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Many nations are struggling to reduce deforestation, despite having extensive environmental protection laws in place and commitments to international agreements that address the biodiversity and climate crises. We developed a novel framework to quantify the extent to which contemporary deforestation is being captured under national and subnational laws. We then applied this framework to northern Australia as a case study, a development and deforestation hotspot with ecosystems of global significance. First, deforestation may be compliant under all relevant legislation, either through assessment and approval or because of exemptions in the legislation. Second, deforestation may be compliant under at least one relevant law, but not all. Third, there may be no evidence of deforestation assessment or exemption from assessment, despite their apparent requirement, which could mean the deforestation is potentially noncompliant. Finally, deforestation may occur in an area or under circumstances that are beyond the intended scope of any relevant legislation. All deforestation that we analyzed was hypothetically covered by one or more laws. However, 65% of deforestation was potentially noncompliant with at least one law. Because multiple laws could be relevant to a given clearing event, the majority of clearing was still compliant with at least one law, but of these events, only a small proportion was explicitly approved (19%). The remaining were permitted under various exemptions. Of all the legislation we analyzed, most of the exempt clearing occurred under one subnational law and most potentially noncompliant clearing occurred under one national law. Our results showed that even a nation with a suite of mature environmental protection laws is falling well short of achieving international commitments regarding deforestation. Our framework can be used to pinpoint the pathways of policy change required for nations to align local laws with these international accords. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lilloa is the property of Fundacion Miguel Lillo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The protection of forests has become a center of attention for scientists and academics given their potential to combat climate change and for housing the rich biodiversity that lives in them. Governments and environmental organizations are relying on economic valuation to integrate the use of natural resources with environmental protection to establish sanctions for those responsible for the damage caused to the environment. The objective of this work was to analyze the progress of research on the economic valuation of forests. A bibliometric analysis was carried out with articles from the Scopus database and the Vosviewer program in order to know the advances in research and future challenges. The results revealed a co-occurrence mapping of keywords by author that resulted in the formation of three clusters, namely: the first cluster identified with the color red is related to economic valuation, the second cluster identified with the color green is related to management of environmental ecosystems and the third cluster identified with the color blue is related to environmental sustainability. For its part, the overlay analysis revealed that currently the research trend is focused on Willingness to pay, Investment model, Forest ecosystem services and Forest management. It is concluded that research on the economic valuation of forests has evolved significantly. Studies have focused their attention on the ecosystem services that forests provide, which include provision, regulation and cultural services. Also, the use of various economic valuation methods has been evidenced, such as revealed, declared and integrated valuation methods, with contingent valuation being the most used due to the ease of obtaining the information and the effectiveness of the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that forests, depending on their state of conservation, influence the ecological quality of the water network, especially the waters to maintain soil humidity. If these have quality, the effects of drought are attenuated, also favoring the soil quality. The ecosystem service of biodiversity with the presence of an adequate index of species diversity, both flora and fauna, guarantees the necessary processes related to pollination, natural pest control, and the aesthetic quality of the landscape. For this, the role of forests and some of their ecosystem services were evaluated, within a demonstrative polygon, to present a proposal for measures that favor them, identifying indicators and variables of each ecosystem service studied, taking into account the problems of each one; allowing the operationalization of the variables during the evaluation, in order to improve the state of water, soils and biodiversity in the Los Monsegui demonstration site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic activity is linked, in addition to other production factors, to the use of natural resources. For the inhabitants of the rural regions and communities of Mexico, their coexistence is essential based on the various types of property, including that of common goods. The work uses relative data from the National Agrarian Registry and uses a qualitative and quantitative methodology. The objective is to reflect on the importance of these assets, given that their existence is contemplated in the legislation. The hypothesis is that the development agenda will not be complete if it does not contain the aspects of sustainability. The results show the lack of public support, but also the undervaluation of these spaces. It is concluded that it is essential to promote care practices for these natural resources, for which existing regulations must be enforced [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Argentina is among the ten countries in the world with loss of large areas of forests in recent years. Deforestation leads to an inevitable loss of biodiversity and the fragmentation of natural environments, with increased extinctions of species in small patches. Ants are present in all terrestrial ecosystems and play key ecological roles. This study aimed to analyse how ant assemblages vary