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Wood pulp is one of the main products of forestry worldwide, being a necessary intermediate product for all types of paper produced. In order to understand the market dynamics of this product, this study analyses the global concentration of the wood-pulp production from 1961 to 2021 using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). To measure the degree of concentration, the following indicators were used: concentration ratio [CR(k)], the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), the Theil Entropy Index (E), the Hall and Tideman Index (HTI), the Comprehensible Concentration Index (CCI) and the Gini Coefficient (G). A decreasing tendency in the concentration of the world production of wood pulp was verified, but the concentration is still classified as intense. The inequality was also strongly verified by the G, but also with a downward tendency. The participation of major producers is also decreasing. This trend of reduced concentration is explained by the increase in the number of countries producing wood pulp. This study concluded that the environmental and technological conditions of the management of planted forests restrict the participation of many of the countries producing wood pulp.

Resumo: O agronegócio de flores e plantas ornamentais está se consolidando no Brasil. O perfil do produtor brasileiro é de pequeno porte e caracterizado como agricultura familiar. A produção de flores e plantas ornamentais tem um papel importante na economia, gerando empregos e distribuindo melhor a renda. No Distrito Federal a produção de floricultura é realizada pelo pequeno produtor e por sua família, tornando-a assim agricultura familiar. Esta pesquisa tem caráter exploratório e descritivo e foi realizada com o auxílio de um questionário misto para descrever e avaliar o perfil socioeconômico do produtor de flores e plantas ornamentais do Distrito Federal. A análise dos dados foi realizada pela análise estatística bidimensional para testar e validar os resultados obtidos. Os resultados em relação ao sexo dos produtores de flores e plantas ornamentais foram: homens (24,34%) com pelo menos 2 membros da família (16,98%), e para a produção de mudas, as mulheres (16,98%), com mais de 2 membros da família (13,21%). O estado civil dos produtores de flores divide-se em casados (58,82%) e solteiros (23,33%). Concluiu-se que o perfil socioeconômico do produtor de flores e plantas ornamentais é de caráter misto, agricultura familiar, sinais de amadorismo e não possui renda exclusivamente advinda da produção. Abstract: The flower and ornamental plants agribusiness in Brazil are in the consolidating stage. The profile of the Brazilian small producer is mainly characterized as family farming. The production of flowers and ornamental plants plays an important role in the economy, generating jobs and distributing income better. In the Federal District, small producers and his family carry out the production, thus making it family farming. This research proposes an exploratory and descriptive analysis by a mixed questionnaire to evaluate Federal District flowers and ornamental plants producers` socioeconomic profile. The data analysis was evaluated using a two-dimensional statistical analysis to test and validate all achieved results. The result about the gender of the producers of flowers and ornamental plants were men (24.34%) with at least two family members (16.98%), and for the production of seedlings, women (16.98%), with more than two family members (13.21%). The marital status of flower producers is married (58.82%) and single (23.33%). It was concluded that the producer of flowers and ornamental plants' socioeconomic profile is mixed, family farming, signs of amateurism, and does not have income exclusively from production.

A evolução da política energética dos países desenvolvidos, associada à procura por fontes renováveis como a biomassa florestal, impulsionou, desde o início dos anos 2000, o crescimento da produção de pellets de madeira no mundo. O mercado de pellets tornou-se exigente em qualidade e deve lidar com a concorrência de outras fontes de energia, requerendo dos produtores um controle rigoroso de custo bem como um bom domínio técnico da produção. Dessa forma, realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os aspectos técnicos da produção de pellets e as possibilidades e as exigências do mercado para que o Brasil possa aproveitar as oportunidades e valorizar o seu potencial florestal.

Facing increasingly competitive market demands, producers must act as managers of their property, knowing the strengths and bottlenecks in production systems. In this perspective, there is a methodology activity-based costing system (ABC), a cost management tool, used when there is a mix of products, to determine the unit costs of production. This work aimed to apply the activity-based costing system to activities in a successional agroforestry system, that produces nine products. The methodology was applied to the indirect costs of the system. When applying the methodology, it was found that maize and okra products presented negative contribution margins, showing that the respective production costs exceed the sale value of the product. The other products had positive contribution margins, with emphasis on yam and strawberry. The ABC system is efficient for management and administration of agroforestry enterprises.

