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Trade-offs in wood anatomical characteristics reflect different strategies used by trees to deal with water transport in response to variation in environmental conditions. To study vascular strategies for Bornean rainforest trees, we compared water transport-related anatomical characteristics in branch wood between the common tree species Vatica dulitensis (Dipterocarpaceae) from old-growth forest and the common pioneer tree species Macaranga gigantea (Euphorbiaceae) from selectively logged forest. We hypothesised that the vessel traits of the pioneer species would reflect the need to capture and transport resources to support its fast growth rate (resource-acquisitive strategy), while the species of the old-growth forest would display more conservative vessel traits (resource-conservative strategy). We found that M. gigantea had significantly greater vessel area, hydraulically weighted diameter, vessel area to number ratio, and potential hydraulic conductivity than V. dulitensis. These results suggest that vessel traits of the common old-growth species would ensure high hydraulic safety during occasional drought when soil moisture is limited, while the common species of selectively logged forest possesses an efficient water transport system but its vessels would confer lower hydraulic safety during drought conditions. These contrasting vascular strategies highlight the potential for divergent responses of species of Bornean forest trees to future climatic extremes.

Forest management activity wich applied selective cutting with line planting (TPTJ) caused disturbed on forest, especially due to the process of making the planting lines. Natural forest gives respond to disturbance by recovery of its vegetation. This research aimed to measure the potential seedlings by vegetation recovery process in logged over area and determine both of the diversity and evenness of communities. The result showed that the composition of the seedlings at the begining of a recovery in the cropping were not only pioneer, but also kinds of Dipterocarpaceae and non-Dipterocarpaceae. The entire lines is dominated by the pioneers types, such as: Macaranga gigantea, Ganua glaberrima, Aporosa apriniana and Polyalthia rumphii. The family with the most number of types found namely: Phyllanthaceae, Myrtaceae and Dipterocarpaceae. The value of diversity index all of community belongs to moderate ( 2 < H’ < 3) and value equity (e’) belongs to high. The entire community of between the lines have low IS value wich its IS < 50% that means tampering with the seedling in each line has a significant different due to the forest examined was divided into several blocks of high fells.Keywords : climax, diversity, equity, pioneer, selective cutting with line planting

This study was to obtain the description of tropical lowland forest of Papua in Sewan village, Sarmi District, Jayapura region. The main objective was to investigate the structure, species composition and ecological value of the forest vegetation. Research methods included line transect, documentation, interview and literature review. Index Shannon Wiener was used to determine the level of species diversity. The results revealed that 27 tree species that grouped into 17 families inhabited the study area. The density of trees was 209 individuals/ha. A number of saplings were identified into 17 species and grouped into 15 families with the density 104 individuals/ha. At the tree level, species with the high important value (IV) index. important value (IV) index were Pometia pinnata Forst. (54.31%), Macaranga gigantea M.A. (45.33%), Knema sp. (27.37%), Nauclea orientalis L. (20.69%), Intsia palembanica Miq. (13.86%), and the other species had lower INP. At the saplings level species that had high INP were Pometia pinnata Forst. (84.05%), Horsfieldia sylvestris Warb. (34.87%), Knema sp (25.92%), Celtis nerifolia (22.54%), and Pterocarpus indicus Willd. (18.12%). Diversity index at tree level and saplings level were 2.73 and 1.91 respectively, and this showed the high diversity of the trees compared to that of the saplings. The ecological value of the forest in Sewan village included the function as watershed area, buffer zone for the wildlife and as habitat for several fauna especially birds and bats. Key words: analysis of vegetation, species of trees, Sewan village, Sarmi.

The genus of Macaranga (Euphorbiacaceae) has 250 species of which 160 species are endemic in Kalimantan and New Guinea. They grow as pioneer trees and are used as traditional medicines in the Asian regions. This experiment concerns cytotoxicity in both cancer and normal cells of their methanol extracts from wood, bark and leaf parts. Some of them have not yet reported its cytotoxic activity in those cell lines. The 21 methanol extracts were prepared from seven Macaranga tree species (Macaranga bancana, Macaranga gigantea, Macaranga hullettii, Macaranga pruinosa, Macaranga tanarius, Macaranga trichocarpa and Macaranga triloba). The MTT assay was used to evaluate cytotoxic activity of extracts in cancer cell lines [human breast cancer (MCF-7), mouse melanoma (B16 melanoma), human colon cancer (HCT116), human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa)] and normal cell lines [human normal fibroblast (TIG-1) and normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF)]. The leaf extracts of M. pruinosa, M. tanarius, M. trichocarpa showed more cytotoxicity than wood and bark in all cancer cell lines. In addition, the 5-fluorouracil was used as a positive control. These findings indicated the extracts from leaves of M. pruinosa, M. tanarius and M. trichocarpa had more potential than wood and bark parts to be developed as anti-cancer agents.