in different forest remnants of the Northeast Argentina (NEA) from the approach of taxonomic diversity, which involve the linnean classifications relationships of the taxa. The ants were collected by hand collecting and pitfall trapping techniques in the forests of 15 NEA localities during the warm months in 2015-2018. In total, 600 samples, 10741 individuals and 94 ant species were obtained. In this way, 94 species distributed in 41 genera, 14 tribes and 9 subfamilies were obtained. Myrmicinae, Fomicinae and Ponerinae presented the highest specific richness. The results of taxonomic distinctness (Δ+) and average taxonomic variation (Λ+) demonstrated that all localities fell within the expected average for estimated models. The beta diversity, measured by the species dissimilarity (1-βJ) and taxonomic dissimilarity (1-ΔT), reflected in the NMDS and cluster analyses, proved that the localities in the Iberá Reserve (Corrientes), differ from the rest both in the specific composition and in the phylogenetic relationships between them. This could indicate a typical ant microfauna of the Iberá Reserve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Public Forest Ownership and Energy Use of Forest Biomass in Castilla y León" analyzes the importance of forest biomass District Heating & Cooling systems in the energy transition. The author examines the legal framework regulating forests in Castilla y León and the barriers that hinder biomass extraction, especially in forests classified as public utility. The different categories of public and private forests are also studied, as well as the regulation of timber and woody uses in state-owned forests. The article offers practical solutions for the bidding of uses in forests classified as public utility, with the aim of allocating them to energy production in forest biomass power plants. This work is a reference for professionals in the forestry sector and can facilitate the extraction and use of timber and woody resources in Castilla y León. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Música, Artes Visuales y Artes Escénicas is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Perspectivas de Politicas Publicas is the property of Universidad Nacional de Lanus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Land use and land cover changes have been studied in different regions of the world and it has been demonstrated that their effects, combined to the current trends in climate change, have negative consequences for human societies and ecosystems. This paper presents the results of a study of changes in land use and land cover that took place over the period 1986-2010 in the drainage basins of Escaba reservoir, Tucumán, Northwest Argentina (NOA, for its acronym in Spanish). To meet the proposed objectives, the techniques employed were preprocessing and supervised classification of Landsat TM images of dates: 08/23/1986, 08/18/1996 y 08/21/2010. A confusion matrix analysis was performed on the land cover maps obtained to determine their adjustment to terrain characteristics. Also, the magnitude of change in the surface was quantified for each land cover type identified in the study area. The detected changes revealed that during the period 1986-1996, the processes of deforestation and forest recovery occurred simultaneously in different places across the study area. In the period 1996-2010, the processes were stabilized; however, the increase of forest surface in the upper areas of the studied basins was evident. The detected changes related to forest recovery would be related to rural-urban migration and the consequent abandonment of agricultural lands, while the advance of forests over areas previously covered by grasslands can be linked to the effects of global warming at a regional scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: A detailed and updated vegetation map is necessary to land use planning. Given the need for a land-use plan for the Córdoba mountains, we decided to: make a vegetation map of these mountains; describe the vegetation of the mapped classes; interpret their distribution along the elevation gradient, and discuss the implications for land use planning. M&M: We elaborated a preliminary map from satellite images and field information, where we discriminated 14 vegetation units. Then, after a field control, we performed the final map, grouping the vegetation units into seven classes. Results: In the final map we identified: native forests, exotic forests, native scrublands, grasslands, lawns, grasslands with rock and/or bare soil and rocky areas. These classes were discriminated with an overall 82.6% precision. In addition, we separated water bodies, flood areas, crops and urban areas. The scrublands were the most widespread class, covering 37% of the landscape, followed by crops, covering 23% of the territory. Native forests only occupied 5.5% of the area. Scrublands and forests decreased along the elevation gradient, while grasslands and rocky areas increased. Conclusions: We suggest that land use planning should promote the restoration of native forests to occupy 20-40% of the landscape, the control of the advance of urban areas and crops, and the management of invasive alien species to limit their expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Offsetting is widely embraced as a market-based solution to global warming. Governments, universities, and businesses of all sorts have pledged to achieve "net zero" greenhouse gas emissions partly or entirely through offsetting projects, many of which rely on so-called nature-based solutions (NBSs). Offsets are meant to compensate for damage caused by emissions from one place by absorbing or preventing the release of an equivalent amount somewhere else. At best, offsetting results in no change in total emissions, but as theory predicts and experience shows, that best result is rarely attainable. Meanwhile, both land-based and industrial offsets legitimize continued emissions. There is active debate in Paris-pact talks and in climate politics more broadly over how much fossil-fuel industries and industrial countries will be allowed to delay real climate action by representing offsets as if they were emissions reductions. The American Association of Geographers should not contribute to this illusion