Faced with the transition in the global energy structure with the shift in consumption of fossil fuels to renewable and clean sources, there has been an increase in the demand for forest biomass for energy purposes, especially wood pellets, and imports have grown in recent years. Therefore, this study analyzed the world concentration of pellet imports from 2012 to 2018. Data on pellet imports were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and the following indicators were used to measure the concentration: Concentration Ratio [CR(k)], Hirschman-Herfindal Index (HHI), Theil Entropy Index (E), Gini Inequality Coefficient (G) and the Hall-Tideman Index (HTI). The results showed a growth of 16.67% p.a. of global pellet imports, from 8.76 million tons (t) in 2012 to 22.15 million tons in 2018. The CR(k) indicated very high concentration for countries and high in the subcontinents. The HHI showed a high concentration for continents and subcontinents and a moderate concentration for countries. Entropy and HTI corroborated the analyzes found in the HHI. The G pointed out strong inequality for all territorial levels and showed trends towards a reduction in inequality as of 2015. The reduction in the concentration in the final years of study is related to the expansion and technological diffusion of energy conversion of the densified biomass, which makes this fuel more affordable. RESUMO Diante da transição na estrutura energética mundial, com o deslocamento do consumo dos combustíveis fósseis para fonte renováveis e limpas, registra-se um aumento da demanda por biomassa florestal para fins energéticos, em especial os pellets de madeira, e as importações têm crescido nos últimos anos. Logo, este artigo analisou a concentração mundial das importações de pellets, de 2012 a 2018. Os dados de importações de pellets foram obtidos da Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – FAO e para mensurar a concentração foram utilizados os indicadores: Razão de Concentração [CR(k)], Índice de Hirschman-Herfindal (HHI) Índice de Entropia de Theil (E), Coeficiente de desigualdade de Gini (G) e o Índice de Hall-Tideman (HTI). Os resultados apontaram um crescimento de 16,67% a.a. da importação mundial de pellets, saindo de 8,76 milhões toneladas (t), em 2012, para 22,15 milhões de t em 2018. Quanto aos índices de concentração, o CR(k) indicou concentração muito alta para os países e alta nos subcontinentes. O HHI apresentou concentração alta para os continentes e subcontinentes e uma concentração moderada para os países. A Entropia e o HTI corroboraram as análises encontradas no HHI. O G apontou forte desigualdade para todos os níveis territoriais e apresentou tendências de redução na desigualdade a partir de 2015. A redução da concentração, nos últimos anos de estudo, encontra relação com a expansão e a difusão tecnológica de conversão energética da biomassa densificada, o que torna o combustível mais acessível.

