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Self-driving cars and autonomous driving research has been receiving considerable attention as major promising prospects in modern artificial intelligence applications. According to the evolution of advanced driver assistance system (ADAS), the design of self-driving vehicle and autonomous driving systems becomes complicated and safety-critical. In general, the intelligent system simultaneously and efficiently activates ADAS functions. Therefore, it is essential to consider reliable ADAS function coordination to control the driving system, safely. In order to deal with this issue, this paper proposes a randomized adversarial imitation learning (RAIL) algorithm. The RAIL is a novel derivative-free imitation learning method for autonomous driving with various ADAS functions coordination; and thus it imitates the operation of decision maker that controls autonomous driving with various ADAS functions. The proposed method is able to train the decision maker that deals with the LIDAR data and controls the autonomous driving in multi-lane complex highway environments. The simulation-based evaluation verifies that the proposed method achieves desired performance., 13 pages, 8 figures

The prodigious growth of digital health data has precipitated a mounting interest in harnessing machine learning methodologies, such as natural language processing (NLP), to scrutinize medical records, clinical notes, and other text-based health information. Although NLP techniques have exhibited substantial potential in augmenting patient care and informing clinical decision-making, data privacy and adherence to regulations persist as critical concerns. Federated learning (FL) emerges as a viable solution, empowering multiple organizations to train machine learning models collaboratively without disseminating raw data. This paper proffers a pragmatic approach to medical NLP by amalgamating FL, NLP models, and the NVFlare framework, developed by NVIDIA. We introduce two exemplary NLP models, the Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM)-based model and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), which have demonstrated exceptional performance in comprehending context and semantics within medical data. This paper encompasses the development of an integrated framework that addresses data privacy and regulatory compliance challenges while maintaining elevated accuracy and performance, incorporating BERT pretraining, and comprehensively substantiating the efficacy of the proposed approach.

This paper proposes an efficient quantum train engine (EQuaTE), a novel tool for quantum machine learning software which plots gradient variances to check whether our quantum neural network (QNN) falls into local minima (called barren plateaus in QNN). This can be realized via dynamic analysis due to undetermined probabilistic qubit states. Furthermore, our EQuaTE is capable for HCI-based visual feedback because software engineers can recognize barren plateaus via visualization; and also modify QNN based on this information., 5 pages, 5 figures

This paper proposes a novel algorithm, named quantum multi-agent actor-critic networks (QMACN) for autonomously constructing a robust mobile access system employing multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In the context of facilitating collaboration among multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the application of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) techniques is regarded as a promising approach. These methods enable UAVs to learn collectively, optimizing their actions within a shared environment, ultimately leading to more efficient cooperative behavior. Furthermore, the principles of a quantum computing (QC) are employed in our study to enhance the training process and inference capabilities of the UAVs involved. By leveraging the unique computational advantages of quantum computing, our approach aims to boost the overall effectiveness of the UAV system. However, employing a QC introduces scalability challenges due to the near intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) limitation associated with qubit usage. The proposed algorithm addresses this issue by implementing a quantum centralized critic, effectively mitigating the constraints imposed by NISQ limitations. Additionally, the advantages of the QMACN with performance improvements in terms of training speed and wireless service quality are verified via various data-intensive evaluations. Furthermore, this paper validates that a noise injection scheme can be used for handling environmental uncertainties in order to realize robust mobile access., Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures

As one of the latest fields of interest in both academia and industry, quantum computing has garnered significant attention. Among various topics in quantum computing, variational quantum circuits (VQC) have been noticed for their ability to carry out quantum deep reinforcement learning (QRL). This paper verifies the potential of QRL, which will be further realized by implementing quantum multi-agent reinforcement learning (QMARL) from QRL, especially for Internet-connected autonomous multi-robot control and coordination in smart factory applications. However, the extension is not straightforward due to the non-stationarity of classical MARL. To cope with this, the centralized training and decentralized execution (CTDE) QMARL framework is proposed under the Internet connection. A smart factory environment with the Internet of Things (IoT)-based multiple agents is used to show the efficacy of the proposed algorithm. The simulation corroborates that the proposed QMARL-based autonomous multi-robot control and coordination performs better than the other frameworks.

