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Resumo A expansão de áreas de pastagens e cultivos agrícolas foi responsável pela maior parte do desmatamento no norte do estado de Minas Gerais. No presente estudo, avaliou-se a dinâmica do uso e cobertura da terra ocorrida nas últimas décadas (1986 a 2015) na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Nascentes das Geraizeiras (RDS-NG) e em uma zona de 10 km do seu entorno no estado de Minas Gerais. Avaliaram-se também os efeitos do desmatamento sobre a fragmentação da vegetação natural usando dados de sensoriamento remoto e análise da paisagem. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que o desmatamento afetou mais da metade da vegetação natural até 2015, agravando a integridade dos fragmentos de vegetação nativa na área de estudo. A RDS-NG contribuiu para mitigar a fragmentação da vegetação natural ocorrida no entorno daquela Reserva com a regeneração natural de algumas áreas degradadas. Observou-se que a maior ameaça ambiental à reserva é a ocorrência do fogo, que varia anualmente em extensão e danos socioambientais. O uso sustentado das terras na RDS-NG pode ser melhorado com a ampliação das práticas de atividades econômicas sustentáveis, como o aproveitamento de produtos florestais não madeireiros, a implantação de consórcios agroflorestais e outras atividades econômicas de forma moderada. Essas práticas contribuirão para garantir a manutenção dos recursos naturais, a produção econômica e a geração de renda e trabalho à comunidade local, com inclusão de todos os segmentos sociais da população da Reserva e seu entorno. Abstract The expansion of pastures and cropping fields was responsible for most deforestation in Northern Minas Gerais state. In this study, we assessed the dynamics of land use and cover that occurred in recent decades (1986 to 2015) in the Sustainable Development Reserve Nascentes das Geraizeiras (SDR-NG) and a 10 km buffer zone in the state of Minas Gerais. The effects of deforestation on native vegetation fragmentation were also evaluated using remotely sensed data and landscape analysis. This study indicates that deforestation affected more than half of the native vegetation by 2015, which affected the integrity of native vegetation fragments in the entire study area. The SDR-NG contributed to mitigating the fragmentation of natural vegetation that occurred around that Reserve because of a secondary regrowth observed in some previously degraded areas. It was observed that the most significant environmental threat to that Reserve is fire events, which vary annually in extent and socio-environmental damages. The land sustained use in the SDR-NG could be improved by expanding sustainable economic activities, such as using non-timber forest products, the implementation of agroforestry systems, and other economic activities moderately. These practices will ensure the maintenance of natural resources, economic production, increase income and labor opportunities to local communities, and include all social segments and populations living within and around that Reserve.

Large-scale commercial cattle ranching is the main driver of deforestation in the world, with several negative environmental and social impacts. To meet the growing demand for animal products, silvopastoral systems (SPS) can be an alternative as they have greater biodiversity and offer more environmental services than conventional cattle ranching systems. This paper aims to describe the implementation of SPS by traditional farmers in a rural settlement in southeastern Brazil, and the impacts on biodiversity of native plants. SPS were implemented by farmers in three selected areas that were cleared with a tractor. The impacts on the community and populations of native plants were estimated through vegetation sampling before and after the implementation of the SPS. Direct observations and semi-structured interviews were conducted to describe the implementation of the system and to understand the criteria employed to spare species, to manage native plants and the advantages of these systems according to farmers’ perceptions. Before the implementation, 1038 trees from 50 species and 29 botanical families were surveyed in the three areas. The tractor cleared on average 72 % of the trees, decreasing the number of trees ha−1 from 692 to 180 and reducing tree richness in 43 %. On average, 89 % of the removed trees had diameter ranging from 5 to 10 cm, indicating farmers’ preference in sparing the thickest trees. Farmers also spare useful species that have socio-economic importance, such as timber, fruit trees, fodder and medicine. According to the farmers, the advantages of the SPS are the high concentration of useful species, the environmental services provided and the increase in livestock production. The system described has great potential to ensure food security, generating socio-economic benefits for farmers and contributing to biodiversity conservation.

We evaluated the survival and growth of Amburana cearensis, Cedrela fissilis, and Sterculia striata seedlings in three seasonally tropical dry forest fragments that were subjected to different logging levels (intact, intermediately and heavily logged). In each fragment, we planted 40 seedlings of each species and monitored these over a period of 1 year. The highest seedling survival rate (64%) occurred in the heavily logged fragment, which, however, also had the highest mortality risk for all species during the dry season. Only S. striata seedlings had different survival rates among the fragments. Height and diameter growth were higher at sites with higher canopy openness in the wet season. The survival and growth rates of seedlings planted in logged fragments indicate that this technique can be applied to restore and enrich logged forests of the Paranã River Basin.

