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Cities represent intense battlefields where patriarchal norms are simultaneously defied and reinforced. In India, as elsewhere, the presence of strees [women] in the streets persists as a ulturally contested phenomenon. Movies shape our perception and experience of the city, even outside the cinema hall. This paper explores how contemporary Hindi cinema portrays men's and women's engagement with the urban space. Borrowing analytical tools from urban geography, it uses movies as a medium to map and quantify the extent to which activities, attitudes and experiences in urban spaces are gendered. The sample consists of 10 movies released between 2010 and 2020, set in cities of different types, and comprising at least one pivotal female character. Leveraging more than 3,000 minutes of footage, it identifies statistical trends in the way female and male characters navigate the city. This study introduces original methodological tools to carry spatial analysis in movies. It also sheds light on recent transformations in Hindi cinema vis-à-vis the place of women in the public space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the contradictions that exist between economic development and gender equity in India. It deploys concepts of cultural violence and symbolic hegemony to understand how gender and caste-based violence is normalized and institutionalized over time through cultural norms. It also uses an intersectional lens to examine the layers of marginalization and oppression. Based on field studies in rural Bihar, it shows that despite development gains, old forms of gender-based discrimination and violence such as son-preference, dowry, witch-hunting, and discriminatory practices associated with menstruation persist. It notes that there are new forms of violence used by the upper caste groups against the lower ones when the latter resist and refuse to continue performing traditional caste-based tasks. We argue that this refusal by lower caste women can be seen as symbolic resistance against historically defined norms of caste. The emerging patterns of violence discussed in the paper need a more concerted and nuanced exploration of reconfigurations of relations within and between caste groups, as well as the cultural and social contexts in which changes are taking place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is a male dominant country where male recognizes as more capable than woman. From the very beginning men are considered as bread winners and women are expected to take care of the house and raise children. This paper throws light on the role played by gender discrimination in the forms of various socio-economic tradition, mythology and in the epic and literature about women's position degradation, gender discrimination in various field like, education, decision making power, experience of domestic violence and various schemes under state government for empowering women are discussed on special reference to Assam using secondary data obtained from various sources. The study reveals that development process in the state is not gender neutral, women enjoy quite inferior status to men. In comparison to other prevailing social problems in India, gender discrimination is not considered to be a very serious problem especially in Assam. But it has weakened the strength of the female community of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study attempts to find out the factorial structure of GATB for Indian sample. The scores on the first seven paper-and-pencil parts of GATB are used for factor analysis. It was felt that the factorial structure of GATB for Indian sample matches the factorial structure of the originators of GATB; it can, therefore, be used as a valid test in India. The inter-correlations of the seven GATB parts are subjected to factor analysis with Thurston's centroid method. The study is carried out on a general working population sample of 3,694 individuals and four occupational divisions, namely professional, technical, and related; administrative, executive, and managerial; clerical and related; and sales. Un-rotated factors are rotated using Kaiser's varimax analytical solution. It is observed that the following aptitudes, Aptitude P - Form Perception; Aptitude N - Numerical Aptitude; Aptitude G - General Intelligence; and Aptitude Q - Clerical Perception, appear consistently among the general working population, as well as in the four occupational divisions. Therefore, it can be said that GATB can be used effectively, for both selection and counselling, in India. Finally, it is concluded that GATB can be used meaningfully in India for personnel selection, vocational guidance, and counselling. Conclusion and practical implications are also mentioned at the end of the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economists are increasingly interested in subjective well‐being, but the economic literature on perceptions of income adequacy, which is one of the factors that shape subjective well‐being, is little. Our paper fills this lacuna. We utilize nationally representative data on perceptions of amounts considered as remunerative earnings from self‐employment in India and examine how these are earnings shaped by social identity, namely, caste. We also investigate if institutional change such as the introduction of an employment guarantee scheme alters these perceptions. Finally, we examine the relationship between caste identity and actual earnings. We find that caste identity does shape both perceptions of income adequacy and actual earnings: lower‐ranked groups perceive lower amounts as being remunerative and also earn lower amounts. Further, the employment guarantee scheme alters self‐perceptions differentially for different caste groups, but in more nuanced ways than our ex‐ante beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intergroup conflict has become a very serious issue in the world. It can manifest in many forms such as religious, ethnic, racial. Police plays significant role during conflict. This paper attempts to understand how police influence the intergroup conflict. It also aims to understand how police play role in the de-escalation and escalation of the conflict. In this regard, the present paper makes an attempt to review the literature to understand the role of police. Based on findings of the literature review, it can be concluded that an individual's belonging to a particular group of society such as minority or majority group shapes their perception toward police. Their previous direct experience or indirect experience with police such as their group's experience can influence their trust in police. Trust in police can influence activities of conflicting parties during the conflict which can enhance or inhibit the conflict. The police are of ten seen as in favor of a given ethnic or political group in intergroup conflicts. In India, it is well documented that police biased during intergroup conflict, which lead to escalation of conflict, and loss of life and property. It is also happens sometimes that police faces challenges to manage conflict due to lack of support of bureaucracy, peoples, and government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geography, culture and history play a central role in shaping a nation's perceptions, biases and images of adversaries. The combination of these factors constitutes strategic culture. Strategic communities tend to adopt diverse approaches to interpreting, analysing and reacting to a given situation. They may incline to pick peculiar strategic choices, such as using force or relying on external alliances, while not opting for a range of others. Decisions and choices are affected by patterns of thinking that evolved over the years. Strategic culture has evolved and generated significant discussion on theoretical frameworks and potential applications in a regional and international security context. Pakistan-India strategic equation is a complex phenomenon, fraught with hostility and mistrust, impregnated with conventional