The productivity of exotic species developed in pulpwood plantations in Indonesia (HTI-pulp) has been continuously decreasing. On the other side, there is a possibility to develop several promising native tree species in peatland HTI-pulp plantations. However, less information is available on the performance of those native tree species for planting in peatland pulpwood plantation. This study evaluates the performances (survival rate, growth and yield) of three native trees [mahang ( Macaranga pruinosa ), skubung ( Macaranga gigantea ) and geronggang ( Cratoxylum arborescens )] in drained peatland, in terms of suitability for pulpwood plantation. An experiment plot was established by planting three native tree species and krasikarpa ( Acacia crassicarpa ) in drained peatland at Pelalawan District, Riau. Survival, growth and yield variables were monitored frequently until 5.5 years after planting (YAP) and then were analyzed. Geronggang (survival rate = 80.0%) and mahang (survival rate = 65.6%) showed good survival rates at 5.5 YAP which were significantly (p

Regeneration of Imperata grassland areas is becoming increasingly important, both to create new secondary forest and to recover the original biodiversity. The diversity of plant communities in secondary succession of Imperata grasslands was studied using 45 subplots of 9 linear transects (10 m x 100 m). Data was collected and all stems over 10 cm dbh were identified, the Importance Values Index (IVI) for all trees were calculated, saplings and seedlings were counted and analysed, and soil samples were taken and analysed. Results showed that after more than 10 years of regeneration, 65 families were encountered consisting of 164 species, which were dominated by Vernonia arborea Buch.-Ham, Vitex pinnata L., Macaranga gigantea (Reichb.f. & Zoll.) Muell.Arg., Symplocos crassipes C.B. Clarke, Artocarpus odoratissimus Miq., and Bridelia glauca Blume. The effects of regeneration, from Imperata grassland to secondary forest, on soil were the strongest in the A-horizon where an increase in carbon, N content, and pH were observed. Our result shows that Imperata grasslands appear to be permanent because of frequent fires and human interferences and so far few efforts have been made to promote sustainable rehabilitation. If protected from fire and other disturbances, such as shifting cultivation, Imperata grassland will grow and develop into secondary forest.

Most studies mentioned that Acacia crassicarpa belongs to invasive species that could threat the native biodiversity. To respond that issue, we conducted a study that covers the understory and soil macrofauna diversity of three native tree species, namely mahang (Macaranga pruinosa), skubung (Macaranga gigantea) and geronggang (Cratoxylum arborescens) and an exotic species namely krassikarpa in a drained peatland in Pelalawan, Riau. The observation of understory vegetation under each studied species was undertaken by using 2 x 1 m plots. Furthermore, the structure of macrofauna was observed by pitfall trap methods. Results revealed that there were two fern species namely Neprolephis biserrata and Stenochlaena palustris that dominated the understory vegetation in namely mahang (Macaranga pruinosa), skubung (Macaranga gigantea) and geronggang (Cratoxylum arborescens). The diversity index in vegetation structure among those four tree species was insignificantly varied. Moreover, the percentage of understory coverage under A. crassicarpa was significantly higher than that under all native tree species. On the other hand, Formicidae and Rhinotermitidae were dominant in skubung and krassikarpa. Meanwhile, Formicidae and Blattidae were high in mahang and geronggang. Furthermore, diversity index of macrofauna were significantly low at krassikarpas`s understory compare to other three native species. This study suggested that the introduction of krassikarpa affect the biodiversity.

