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Simosaurus is a Triassic eosauropterygian genus known from cranial and postcranial elements, found in the Middle and Upper Triassic strata of Europe and the Middle East. Simosaurus gaillardoti is currently recognised as the only valid species of the genus, identified in Ladinian strata of an area that includes northeastern France (Lorraine) and southwestern Germany (Baden-Württemberg). The remains from this area include more than 20 skulls. Although some of them were described in detail and figured by several authors since the discovery of S. gaillardoti, many others remained unpublished. Here we study and figure 25 skulls from this taxon, reviewing the previously known specimens, and presenting and analyzing numerous unpublished skulls. This significant sample of skulls from a single taxon of a European Triassic eosauropterygian allows us to recognise intraspecific variability in characters previously identified as non-variable in this species, including some that are often included in phylogenetic analyses of these reptiles. Therefore, we markedly increase our knowledge of the cranial skeleton in this taxon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The incidence of lung cancer has dramatically increased in ten years, being now the most commonly diagnosed cancer in males and the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer in females. Considering social and scientific evolution, the aim of the present study conducted by the French College of General Hospital Respiratory Physicians (CPHG) was to compare patient and lung cancer characteristics at a ten-year interval. Two epidemiological studies, KBP-2000-CPHG and KBP-2010-CPHG, were conducted at a ten-year interval. These prospective multicentre studies included all patients ≥18 years of age with primary lung cancer diagnosed between 1st January and 31st December 2000 or 2010, and managed in the respiratory departments of one of the participating general hospitals. A standardised form was completed for each patient. A steering committee checked recruitment exhaustiveness. Respectively, in 2000 and 2010, 137 and 104 centres included 5667 and 7051 patients. Compared to 2000, patients in 2010 were significantly older (65.5±11.3 vs. 64.3±11.5 years, p <0.0001), more frequently women (24.3% vs. 16.0%, p <0.0001) and never-smokers (10.9% vs. 7.2%, p <0.0001). In 2010, adenocarcinoma was the most common tumour (45.4%, vs. 29.0% in 2000, p <0.0001). The adenocarcinoma rate increased irrespective of sex, age, or smoking status (relative risk [RR] before and after adjustment, RR=2.07 [1.92–2.24], p <0.0001 and 2.06 [1.90–2.23], p <0.0001). In ten years, lung cancer characteristics have therefore changed: more women, more never-smokers, and more adenocarcinomas. The particular high increase in adenocarcinoma rate deserves further analysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Despite being only a medium-sized tributary of the Rhone, contributing on average 11% of the latter''s annual flow, the Isere River nevertheless plays a major role in the Rhone''s flux of suspended matter (SM). However, the transit of suspended matter down the Isere has been little studied. Based on regular and continuous observations between January 1995 and December 2005, the aims of this study were to quantify the flux of the Isere at Grenoble, and to evaluate the monthly evolution of sedimentary transit since 1960. The mean annual flux over the last few decades is thus estimated at 1.76Mtyr−1. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Fungicides inhibiting sterol biosynthesis are frequently used for powdery mildew control and can be subdivided into sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) and morpholines with different modes of action. Whereas fungicide resistance to DMIs (Rdmi) and morpholines (Rmor) has been continuously monitored, there are no data available on the combination of Rdmi and Rmor, which led us to ask whether multiple resistance to triadimenol (Rtria), representing DMIs and to fenpropimorph (Rfen), representing the morpholines, evolved in France from 1993 to 1996. The method used allowed testing of both chemicals simultaneously, with the same inoculum. In 1993, the resistance factor of the mean (RFM) of the French wheat mildew population was 9.59 for Rtria and 5.11for Rfen. Resistance increased, leading to RFMs of close to 14 for Rtria and 8 for Rfen at the end of the study. From the analysis of single colony isolates (SCI) that are genetically uniform, the presence of multiple resistance and its increase were evident and in line withthe results of bulk isolates. Covariance of resistance to both chemicals was close to one. In contrast to the increase of Rfen, the use of morpholines decreased. These effects are supposed to result from multiple selection due to the use of mixtures of DMIs and morpholines that have been favored in recent years. Fungicide sensitivity is, in general, not normally but lognormally distributed in a population. A new way to evaluate and describe lognormal data is presented. It is easy and convenient to use and provides solutions for current problems in the literature with lognormal distributions. Multiple resistance, its evolution and persistance are discussed in relation to fungicide use and to implications for anti-resistance strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field isolates of the cereal eyespot pathogen can be divided into two groups which are now considered as two species: Tapesia yallundae and Tapesia acuformis. In both species the first case of acquired resistance was observed with benzimidazole fungicides in the early 1980s.At the same time, a number of sterol C-14 demethylation inhibitors (DMIs), such as the imidazole prochloraz and several triazoles, including flusilazole, were introduced. Surprisingly T. acuformis appeared intrinsically resistant to the triazole derivatives in comparison to T. yallundae, but both species were sensitive to prochloraz. The intensive use of these DMIs led to the development of acquired resistancetowards triazoles in T. yallundae and towards prochloraz in T. acuformis. Today all the strains in both species appear equally sensitive to the anilinopyrimidine cyprodinil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]