by endorsing offsetting. Instead we should take steps to reduce our own emissions and speak out clearly when our work has bearing on policy decisions and public perceptions about the climate crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking in account the neccesity to know the characteristics of rainforest developed over Nipeˈs plateau, the objective was to study the phytocoenoses by using Braun Blanquet method. One alliance and two associations besides their physiognomical, ecological and phytosociological characteristics are described which is too important for their floristic relations and ecological communities analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay focuses on the traditional struggle held between man and wolf and its impact over the spread of extensive cattle ranching in Campo de Calatrava. The natural ecosystem of the area, still in process of colonization during the XV and XVI Centuries, began to decline as a result of combined pressure from domestic livestock and farmers. That led to a gradual extermination of natural predators of livestock and hunting such as bears, wolves, foxen, wildcats and other wild animals considered dangerous and harmful. This type of fauna was known by the pejorative terms of «salvajinas» or vermin, and was still abundant in the early XIX Century. However, with few exceptions, this fauna disappeared from the area during the next Century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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How do we understand more-than-human vegetal emergence in/with/under monsoonal transformation. I often like to introduce the monsoon to people by telling them that it is the change in the direction of the wind that carries the ocean to the sky, blanketing the geological spatio-temporality of the Indian subcontinent, transforming its air and everything in its temporal wake with the possibility of life. This paper thinks through the invasive vilayati kikar which has overwhelmed native monsoon forests and arid ecologies. Drawing from fieldwork in the Delhi region conducted during monsoon 2018, 2019 and the winter of 2018, and by thinking with literature and reports from ecology, biology, politics, anthropology and natural science—I attempt a brief situated narrative that explores the vegetal emergence of the plant, its natureculture spirits and embodiment in/with the monsoon—finally, closing this work with an argument and discussion on the monsoon and its ontological stickiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bistua: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Básicas is the property of Facultad de Ciencias Basicas de la Universidad de Pamplona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Concerns over deforestation are growing along with the climate crisis. This is particularly unsettling in relation to the rise of populist authoritarian regimes. In this article I reveal the connections between forests, neoliberalism, authoritarianism, and cronyism, through an in-depth ethnographic study of the Romanian Carpathian forests after the fall of socialism in 1989. The study examines the intricate entanglements between forest extraction, party politics, and informal territorial governance that emerged over the last thirty years. It argues that unruly coalitions shaped forest history. It focuses on the central figure of the timber baron, who ran businesses in connection with state office politics and maintained provincial authoritarian control over resources by tapping into paternalist dependencies of rural mountain dwellers. The article uses the analytic tools of political ecology and the conceptual framework developed by studies on resource frontiers and political forests combined with the anthropology of postsocialism. I draw on field research from 2004 to 2016, in which I collected data through systematic fieldwork, interviews, and surveys, complemented with official reports and media coverage. The article uses a narrative ethnographic writing approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the problem of deforestation in Costa Rica, from the early stages of independence to late 19th century. In spite of the scarce sources and statistics dealing with the issue, this work seeks to show that 19th century deforestation, though small in scale, impacted forest areas strongly, especially high-yield fine timber, and claid the foundation of the timber industry that picked up steam in the 19th century. The article also demonstrates that there was evidence on the repercussions that the exploitation pattern which was fostered by both private citizens and the State. This aspect was, however, not ignored because of the economic interests that uncultivated land and national forests represented at a time when the extraction of national resources and their subsequent sale in the market were the main objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to contribute to the reflection on the contributions of complexity to forest development, based on the Peruvian case, which could serve as a guide for other Latin American countries. The article gathers the proposals that arose in three days called "Complexity and Forest Development", organized by the Chapter of Foresters of the Departmental College of Lima of the Association of Engineers of Peru, carried out between 2018 and 2019. It was concluded that the disciplinary and sectorial approach of forest administration is insufficient to address the complexity of reality. Consequently, in order to address forest development from an innovative perspective, there is a need to incorporate the approach to complexity from the sciences of complexity and complex thinking, which translates into new ways of thinking and acting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Manuscrits: Revista d'Historia Moderna is the property of Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Manuscrits: Revista d'Historia Moderna is the property of Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Zoologica Lilloana is the property of Fundacion Miguel Lillo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The high biodiversity along with a great variety of ecosystems turn Andes Mountain one of the regions of greater environmental diversity of the world, where are the most