Resumo O manejo florestal é uma boa alternativa à exploração predatória dos recursos florestais. Para aumentar a adoção do manejo florestal e evitar o desmatamento ilegal e a ocupação desordenada das florestas públicas, o Governo instituiu a política de concessão florestal. O estudo teve por objetivo descrever a trajetória da política de concessão florestal no Brasil, abordando seus avanços, bem como os aspectos positivos e negativos da modalidade de gestão de florestas públicas supracitada. O trabalho foi realizado por meio de revisão bibliográfica sobre o manejo florestal, com destaque para as concessões florestais no Brasil. Atualmente, o Brasil possui 6 (seis) FLONAs sob concessão, sendo 4 (quatro) delas no estado do Pará, e 2 (duas) em Rondônia. Até o momento, as concessões florestais não atenderam às expectativas iniciais. Como pontos positivos, pode-se observar a redução da vulnerabilidade das florestas sob concessão e a geração de empregos diretos, beneficiando a população local. A destinação de áreas para a concessão ficou abaixo do planejado pelo governo. No entanto, apesar da lenta implantação, espera-se que haja uma rápida expansão devido às lições adquiridas com os primeiros contratos. Assim, acredita-se que o processo de concessão florestal brasileiro está amadurecendo de forma lenta, mas gradual. As atividades de monitoramento e fiscalização são consideradas elementos frágeis das concessões florestais, sendo necessárias ações que garantam a sustentabilidade das florestas. A redução da exploração ilegal é um desafio para o governo. Assim, caso o mercado seja abarrotado de madeira advinda da exploração ilegal, o esforço realizado para implantar a política de concessão florestal poderá ter sido em vão. Por fim, as concessões florestais são recentes no Brasil, mas estão evoluindo a cada ano, tanto em quantidade de áreas destinadas quanto de produtividade de madeira. Nesse contexto, pesquisas se fazem necessárias para um maior conhecimento dos resultados apresentados pela gestão. Abstract The forest management is a good alternative over predatory exploitation of the forestry resources. To increase the forest management acceptance, avoid the illegal deforestation and the disordered occupation of public forests, the Government has implemented the forest concession policy. The work was performed by a literature review on the forest management, highlighting the forest concessions in Brazil. Currently, Brazil has 6 (six) forest areas under concession, 4 (four) of them in Pará state, and 2 (two) in Rondônia state. So far, the forest concessions did not attend the initial expectations. As good aspects, it is observed the reduction of vulnerability in forests under concessions and the creation of direct jobs, benefiting the local population. The destination of areas for concession was below the governmental expectations. However, despite the slow implementation, it is expected a quick expansion due the lessons learned with the firsts contracts. Therefore, it is believed that the Brazilian forest concession process is maturing gradually, although in a slow way. The monitoring and supervision activities are considered fragile elements of the forest concession, proving necessary actions to ensure the sustainability of forests. The reduction of the illegal exploitation remains a challenge for the government. If the market is supplied with wood from illegal exploitation, the effort to implement forest concessions policies might have been in vain. Finally, forest concessions are recent in Brazil, but they are evolving each year, both in number of the designated areas and in wood productivity. In this context, researchesare necessary for a greater knowledge of the results presented by the management.

Forest concessions were implemented in Brazil as a way to increase the areas of sustainable forest management. Little is known about the financial viability of forest management in Brazil, which is one of its main bottlenecks. In this context, the aim of the study was to evaluate the financial viability of an investment in forest concession. In order to do so, the Net Present Value (NPV), Periodic Equivalent Benefit (PEB), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Real Options Analysis (ROA) were adopted, and the option of abandonment was also analyzed. As a variable for ROA analysis, the productivity (m³.ha-1) at the first years of forest concession under study was adopted. The NPV of the investment corresponds to US$ 8.04.m-³, the PEB was US$ 0.52.m-³.year-1 and the IRR, 20.75%. In order to be considered feasible, the forest concession must have a minimum productivity of 17.75 m³.ha-1. Of the 861 managerial decisions, the option to proceed with the investment was adopted in 237 nodes (27.53%), and the decision to abandon was exercised in 624 nodes (72.47%). This is a worrying result for the concessionaire companies and also for the management entities of the forest concessions, mainly when comparing with the concessions reality, where abandonment is an option that has been performed. It can be concluded that the high probability of abandoning highlights a fragility of forest concessions. ROA proved to be a good methodology to complement traditional methods of financial analysis, presenting satisfactory results in aiding decision-making.

This paper analyzed the disparity in the gross production value of timber products from the state of Paraíba, Brazil, between 1994 and 2017. The indicators used were: the locational quotient (Lq), the coefficient of location (Cl), the coefficient of redistribution (Cred), the coefficient of geographic association (Cga), the coefficient of specialization (Cs) and the coefficient of restructuring (Cr). The results obtained indicated that wood was the main timber product extracted in the state of Paraíba, with the Sertão paraibano region being of greater relevance, increasing the disparity between the regions; the Cred pointed out greater change for charcoal extraction; the Mata Paraibana region was the most specialized region, especially for wood extraction; and the Borborema region presented the greatest restructuring in all studied periods. The study evidenced that the extraction of wood products mainly occurred in the more arid regions of the state with the purpose of population subsistence or industrial use, especially in the red ceramics and plaster segments for which wood can be used to generate heat and thermoelectric power. RESUMO Este artigo analisou a disparidade do valor bruto de produção dos produtos madeireiros do extrativismo vegetal das mesorregiões da Paraíba, Brasil, no período de 1994 a 2017. Os indicadores empregados foram: o quociente locacional (QL), o coeficiente locacional (CL), o coeficiente de redistribuição (CRED), o coeficiente de associação geográfica (Cag), o coeficiente de especialização (CE) e o coeficiente de reestruturação (Cr). Os resultados apontaram que a lenha foi o principal produto madeireiro e a mesorregião Sertão paraibano maior relevância, elevando a disparidade entre as regiões; o CRED apontou maior mudança para o carvão vegetal; a Mata Paraibana foi mais especializada em lenha e a mesorregião da Borborema apresentou a maior reestruturação em todos os períodos estudados. O estudo evidenciou que o VBP dos produtos madeireiros nativos ocorreu, principalmente, nas regiões mais áridas do estado para atender a demanda energética local e circunvizinha, com destaque aos segmentos de cerâmica vermelha e gesso.