According to the rapid development of drone technologies, drones are widely used in many applications including military domains. In this paper, a novel situation-aware DRL- based autonomous nonlinear drone mobility control algorithm in cyber-physical loitering munition applications. On the battlefield, the design of DRL-based autonomous control algorithm is not straightforward because real-world data gathering is generally not available. Therefore, the approach in this paper is that cyber-physical virtual environment is constructed with Unity environment. Based on the virtual cyber-physical battlefield scenarios, a DRL-based automated nonlinear drone mobility control algorithm can be designed, evaluated, and visualized. Moreover, many obstacles exist which is harmful for linear trajectory control in real-world battlefield scenarios. Thus, our proposed autonomous nonlinear drone mobility control algorithm utilizes situation-aware components those are implemented with a Raycast function in Unity virtual scenarios. Based on the gathered situation-aware information, the drone can autonomously and nonlinearly adjust its trajectory during flight. Therefore, this approach is obviously beneficial for avoiding obstacles in obstacle-deployed battlefields. Our visualization-based performance evaluation shows that the proposed algorithm is superior from the other linear mobility control algorithms.

This paper proposes a novel centralized training and distributed execution (CTDE)-based multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) method for multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) control in autonomous mobile access applications. For the purpose, a single neural network is utilized in centralized training for cooperation among multiple agents while maximizing the total quality of service (QoS) in mobile access applications., Comment: 2 pages, 4 figures

While witnessing the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era and beyond, quantum federated learning (QFL) has recently become an emerging field of study. In QFL, each quantum computer or device locally trains its quantum neural network (QNN) with trainable gates, and communicates only these gate parameters over classical channels, without costly quantum communications. Towards enabling QFL under various channel conditions, in this article we develop a depth-controllable architecture of entangled slimmable quantum neural networks (eSQNNs), and propose an entangled slimmable QFL (eSQFL) that communicates the superposition-coded parameters of eS-QNNs. Compared to the existing depth-fixed QNNs, training the depth-controllable eSQNN architecture is more challenging due to high entanglement entropy and inter-depth interference, which are mitigated by introducing entanglement controlled universal (CU) gates and an inplace fidelity distillation (IPFD) regularizer penalizing inter-depth quantum state differences, respectively. Furthermore, we optimize the superposition coding power allocation by deriving and minimizing the convergence bound of eSQFL. In an image classification task, extensive simulations corroborate the effectiveness of eSQFL in terms of prediction accuracy, fidelity, and entropy compared to Vanilla QFL as well as under different channel conditions and various data distributions.

Quantum machine learning (QML) has received a lot of attention according to its light training parameter numbers and speeds; and the advances of QML lead to active research on quantum multi-agent reinforcement learning (QMARL). Existing classical multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) features non-stationarity and uncertain properties. Therefore, this paper presents a simulation software framework for novel QMARL to control autonomous multi-drones, i.e., quantum multi-drone reinforcement learning. Our proposed framework accomplishes reasonable reward convergence and service quality performance with fewer trainable parameters. Furthermore, it shows more stable training results. Lastly, our proposed software allows us to analyze the training process and results., Revise paper

In recent years, the field of quantum science has attracted significant interest across various disciplines, including quantum machine learning, quantum communication, and quantum computing. Among these emerging areas, quantum federated learning (QFL) has gained particular attention due to the integration of quantum neural networks (QNNs) with traditional federated learning (FL) techniques. In this study, a novel approach entitled quantum split learning (QSL) is presented, which represents an advanced extension of classical split learning. Previous research in classical computing has demonstrated numerous advantages of split learning, such as accelerated convergence, reduced communication costs, and enhanced privacy protection. To maximize the potential of QSL, cross-channel pooling is introduced, a technique that capitalizes on the distinctive properties of quantum state tomography facilitated by QNNs. Through rigorous numerical analysis, evidence is provided that QSL not only achieves a 1.64\% higher top-1 accuracy compared to QFL but also demonstrates robust privacy preservation in the context of the MNIST classification task.