extreme ranges of types of landscapes, climate and forest formations of the Earth, an area suitable for studying the possible effects of climate change on the spatial distribution of forest formations. For this it is essential to understand the effects of climate change in the area, where climate observations indicate different climate scenarios in the future, for a current time period and for the period 2040-2069, with variations in temperatures and precipitation. The distribution of forests through predictive modelling is analyzed using MaxEnt's maximum entropy method. The results indicate that most of the forest formations in the Andean forests analysed are expected to face significant problems in the near future, as a result of the loss of climate suitability in the current area of distribution and the geographic change of potentially suitable areas in the future as reflected in the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The human communities and ecosystems of island and coastal southeast Africa face significant and linked ecological threats. Socioecological conditions of concern to communities, governments, nongovernmental organizations, and researchers include declining agricultural productivity, deforestation, introductions of non‐native flora and fauna, coastal erosion and sedimentation, damage to marine environments, illegal fishing, overfishing, waste pollution, salinization of freshwater supplies, and rising energy demands, among others. Human–environment challenges are connected to longer, often ignored, histories of social and ecological dynamics in the region. We argue that these challenges are more effectively understood and addressed within a longer‐term historical ecology framework. We reviewed cases from Madagascar, coastal Kenya, and the Zanzibar Archipelago of fisheries, deforestation, and management of human waste to encourage increased engagement among historical ecologists, conservation scientists, and policy makers. These case studies demonstrate that by widening the types and time depths of data sets we used to investigate and address current socioecological challenges, our interpretations of their causes and strategies for their mitigation varied significantly. Article impact statement: Past human–environment dynamics are key to addressing today's threats to livelihoods and ecosystems in island and coastal southeast Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riparian vegetation is essential for the functioning of aquatic ecosystems by providing organic matter. Given that periphyton plays an indispensable role in the dynamics of these ecosystems and there are few works on its ecology in the Neotropic our research question was: How does the riparian vegetation cover affect the structure of the phytoperiphyton in wetlands of the Orinoquía? In November 2016, we sampled 15 wetlands covered by forest and 15 wetlands covered by herbaceous vegetation in the riparian zone. The wetlands are located in the peri-urban area of Villavicencio, Meta (Colombia). The algal diversity between coverage types was compared and Redundancy Analyses were carried out to determine which environmental variables explain the phytoperiphyton composition. 467 morphotypes of microalgae were found, 36.2 % belonged to the Zygnematophyceae Class, 35.3 % to Bacillariophyceae, and 16 % to Chlorophyceae. 165 morpho-species of diatom distributed in 30 genera were found. Eunotia and Pinnularia were the most representative. The multivariate analyzes indicate that the composition of diatoms was related to the littoral vegetation coverage and the total organic carbon. The rest of the phytoperifiton was explained by temperature and conductivity. Linear regression models showed that the diversity of diatoms was explained by the number of substrates, temporality and the type of riparian coverage. We conclude that in anthropogenic wetlands of the Colombian Orinoquía, the type of riparian vegetation affects the composition and diversity of diatoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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La vegetacióntiene uma estrecharelación con losprocesos del ciclohidrológico, modificando los em función de las condicionesen las que se encuentre. La vegetaciónregulaelciclohidrológico, permitiendo que El água pasepor las distintasetapas del ciclo de maneraadecuada para asegurar la estabilidad del proceso. La vegetaciónretiene gran parte del água precipitada, liberando lapaulatinamente a cursos de agua y embalsessuperficiales y subterráneos. Enestetrabajo se analizóelimpacto de la deforestación em elrégimenhídrico de la Ciudad de Petrópolis. Los resultadosmuestran que la reducción del área de cobertura vegetal provoco aumentos em loscaudalesanuales. La reducción del 58% de la cobertura vegetal al 39% provocó un aumento del caudal medio del 60%. Estoimplicó un aumento em elíndice de escorrentía de 0,29 a 0,50. También se verifican câmbios em relación a loscauda lês médios anualesmínimos y máximos. Enel primer caso, hubo un aumento del 86,3% y, em elsegundocaso, el caudal máximo medio anual se incrementóen un 49,9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Human communities in forested areas that are expected to experience climate-related changes have received little attention in the scholarly literature on vulnerability assessment. Many communities rely on forest ecosystems to support their social and economic livelihoods. Climate change could alter these ecosystems. We developed a framework that measures social vulnerability to slow-onset climate-related changes in forest ecosystems. We focused on temperate forests because this biome is expected to experience dramatic change in the coming years, with adverse effects for humans. We advance climate change vulnerability science by making improvements to measures of exposure and sensitivity and by incorporating a measure of adaptive capacity. We improved on other methods of assessing exposure by incorporating climate change model projections and thus a temporal perspective. We improved on other methods of assessing sensitivity by incorporating a variable representing interdependency between human populations and forests. We incorporated a measure of adaptive capacity to account for ways socioeconomic conditions might mitigate exposure and