Charcoal has an economic, social and environmental importance, because in addition to being a source of energy, it generates employment and income in the rural environment. Therefore, knowing your market is fundamental for the decision-making of those segments that depend on this raw material. This work analyzed the regional concentration of charcoal production in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, from 1994 to 2016. The data used to measure the regional production concentration (in tons) of native Paraíba charcoal were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) from 1994 to 2016. The indicators used were the Concentration Ratio [CR(k)], the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), Theil's entropy index (E) and the Gini Index (G). The main results show that the mesorregions of Borborema and Sertão Paraibano present concentrations in charcoal production from Paraíba. The CR(k) of the municipalities had a low to moderately low concentration and a moderately high to a high concentration for the microregions; the HHI and E showed deconcentration tendencies from competitive markets; the G showed strong to very strong inequality for the municipalities and microregions on average. It is concluded that the concentration of charcoal production at regional levels is not concentrated, even though it presents a moderate concentration in the partial indices [CR(k)] for the Paraíba microregions. RESUMO O carvão vegetal tem uma importância econômica, social e ambiental, pois além de fonte de energia, gera emprego e renda no meio rural. Portanto, conhecer o seu mercado é fundamental para as tomadas de decisões daqueles segmentos que dependem desta matéria prima. Este trabalho analisou a concentração regional da produção de carvão vegetal no estado da Paraíba, Brasil, no período de 1994 a 2016. Os dados empregados para mensurar a concentração regional da produção (em toneladas) do carvão vegetal nativo da Paraíba foram obtidos no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), no período de 1994 a 2016. Os indicadores utilizados foram a Razão de Concentração [CR(k)], o Índice de Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI), o índice de entropia de Theil (E) e o Índice de Gini (G). Os principais resultados mostram que as mesorregiões da Borborema e do Sertão Paraibano se concentram a produção de carvão vegetal da Paraíba. O CR(k) dos municípios teve concentração baixa a moderadamente baixa e para as microrregiões uma concentração moderadamente alto a alto; o HHI e E mostraram tendências de desconcentração apresentando de mercados competitivos; o G mostrou em média uma desigualdade forte a muito forte para os municípios e microrregiões. Conclui-se que a concentração da produção do carvão vegetal nos níveis regionais não é concentrada, mesmo apresentando concentração moderada nos índices parciais [CR(k)] para as microrregiões da Paraíba.

The present study aimed to analyze the yield and economic viability of the destination, for lumber and energy, of the wood from non-thinned stands of the hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis under different productive capacity class and whose production was projected by individual tree growth model to different ages. The simulation of the growth of individual trees was performed by applying the height and diameter growth, and mortality sub-models for three productive capacity classes: high, medium and low. The Kozak model was adjusted to study the stem taper and, in addition, used to optimize patterns for sawing logs and to produce lumber. The economic viability of the projects was evaluated by Net Present Value, Equivalent Periodic Benefit and risk analysis using the Monte Carlo method. It was observed that in areas with less productive capacity the volume of wood destined for energy was greater than 80% and, in areas with greater productive capacity the volume of lumber was greater than 26%. Economic indicators showed that the lumber production was viable at any of the studied rotation age. The risk analysis using the Monte Carlo method did not indicate the possibility of the project being unfeasible under the conditions analyzed. The quantity of different types of products obtained and the wood yield depends on the productive capacity class and age of the stand. The destination of the wood for multiproducts is the most viable option, regardless of the productive capacity class.