Siregar M. 2017. Spatial distribution of abundant tree species at a mixed dipterocarps forest in Bukit Bangkirai, East Kalimantan, three years after long drought and forest fire. Pros. Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 3: 246-251. This study aims to determine the distribution of abundant tree species that survive or grow three years after long drought and forest fires. The tree distribution data were extracted from the database of three permanent plots at Bukit Bangkirai, namely: 1.0 ha plot at heavily damaged forest due to forest fires (HD-plot), 0.3 ha at lightly damaged forest due to forest fires (LD-plot) and 1.0 ha plot in a natural unburnt forest (K-plot). The distribution pattern was analyzed by using Morisita's indices of dispersion and Jaccard's indices of species association. Correlation of tree density with height and slope of land were also analyzed in each plot.The results showed that the most of the abundant tree species were clumped at small scales, and the clumps were randomly distributed (inter-clump distribution is random). An exception was found for Macaranga glaberrimus at K-plot and Madhuca kingiana at LD-plot which have random distribution both on small and large plots. Individuals of M. kingiana in K-plot were clumped at larger scales, and they were distributed uniformly within the clumps (intraclump distribution is uniform), which were distributed in the valley and steep slope. Inversely, Shorea laevis is rarely found in valleys and steep slopes. In HD-plot, distributions of Macaranga gigantea, Homalanthus populneus and Mallotus paniculatus were concentrated in the valley and in the lower parts of the slopes which have water availability. It can be concluded that the distribution of secondary species in HD-plot is much influenced by water availability, whereas in LD-plot and K-plot more affected by light availability

Karyati, Ipor IB, Jusoh I, Wasli ME. 2017. The diameter increment of selected tree species in a secondary tropical forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 18: 304-311. The diameter at breast height (DBH) increments of dominant tree species in a secondary forest can determine forest growth in the area. This study was conducted to investigate the DBH increments of the nine dominant tree species in a secondary tropical forest. A total number of 180 trees representing nine species, seven genera, and six families were selected for the assessment of DBH increments during two years of study. Those nine species, namely: Acacia mangium Willd. (2.33 cm year-1), Endospermum diadenum (Miq.) Airy Shaw (1.05 cm year-1), Cratoxylum arborescens Blume. (0.96 cm year-1), Vernonia arborea Buch. Ham. (0.96 cm year-1), and Cratoxylum glaucum Korth. (0.80 cm year-1) had shown a high growth rate during the assessment, while the other four species such as Macaranga gigantea Mull. Arg., Macaranga triloba Mull. Arg., Euodia glabra (Bl.) Bl., and Vitex pubescens Vahl. had 0.53, 0.48, 0.37, and 0.30 cm year-1 in DBH increments, respectively. The average DBH increments for the entire selected species was 0.86 cm year-1 for periodic measurement and 0.75 cm year-1 for monthly measurement. This information is needed in order to understand the succession process in the secondary forests. It is important for the selection of the suitable species in a reforestation and a rehabilitation projects. Keywords: Diameter increment, fast growing species, secondary forest, selected speciesÂ

Regeneration of Imperata grassland areas is becoming increasingly important, both to create new secondary forest and to recover the original biodiversity. We studied the diversity of plant communities in secondary succession of Imperata grasslands using 45 subplots of 9 linear transects (10 m x 100 m). Data was collected and all stems over 10 cm dbh were identified , the Importance Values Index (IVI) for all trees were calculated, saplings and seedlings were counted and analysed, and soil samples were taken and analysed. Results showed that after more than 10 years of regeneration, 65 families were encountered consisting of 164 species, which were dominated by Vernonia arborea Buch.-Ham, Vitex pinnata L., Macaranga gigantea (Reichb.f. & Zoll.) Muell.Arg., Symplocos crassipes C.B. Clarke, Artocarpus odoratissimus Miq., and Bridelia glauca Blume. The effects of regeneration, from Imperata grassland to secondary forest, on soil were the strongest in the A-horizon where an increase in carbon, N content, and pH were observed. Our result shows that Imperata grasslands appear to be permanent because of frequent fires and human interferences and so far few efforts have been made to promote sustainable rehabilitation. If protected from fire and other disturbances, such as shifting cultivation, Imperata grassland will grow and develop into secondary forest.