sensitivity. Our geographic focus was the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. We found that fifteen of the region's seventy-five counties were highly vulnerable to climate-related changes due to some combination of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Nine counties were highly vulnerable because they ranked very high in terms of exposure and sensitivity and very low in terms of adaptive capacity. The framework we developed could be useful for investigations of vulnerability to climate change in other forested contexts and in other ecological contexts where slow-onset changes might be expected under future climate conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper is focused on the regulation and institutional development contrasts of planted forests at Northeast, Northwest and New Cuyo regions in Argentina, taking into consideration «traditional» and «extended» environmental sustainability principle parameters. It is important to add that this principle was highly exceeded by other environmental management paradigms, but they are not suitable to be applied to implanted forests regulations in Argentina. Also, it refers to the contribution provided by legal international instruments and regional regulations. One of the most original approaches of this research is that PER indicators (Pressure, Condition and Response) were applied and adjusted to the legal arena. Finally we can state that planted forests regulations focuses on a limited horizon of production maximization, highlighting economic and forests commercial activties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In recent decades, in Latin America in general, changes in land use and the dynamics of urban development have led to heterogeneous spaces in cities that manifest numerous territorial problems. The city of Ushuaia, located in the province of Tierra del Fuego, has been the scene of constant urban areatransformations impacting on areas of ecological interest. Socio-technical changes give rise to a process of urbanization on productive soil, particularly since the 1970s, when the national government promotes the Economic Promotion Law (19640/72) and the subsequent process of provincialization of Tierra del Fuego in the '90s. Among the changes are highlighted on the one hand, the reduction of both orchards and other productive spaces within the city linked to urban growth and redefinition of vegetable supply channels. On the other, this urbanization on productive soil, added to the clearing became in great modifications in the native forest. From a socio-technical perspective, this research constitutes a first approximation to the de-construction of the trajectory of the urban transformations in Ushuaia from the decade of 1970 until the present time. Among the preliminary results is the lack of strategic planning in the face of territorial transformations. Also, the emergence of disputes and tensions between different actors regarding the use of the land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The central objective of this work was to realize a survey and analysis about strengths and weaknesses of the main regulation for plant and forest health at a provincial level in Argentina, and regarding the existence of public agencies dedicated to inspection and control in said field. In this way it was analyzed, if the legal tools available are sufficient enough for all social actors involved in activity forestry, can defend their rights favourably. In the first place, we highlight the implementation of a comparative analysis of provincial jurisdictions of Argentina, except form the Autonomous city of Buenos Aires and the national level. In this context it was possible to conclude that the detection of overlapping agencies of control (many times within the same jurisdiction), and in some law cases where the stipulated deadline was not met for the dictation of a regulatory decree, which made it difficult to apply in practice. They glimpsed different levels of normative development in the jurisdictional provinces analyzed, linked with plant and forest health. Also the same ones are not uniform and vary notably according to the region of the country, and it is not always linked to the existence or not of forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological restoration is often carried out to recover biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES) of degraded ecosystems. In general, the outcomes of ecological restoration can be assessed as the recovery progress or the recovery completeness of indicators of ecological integrity in the restored state against the degraded or reference states, respectively. Here we present the results of four global meta-analyses previously published to assess these outcomes in a wide range of ecosystem types, wetlands, agroecosystems, and forests. For all ecosystem types, ecological restoration increased provision of biodiversity and ES by 58 and 59%, respectively; however, values of both remained lower in restored versus intact reference ecosystems (-10 and -8%, respectively). Levels of recovery varied among ecosystem types. Restored wetlands showed 19 and 43% higher levels of biodiversity and ES, respectively, than did degraded wetlands; however, their levels of ES were lower (-13%) than in reference wetlands. Restoration increased biodiversity and levels of supporting ES and regulating ES by an average of 68, 42, and 120%, respectively, relative to levels in the pre-restoration agroecosystem, and restored agroecosystems showed levels of biodiversity and these ES similar to those of reference ecosystems. Recovery was complete for all ES, whereas biodiversity, although it increased by 106% after restoration, was 21% lower than in reference forests. There is gap related to quantitative assessment of cultural ES provided by restored ecosystems in the scientific literature. Biodiversity and ES response ratios positively correlated in comparisons of restored and degraded ecosystems in all individual meta-analysis. We conclude that ecological restoration markedly enhances biodiversity and ES supply, but the attained levels are lower than those in the reference ecosystems and effectiveness is context dependent to a large extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]