RESUMO Neste trabalho, compararam-se os valores gerados pela análise econômica tradicional (Valor Presente Líquido - VPL) com as Opções Reais. Aplicou-se o método proposto por Copeland & Antikarov para opções arco-íris, devido às três variáveis estocásticas selecionadas, com decisão de abandono caso o valor do projeto com flexibilidade fosse menor que o valor do ativo subjacente. Possibilitando a geração do valor de flexibilidade para que o empreendedor tenha mais confiança na tomada de decisão no momento de investir em um projeto com Sistema Agroflorestal, com a visualização de diversos cenários em uma única análise. Os resultados demonstraram que a análise de viabilidade econômica com Opções Reais propicia a melhor visualização dos possíveis cenários, dentro de um intervalo gerado pela volatilidade dos preços. O VPL adotado como o valor do ativo subjacente foi de R$ 5.684,32, com a taxa de desconto (WACC) de 9,95% e taxa de juros livre de risco de 7,5%. Para determinar a volatilidade calculou-se: o desvio padrão do retorno logaritmizado (27,06), a média (0,0883), valores dos movimentos ascendentes (u) 1,3107 com probabilidade de ocorrência de 61,34% e descendentes (d) 0,7628 com probabilidade de 38,66%. O valor da opção em caso de abandono foi de R$ 2.059,01/ha positivo. Os resultados mostraram que o VPL superestimou o retorno do projeto e que seria viável abandoná-lo. ABSTRACT In this study we compared the values generated by traditional economic analysis (Net Present Value - NPV) with Real Options Method. The objective was to apply the method proposed by Copeland & Antikarov for rainbow options, due to three stochastic variables selected with decision of abandonment if the project value with flexibility was less than the value of the underlying stock. It enabled the flexibility value generation in order to entrepreneurs to have more confidence in their decision when they are investing in a project with Agroforestry System, with different scenarios visualization in a single analysis. The results evidenced that the economic viability analysis, using Real Options, provided the best view of the possible scenarios, within a range generated by the prices volatility. The Net Present Value adopted as the underlying stock value was R$ 5,684.32, using the discount rate (WACC) of 9.95% and risk-free interest rate of 7.5%. To determine the volatility were calculated: the logarithmic return standard deviation (27.06), the average (0.0883), upward movements values (u) (1.3107) with 61.34% of probability and downward movements values (d)(0.7628) with 38.66% of probability. The option value in case of abandonment was R$ 2,059.01/ha positive. The results showed that the NPV overestimated the project return and that it would be viable to abandon it.

In the Brazilian Amazon Area there is no long-term research reporting on the forest structural response to thinning by girdling. This study was conducted in the Tropical Forestry Experimental Station of the National Institute of Amazonian Research. The objective was to evaluate the structure of an upland forest which had a reduction of basal area by annealing by different intensities. The study was conducted 28 years after the girdling intervention. The experiment was installed in 1985 on 15 hectares. The statistical design was randomized blocks with three replications and four treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4) and one control (T0). As for the number of trees per hectare (trees.ha-1), the ringed area showed a high capacity for resilience, even when subjected to high levels of intervention. In treatments T1, T2 and T3 the annealing benefited both commercial and non-commercial species. In T4, there was a reversal of this trend, an increase in the proportion of commercial species was detected when compared with T0. The diameter distribution of T1 (χ2 = 16.1) and T2 treatments (χ2 = 15.4) were statistically equal to T0 and the treatments T3 (χ2 = 29.9) and T4 (χ2 = 55.3) were different. The results suggest that the forest structure still has signs of the different interventions. The silvicultural treatment used in T4 has great potential to increase the forest dynamics and tree growth without compromising the forest structure and ecological processes.