Problem statement: Accurate, current and cost-effective individual standing tree data are required by forest management communities for use in forest inventory over large areas. Currently, most of the forest mapping process is done directly on the ground using many technique such as the bearing-distance and also the other technique that use the computer software as a support, such as Tree MapperTM. Instead of ground data collection and where there are difficulties in reaching the individual trees, hyper spectral remote sensing technology is the best option to map the tree positions. Approach: A novel approach to generating an individual tree crown mapping estimated for a lowland dipterocarp forest of Taman Rimba Ilmu, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur using an airborne hyperspatial (1 m2 ground resolution) imager was presented. Results: A total of 297 individual tree crowns comprising of 83 Xylopia sp., 79 Ixonanthes sp., 56 Hevea sp., 15 Streblus elongates, 14 Pellacalyx sp., 12 Endospermum diadenum, 11 Macaranga gigantea, 10 Cratoxylum sp., 10 Cannarium sp. and 7 Ixonanthes icosandra were identified and delineated as individual polygons in a study area plot of 2 ha. Conclusion/Recommendations: It was found out that individual tree crowns in University Malaya can be detected and counted with reasonable field measured to image derived mapping accuracy of 98.65%. This study implied that acceptable individual tree crown classification maps and algometric equations relating diameter at breast height (dbh) or crown area to biomass can be used to generate timber volume estimates with established crown-diameter-volume correlations.

The purpose of this study was to carry out a vegetative study on the slope of Lok Kawi Hill. A total of 12 plots were laid between 20 to 350 m altitude on the slope of lowland hilly forest at Lok Kawi in Sabah State of Malaysia. These plots were subjected to cluster analysis using Ward Linkage Method (WLM) and Euclidean Distance Measurement (EDM). This similarity analysis classified them into five cluster groups (CGS). These CGS, denoted by three most dominant species in term of importance value were respectively named as Hevea brasiliensis-Parastemon urophyllum-Antidesma ghaesembilla Association (CGI); Chionanthus pachyphyllus-Parastemon urophyllum-Adinandra dumosa Association (CGII); Pithecellobium ellipticum-Calophyllum inophyllum-Arenga undulatifolia Association (CGIII); Calophyllum inophyllum-Croton oblongus-Cratoxylum arborescens Association (CG IV) and Oncosperma tigillarium-Sarcotheca glauca-Calophyllum inophyllum Association (CG V). The species diversity of these CGS were relatively poor. CGII and CGIII were each represented by 19 species, whereas CGIV, CGI and CGV comprised of 18, 10 and 6 species. In term of Basal Area Contribution (BAC), CGIII recorded the highest BAC, followed by CGII, CGIV, CGI and CGV. Density of trees between CGS was recorded highest in CGII, followed by CGIV, CGIII, CGI and CGV. Based on the species composition, CGI is an abandoned rubber plantation; CGII is a coastal vegetation with the presence of Oncosperma tigillarium; CGIII is a disturbed primary forest with the presence of Macranga hypoleuca, Macaranga gigantea and Mallotus paniculatus; CGIV is a disturbed primary forest with the presence of Vernonia arborea, Adinandra dumosa, Vitex pubescens and Macranga triloba; CGV is a disturbed primary forest with the presence of Macaranga gigantea. The value of species diversity differed between CGS. CGII have the highest R, H and E-values, 2.12, 2.393 and 0.813, followed by CGIII, CGIV, CGI and CGV. CGV possessed the lowest R, H and E-values among the five CGS that is 0.96, 0.814 and 0.454.

After the 1998 forest fire in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, biomass recovery of naturally regenerated vegetation was estimated in order to evaluate the initial secondary succession patterns of the burned land. We established research plots in naturally regenerated vegetation that included pioneer tree species, and the dominant pioneer species were Homalanthus populneus, Macaranga gigantea and M. hypoleuca, Mallotus paniculatus, Melastoma malabathricum, Piper aduncum, or Trema cannabina and T. orietalis. Annual tree censuses over 4 years (from 2000 to 2003) showed that on plots where the initially dominant tree species were M. malabathricum and T. cannabina and T. orietalis, they tended to disappear, and were replaced with M. gigantea and M. hypoleuca. In contrast, on plots where the initially dominant species were M. gigantea and M. hypoleuca, M. paniculatus, or P. aduncum, they continued to dominate 5 years after the fire. We classified tree species that were initially dominant but disappeared within 5 years after the fire as extremely short-lived tree species. The aboveground biomass of trees (AGB) averaged 12.3 Mg ha –1 (ranging from 9.2 to 17.0 Mg ha –1 ) in 2000 and 15.9 Mg ha –1