In recent years, quantum machine learning (QML) has been actively used for various tasks, e.g., classification, reinforcement learning, and adversarial learning. However, these QML studies are unable to carry out complex tasks due to scalability issues on input and output which is currently the biggest hurdle in QML. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to overcome the problem of scalability. Motivated by this challenge, we focus on projection-valued measurements (PVM) which utilize the nature of probability amplitude in quantum statistical mechanics. By leveraging PVM, the output dimension is expanded from $q$, which is the number of qubits, to $2^q$. We propose a novel QML framework that utilizes PVM for multi-class classification. Our framework is proven to outperform the state-of-the-art (SOTA) methodologies with various datasets, assuming no more than 6 qubits are used. Furthermore, our PVM-based QML shows about $42.2\%$ better performance than the SOTA framework.

One of the key topics in network security research is the autonomous COA (Couse-of-Action) attack search method. Traditional COA attack search methods that passively search for attacks can be difficult, especially as the network gets bigger. To address these issues, new autonomous COA techniques are being developed, and among them, an intelligent spatial algorithm is designed in this paper for efficient operations in scalable networks. On top of the spatial search, a Monte-Carlo (MC)- based temporal approach is additionally considered for taking care of time-varying network behaviors. Therefore, we propose a spatio-temporal attack COA search algorithm for scalable and time-varying networks.

With the beginning of the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era, a quantum neural network (QNN) has recently emerged as a solution for several specific problems that classical neural networks cannot solve. Moreover, a quantum convolutional neural network (QCNN) is the quantum-version of CNN because it can process high-dimensional vector inputs in contrast to QNN. However, due to the nature of quantum computing, it is difficult to scale up the QCNN to extract a sufficient number of features due to barren plateaus. Motivated by this, a novel 3D scalable QCNN (sQCNN-3D) is proposed for point cloud data processing in classification applications. Furthermore, reverse fidelity training (RF-Train) is additionally considered on top of sQCNN-3D for diversifying features with a limited number of qubits using the fidelity of quantum computing. Our data-intensive performance evaluation verifies that the proposed algorithm achieves desired performance.

In many deep neural network (DNN) applications, the difficulty of gathering high-quality data in the industry field hinders the practical use of DNN. Thus, the concept of transfer learning has emerged, which leverages the pretrained knowledge of DNNs trained on large-scale datasets. Therefore, this paper suggests two-stage architectural fine-tuning, inspired by neural architecture search (NAS). One of main ideas is mutation, which reduces the search cost using given architectural information. Moreover, early-stopping is considered which cuts NAS costs by terminating the search process in advance. Experimental results verify our proposed method reduces 32.4% computational and 22.3% searching costs.

With the beginning of the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era, quantum neural network (QNN) has recently emerged as a solution for the problems that classical neural networks cannot solve. Moreover, QCNN is attracting attention as the next generation of QNN because it can process high-dimensional vector input. However, due to the nature of quantum computing, it is difficult for the classical QCNN to extract a sufficient number of features. Motivated by this, we propose a new version of QCNN, named scalable quantum convolutional neural network (sQCNN). In addition, using the fidelity of QC, we propose an sQCNN training algorithm named reverse fidelity training (RF-Train) that maximizes the performance of sQCNN.

Although deep learning (DL) has already become a state-of-the-art technology for various data processing tasks, data security and computational overload problems often arise due to their high data and computational power dependency. To solve this problem, quantum deep learning (QDL) and distributed deep learning (DDL) has emerged to complement existing DL methods. Furthermore, a quantum distributed deep learning (QDDL) technique that combines and maximizes these advantages is getting attention. This paper compares several model structures for QDDL and discusses their possibilities and limitations to leverage QDDL for some representative application scenarios.