During the last decades, meteorological extreme events were frequent in the Amazon region. Floods followed by severe droughts can affect the dynamics of carbon in the forest, which is closely linked to environmental conditions of humidity. The litter and the growth of the trees are the main components of above ground net primary production. The objective of this study was to quantify the litter production and the diameter growth of trees, investigating their correlation with the seasonal rains in central Amazonian. The study was developed at the Experimental Station of the National Institute for Research in the Amazon (INPA), ZF2, Manaus-AM, Brazil, in two transects with dimensions of (20×2500m). The litter samples were collected with 120 litter traps and the growth of the trees was obtained through dendrometric bands installed on 250 trees. Precipitation was obtained by automated equipment (gauges) installed in the study area. The litter production for the period was 7.1 ± 0.23 Mg ha-1.year-1 on the plateau, 6.3 ± 0.15 Mg ha-1.yea-1 in the low land (confidence interval (CI) = 95%). The litter production was different per topographical classes (n=120, p=0.008). The correlation of litter and rain for the plateau was r=-0.83 (p=0.001) and r =-0.70 (p=0.011) for the low land. The average diameter increment of 250 trees was 1.43 ± 0.18 mm.year-1 (95% CI). The increment on the plateau was 1.46 ± 0.18 mm.year-1 and 1.35 ± 0.26 mm.year-1 (95% CI) in the low land, with weak evidence (n=250 and p=0.23) that the increments between topographic classes were not different. The correlation between rainfall and the mean increment of trees for the period studied was r=0.55 (p=0.063). The correlation between the production of litter and the increment in diameter of the trees was r =-0.60 (p=0.06). The correlation for topographical classes plateau is r=-0.51 (p=0.087) and low land is r=-0.57 (p=0.055). When the forest has a positive increase, this indicates that the trees are absorbing carbon from the atmosphere; while in the high litter production period, the trees show smaller increments and the carbon balance may be negative. All these relationships have an important and strongly correlated variable factor: rain.

Eight volume models were tested to fit observed data from merchantable tree species of Southern Roraima; four simple entry models with DBH as independent variable and four double entry models with DBH and merchantable height (Hc) as independent variables. Among those, the best model was compared with the one which uses form factor equal to 0.7. Additionally, the same models were tested with diameter at stump height (Dtoco) instead of DBH in order to develop an equation to estimate the volume removed by logging. To carry out this study, 54 sample trees with DBH ≥ 30 cm were taken from a clear cut area for agriculture projects in Rorainópolis, Southern Roraima. The model that best fit the observed data was V = 0.000503 ∗ DBHΛ2.157162 (R2 adj = 0.899 and Syx = 1.38 m3), because it does not have Hc as independent variable. To estimate the volume from the independent variable Dtoco the model that presented the best results was V = 0.002603 ∗ DtocoΛ1.761132 (R2 adj. = 0.789 and Syx = 1.93 m3). In the clear cut area, merchantable height could be measured precisely; in this case, double entry model could be very convenient as well, such as V = 0.000263 ∗ Dtoco Λ1.782244 ∗ Hc Λ 0.765729 (R2 adj. = 0.872 and Syx = 1.51 m3). Models with a universal form factor (0.7, for example) are not reliable mainly because Hc is not obtained precisely during the field data collection for forest inventory.

Canopy gaps created by wind-throw events, or blowdowns, create a complex mosaic of forest patches varying in disturbance intensity and recovery in the Central Amazon. Using field and remote sensing data, we investigated the short-term (four-year) effects of large (>2000 m2) blowdown gaps created during a single storm event in January 2005 near Manaus, Brazil, to study (i) how forest structure and composition vary with disturbance gradients and (ii) whether tree diversity is promoted by niche differentiation related to wind-throw events at the landscape scale. In the forest area affected by the blowdown, tree mortality ranged from 0 to 70%, and was highest on plateaus and slopes. Less impacted areas in the region affected by the blowdown had overlapping characteristics with a nearby unaffected forest in tree density (583±46 trees ha-1) (mean±99% Confidence Interval) and basal area (26.7±2.4 m2 ha-1). Highly impacted areas had tree density and basal area as low as 120 trees ha-1 and 14.9 m2 ha-1, respectively. In general, these structural measures correlated negatively with an index of tree mortality intensity derived from satellite imagery. Four years after the blowdown event, differences in size-distribution, fraction of resprouters, floristic composition and species diversity still correlated with disturbance measures such as tree mortality and gap size. Our results suggest that the gradients of wind disturbance intensity encompassed in large blowdown gaps (>2000 m2) promote tree diversity. Specialists for particular disturbance intensities existed along the entire gradient. The existence of species or genera taking an intermediate position between undisturbed and gap specialists led to a peak of rarefied richness and diversity at intermediate disturbance levels. A diverse set of species differing widely in requirements and recruitment strategies forms the initial post-disturbance cohort, thus lending a high resilience towards wind disturbances at the community level. © 2014 Marra et al.