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It is of great significance to understand the particle distribution characteristics at different heights to effectively control particle pollution. Based on fractal theory, the fractal dimension of outdoor particles in a high-rise building in Xi'an and its relationship with the concentration of particles with different particle sizes are discussed and analyzed in this paper. The results indicate that the atmosphere in Xi'an is mainly composed of fine particles and that the average proportion of particles ranging from 0 to 1.0 µm is approximately 99.885% of the total particulates. The fractal dimension of particles in the atmosphere at different heights ranges from 5.014 to 5.764, with an average fractal dimension of 5.456. In summer, the fractal dimension of the outdoor particles on the 17th floor was the largest, at 5.764. The fractal dimension in summer is relatively high, being 0.158 higher than that in winter on average. The larger the fractal dimension, the higher the proportion of fine particles. In addition, the fractal dimension can characterize the adsorption of toxic and harmful gases by particles well. It provides parameter support for understanding particle distribution and the effective control of atmospheric particles at different heights and application values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]