Between 1988 and 2000, changes in the above-ground biomass (AGB) of trees in an East Kalimantan lowland forest, damaged by fires in 1982–83 and 1998, were estimated using allometric functions and an annual inventory of stem diameter. The original vegetation of the study site was lowland dipterocarp forest which has since been affected by selective logging and wild fires. The 1982–83 fire killed large trees of primary species and the opened sites became dominated by a few pioneer species. Between 1988 and 1997, a few pioneer tree species, namely Macaranga spp., dominated a heavily disturbed stand (HDS). Primary tree species that survived the 1982–83 fire dominated a lightly disturbed stand (LDS). A moderately disturbed stand (MDS) contained vegetation intermediate between the HDS and the LDS. In 1997, there were 553, 499 and 356 trees ha-1 in the HDS, MDS and LDS, respectively. Macaranga trees accounted for 70, 40 and 11 of the total number of trees in the HDS, MDS, and LDS, respectively. In 1997, the AGB of trees in the HDS, MDS, and LDS was 117, 280, and 315 Mg ha-1, respectively. The proportion of biomass accounted for by Macaranga trees for the HDS, MDS, and LDS was 34, 8 and 1, respectively. The pioneer trees did not compensate for the loss of aboveground biomass resulting from the death of large primary trees. The fire in 1998 again decreased AGB of the stands. In 2000, the AGB of trees in the HDS, MDS, and LDS was 27, 106, and 219 Mg ha-1, respectively. The sites opened up by the 1998 fire were covered with the pioneer seedlings and seemingly dominated by the pioneer trees with a larger number of stems per ha, but lower biomass as compared to the original forest (> 400 Mg ha-1).

During selective logging of tropical rainforest in Malaysia, the topsoil is removed from log landings and skid trails by bulldozers. The exposed subsoil is compacted, nutrient-poor, low in organic matter, drought-prone and hot. Vegetation on log landings and skid trails recovers extremely slowly. Tree seedlings planted on these degraded areas perform much less well than those planted in adjacent manually disturbed areas. An experiment was set up to investigate whether soil factors reduced early tree growth. The treatments used were: digging to reduce soil compaction; fertilizing to replace lost nutrients; mulching to reduce soil temperatures and evaporation rates; replacement of topsoil. Two pioneer tree species (Macaranga hypoleuca and M. gigantea) and two dipterocarp species (Dryobalanops lanceolata and Shorea leprosula) were planted in treated plots. Fertilizing of seedlings resulted in a dramatic improvement in height, basal diameter and dry weight increments of all species 6 months after planting. Digging improved seedling growth slightly, but mulching had little effect. This suggests that nutrient deficiency is the most important factor limiting early tree growth on degraded soil. Topsoil replacement resulted in growth as good as that of fertilized seedlings. The topsoil plots also contained 35 times more volunteer plants than any other treatment. Pioneer tree seedlings grew significantly faster than dipterocarp seedlings.

Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) has received much ecological and evolutionary research attention as a genus that includes some of the most conspicuous pioneer trees of Southeast Asian tropical rainforests and because of its manifold associations with ants, including about 30 species that are obligate ant-plants (myrmecophytes). We used sequence data from three chloroplast DNA loci (ccmp5, ccmp6, atpB-rbcL) to assess phylogeographical patterns in species of Macaranga, section Pruinosae, sampled from various regions of Borneo and the Malay Peninsula. Forty-nine chloroplast DNA haplotypes (HT) were identified among 768 specimens from five species, Macaranga gigantea (N = 329; 23 HT), Macaranga pearsonii (N = 347; 21 HT), Macaranga puberula (N = 24; 4 HT), Macaranga hosei (N = 48; 6 HT), and Macaranga pruinosa (N = 20; 5 HT). Forty-one haplotypes were species-specific, whereas eight haplotypes were shared by two, three, or four species and occupied internal positions in a parsimony network. Population genetic parameters based on haplotype frequencies proved to be in a similar range in the non-myrmecophytic M. gigantea and in the ant-associated M. pearsonii, which have overlapping distributions in northern and eastern Borneo. A comparison of GST and NST values revealed a strong phylogeographic structure in both species, whereas colonization pathways suggested by the network topology were different. Both species exhibited similar levels of haplotypic diversity and moderate to high levels of population differentiation. There were no obvious indications for an influence of the symbiotic ant partners on the population structure of their host plants.