Quantum federated learning (QFL) has recently received increasing attention, where quantum neural networks (QNNs) are integrated into federated learning (FL). In contrast to the existing static QFL methods, we propose slimmable QFL (SlimQFL) in this article, which is a dynamic QFL framework that can cope with time-varying communication channels and computing energy limitations. This is made viable by leveraging the unique nature of a QNN where its angle parameters and pole parameters can be separately trained and dynamically exploited. Simulation results corroborate that SlimQFL achieves higher classification accuracy than Vanilla QFL, particularly under poor channel conditions on average., Comment: ICML 2022 Workshop on Dynamic Neural Networks (Spotlight Paper)

Although quantum supremacy is yet to come, there has recently been an increasing interest in identifying the potential of quantum machine learning (QML) in the looming era of practical quantum computing. Motivated by this, in this article we re-design multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) based on the unique characteristics of quantum neural networks (QNNs) having two separate dimensions of trainable parameters: angle parameters affecting the output qubit states, and pole parameters associated with the output measurement basis. Exploiting this dyadic trainability as meta-learning capability, we propose quantum meta MARL (QM2ARL) that first applies angle training for meta-QNN learning, followed by pole training for few-shot or local-QNN training. To avoid overfitting, we develop an angle-to-pole regularization technique injecting noise into the pole domain during angle training. Furthermore, by exploiting the pole as the memory address of each trained QNN, we introduce the concept of pole memory allowing one to save and load trained QNNs using only two-parameter pole values. We theoretically prove the convergence of angle training under the angle-to-pole regularization, and by simulation corroborate the effectiveness of QM2ARL in achieving high reward and fast convergence, as well as of the pole memory in fast adaptation to a time-varying environment., Comment: (To be) presented at AAAI 2023

Mobile devices are indispensable sources of big data. Federated learning (FL) has a great potential in exploiting these private data by exchanging locally trained models instead of their raw data. However, mobile devices are often energy limited and wirelessly connected, and FL cannot cope flexibly with their heterogeneous and time-varying energy capacity and communication throughput, limiting the adoption. Motivated by these issues, we propose a novel energy and communication efficient FL framework, coined SlimFL. To resolve the heterogeneous energy capacity problem, each device in SlimFL runs a width-adjustable slimmable neural network (SNN). To address the heterogeneous communication throughput problem, each full-width (1.0x) SNN model and its half-width ($0.5$x) model are superposition-coded before transmission, and successively decoded after reception as the 0.5x or $1.0$x model depending on the channel quality. Simulation results show that SlimFL can simultaneously train both $0.5$x and $1.0$x models with reasonable accuracy and convergence speed, compared to its vanilla FL counterpart separately training the two models using $2$x more communication resources. Surprisingly, SlimFL achieves even higher accuracy with lower energy footprints than vanilla FL for poor channels and non-IID data distributions, under which vanilla FL converges slowly., 11 pages, 10 Figures, presented at the International Workshop on Federated Learning for User Privacy and Data Confidentiality in Conjunction with ICML 2021 (FL-ICML'21). arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2112.02543

In a decade, the adaptive quality control of video streaming and the super-resolution (SR) technique have been deeply explored. As edge devices improved to have exceptional processing capability than ever before, streaming users can enhance the received image quality to allow the transmitter to compress the images to save its power or pursue network efficiency. In this sense, this paper proposes a novel dynamic video streaming algorithm that adaptively compresses video chunks at the transmitter and separately enhances the quality at the receiver using SR. In order to allow transmission of video chunks with different compression levels and control of the computation burden, we present the adaptive SR network which is optimized by minimizing the weighted sum of losses extracted from different layer outputs. for dynamic video streaming. In addition, we jointly orchestrate video delivery and resource usage, and the proposed video delivery scheme balances the tradeoff well among the average video quality, the queuing delay, buffering time, transmit power, and computation power. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme pursues the quality-of-services (QoS) of the video streaming better than the adaptive quality control without the cooperation of the transmitter and the receiver and the non-adaptive SR network., Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing