequently in the primary literature. Industrialized forms of image forgery as practiced by the so-called paper mills worsen the current situation even further. Good education and awareness within the scientific society are essential to create an environment in which honesty and trust are the prime values in experimental research. Here I focus on the detection of publication fraud and provide some examples and advice. Finally, my views on the future of fraud detection and prevention are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raman microscopic measurements were used to analyse the detailed chemical composition and structure of three old papers dating from the 15th and 19th centuries. Raman mapping measurements were performed on the surface and along the cross‐section of the papers with a lateral resolution of 1 μm. The resulting Raman images visualise the detailed chemical structure of the papers including all components such as the different types of cellulose fibre, filler pigments, sizing agents, colour pigments and also inadvertently added trace particles, such as minerals or products of biological activity. The results of the paper analysis are discussed in connection with their use for the detailed characterisation and dating of paper. This study demonstrates the great potential and the possibilities offered by Raman microscopy or Raman imaging for chemical paper analysis. Raman microscopy allows new insights into the chemical composition and structure of old papers and could considerably enhance the understanding of former papermaking practices and also combat forgery and the fraud of documents and artworks on paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]