and non-conventional hazards. India views Pakistan as a stumbling block in realising her power ambition, while Pakistan considers India an existential threat. The article analyses the effect of strategic culture on inter-state relations with emphasis on Pakistan-India relations. Unique historical events, geography, the influence of dominant strategic strata and perception biases shape respective strategic cultures. It further analyses strategic culture based on Hofstede's Model, besides pondering upon symbols and philosophical influences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discrimination is harmful action taken against individuals or groups to protect customary relations of power and privilege. Older adults are particularly vulnerable to experiences of discrimination that adversely affect their quality of life. We use data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study of India (LASI; Wave 1; 2017–2018) to examine different contextual forces that shape the experiences of discrimination in older adults in India, specifically gender, caste, and economic condition. We used the theory of intersectionality to hypothesize that economic condition, caste, and gender combine uniquely to engender perceived discrimination in older adults. We first used a concentration index to determine the sample's pre-existing inequality levels. The concentration curve evidenced a disproportionate concentration of discrimination among people with low income. Next, we used a three-way ANCOVA to examine the effects of caste, gender, and economic condition on individuals' experiences of discrimination. A significant interaction effect of caste, gender, and economic condition [F(1, 30,394) = 8.91 p = 0.003] evidenced the compounding effects of inequalities on experiences of discrimination. Finally, we ran a moderation model to test the ameliorating effects of education on experiences of discrimination experienced by marginalized castes. The model was significant (β= -0.192; p < 0.001), thereby supporting the proposition that increased education level can lead to an increased sense of belonging and perceptions of equal treatment, which relate negatively to perceived discrimination. Results are discussed considering intersectionality in peoples' struggles and resilience in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Medical Council of India (MCI) has stressed the necessity of Early Clinical Exposure (ECE) for a better understanding of preclinical medical subjects. However, its implementation at the medical college level in the current Indian scenario is a big challenge due to the large classroom strength and smaller number of faculty in preclinical subjects. The aim of this study to introduce ECE in physiology at our medical college, we planned an ECE session on anaemia and recorded the students' perceptions regarding the same. We conducted an ECE session on Anemia designed by the subject experts of the Physiology and Medical Education Unit (MEU) faculty of our institute. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among MBBS students of 2019 batch using a pre-validated questionnaire via online Google form to capture their perceptions regarding the ECE session. After exclusion, a total of 127 responses from medical students were included for data analysis. The majority of the students responded that the overall format of the ECE session was appropriate and that the session was helpful to them in the clinical application of their knowledge about Anemia. More than 75% of students opined that the ECE session made basic science learning more interesting and they felt motivated to read further on the topic. About 80% of students preferred ECE over traditional teaching. In conclusion, Students find ECE to be interesting, motivating, and helpful for the clinical application of basic science knowledge into clinical practice. Hence, ECE should be conducted more frequently and more topics should be taught by ECE at all medical colleges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People often form perceptions about how prevalent a behavior is in a social group. However, these perceptions can be inaccurate and biased. While persistent undesirable practices in low-income countries have drawn global attention, evidence regarding people's perception of how prevalent these practices are is scarce. Among those harmful practices, open defecation in India remains a significant public health concern, where it perpetuates the vicious cycle of disease and poverty. In this study, we focus on measuring the perceived prevalence of open defecation among respondents in Bihar, India. We examined the bias in perceived prevalence, which is defined as a pattern of deviation from the actual prevalence of open defecation. Results showed that respondents who defecate in the open overestimate the prevalence of open defecation, whereas those who consistently use toilets underestimate it. This finding suggests a false consensus bias in the perceived prevalence of open defecation. Scholars, policymakers, and program implementers who seek to correct misperceptions about open defecation by broadcasting real prevalence should be aware of biases in the perceived prevalence and address them in behavior change interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors present the lived experiences of the stigmatized castes in the context of the opportunities made available by the government of India for their Socio- Political Empowerment. The study aimed to gain an understanding about the respondents' unique experiences of caste-based stigmatization at their workplace, their overall experience of empowerment at work and the other spheres of their lives, and to capture their perceived importance of, and the success of reservation policy as well as several other initiatives taken by the Government of India for empowering the marginalized castes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 male Schedule Caste/Schedule Tribe respondents working at respectable positions in the government organizations situated in the National Capital Region of Delhi. The phenomenological approach (Langdridge, 2007) was used to unearth the essence of the participant's experiences of stigma driven treatments. The overall perceptions and experiences of the respondents included experiencing direct and indirect forms of caste-related discrimination at workplace; experiencing economic, social and psychological empowerment but not at the workplace; favouring the policy of reservation for Schedule Caste/Schedule Tribe in government jobs; and believing in the improper implementation of policies in India. The research findings indicate the incomplete success of the governmental policies for the holistic empowerment of the Indian marginalized castes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India and China have launched enormous projects aimed at collecting vital personal information regarding their billion-plus populations and building the world's biggest data sets in the process. However, both Aadhaar in India and the Social Credit System in China are controversial and raise a plethora of political and ethical concerns. The governments claim that participation in these projects is voluntary, even as they link vital services to citizens registering with these projects. In this study, we analyze how the news media in India and China—crucial data intermediaries that shape public perceptions on data and technological practices—framed these projects since their inception. Topic modeling suggests news coverage in both nations disregards the public interest and focuses largely on how businesses can benefit from them. The media, institutionally and ideologically linked with governments and corporations, show little concern with violations of privacy and mass surveillance that these projects could lead to. We argue that this renders citizens structurally incapable of making a meaningful "choice" about whether or not to participate in such projects. Implications for various stakeholders are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]