In this study, we review the current available information on the social-ecological context of Brazilian tropical dry forests (TDFs), a vegetation type that covers approximately 3% of the country territory. For this purpose, we conducted a comparative analysis of two case studies, one study in the north of Minas Gerais state and the other in Parana River Basin, situated in southeastern and central Brazil, respectively. We compiled published bibliographical and census-based data for the two regions, concerning the historical human occupation and land use and the environmental and development policies affecting TDF management and sustainable use. Brazilian TDFs usually occur in semi-arid climates, and have been intensely converted mainly to extensive pasturelands in large farms, thus leading to high income concentration in those areas. Our case studies involve less-developed regions that support populations with very low human development indices, which is the norm for Brazilian TDFs. Many of these are traditional populations, such as indigenous and slave descendents, with peculiar cultural practices only recently considered in government policies proposed for the forest management. Though the two regions have similar land use histories, current social-ecological scenarios are very different. In the north of Minas Gerais, TDF conversion policies were debated intensely for the last 15 years, recently resulting in a state law specifically generated to regulate TDF use. Also, this region has 20 conservation units (CUs), some of them delimited inside the territories of the several traditional populations that inhabit TDF areas. This process caused enduring conflicts that can affect both CUs' effectiveness and the sustenance of these populations. In the Parana River Basin, there is no specific policy towards TDFs, whose use is regulated by the 43-year-old Brazilian Federal Forest Code. There are only four CUs in this region, and most traditional populations were expelled from their original territories and consequently lost their cultural identity. Government sustainability strategies are limited to the establishment of CUs, a response that may disregard social demands and cultural practices, depending on the local context. Given the uniqueness and threat level to TDFs, specific and more diversified policies towards land use should be established for these ecosystems in order to stimulate low-impact activities that maintain ecosystem services and improve the livelihoods of TDF inhabitants.

We examined the following hypotheses: (i) seeds of dry forest trees have high pre- and post-germination mortality by desiccation due to the time between seed dispersal and germination and to irregular rains at the onset of the rainy season; (ii) seedlings from seeds dispersed in the dry season which survive the dry spells are larger at the end of the first rainy season than those dispersed in the rainy season because the former have more time to grow. We evaluated the possible trade-off between few large seedlings (resulting from natural dispersal) × many small seedlings (resulting from delayed dispersal) on seedling survival during the dry season. We sowed eight tree species in a greenhouse in September, simulating the natural dispersal timing (before the rains), and in November, when rains are more constant. Because shading can counteract the effects of desiccation, we applied three levels of shade (10%, 40% and 72% of PPFD). From September 2005 to December 2006, we provided the daily precipitation of a median year from a major patch of dry forest in Central Brazil. At the end of the rainy season, a subset of seedlings was collected for growth measurements (dry mass) and the remainder was left to follow the dry season survivorship. The lower germination expected for seeds dispersed in the dry season and in full sun was not confirmed for species that had some dormancy. The delayed dispersal was advantageous for the initial establishment of fast germinating species, but it was irrelevant or even disadvantageous for others. Also, the greenhouse weather was certainly milder than the natural environment, reducing the potential for mortality by desiccation. The growth of the four species of higher dormancy were not affected by timing of seed dispersal, while three out of four fast germinating species had higher root biomass when dispersed in the dry season. The growth during the rainy season did not affect seedling survival during the dry season. Keeping seeds to sow when rain is constant might be a good strategy to increase the establishment of fast-germinating tree species.

We assessed seed fate of six tree species in a seasonally deciduous forest of Central Brazil. Seed germination, predation, removal and death caused by pathogens or dessication were followed in an undisturbed forest site, a logged forest site, and an active pasture. In both forest types we sowed seeds under patches of liana tangles (Low Forest habitat) and under patches of mature forest (High Forest habitat). Seeds were monitored weekly for up to 8 months. Overall, small-seeded species ( Astronium fraxinifolium and Tabebuia impetiginosa ) had high germination, although germination was lower in the pasture due to insect predation. The hard-coated seeds of Erythrina sp. had higher germination rates in the pasture. The large-seeded Cavanillesia arborea and Swartzia multijuga had high seed removal (ca. 90%) in the pasture and under High Forest, but only 23–34% under Low Forest in the logged site. Lower removal of large seeds in Low Forest suggests that this habitat conceals the seeds and constrains the movement of large mammals. Both species were favored in Low Forest, suggesting that caution should be used when managing lianas. When protected from predation, seeds with a soft coat and high water content, such as the seeds of Eugenia dysenterica and S. multijuga , died from desiccation in the pasture. Restoration efforts must take into consideration high mortality caused by desiccation or insect predation in abandoned pastures of dry forests.

A bacia do rio Paranã (Goiás e Tocantins) com 5.940.382ha, tem alta diversidade de fitofisionomias, incluindo a floresta estacional decidual sobre afloramento calcário, que ainda não foi estudada nesta região. Este trabalho objetivou o levantamento quantitativo da vegetação arbórea de uma floresta estacional decidual sobre afloramento calcário (13°49'34''S e 46º 41'55''W; 478m de altitude) na fazenda São José, São Domingos, GO. Foram demarcadas cinco linhas a intervalos de 100m, onde foram aleatoriamente alocadas 25 parcelas permanentes de 20 × 20m (1,0 ha). Em cada parcela foram amostrados todos os indivíduos com diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) igual ou maior que 5cm, onde foram medidos o DAP e a altura, e identificadas as espécies. Foram amostrados 588 indivíduos (536 vivos e 52 mortos ainda em pé), pertencentes a 36 espécies, 31 gêneros e 21 famílias, com índice de Shannon 2,99 e Equabilidade 0,83. As principais espécies em valor de importância (VI), foram: Tabebuia impetiginosa (43,81), Aspidosperma pyrifolium (35,64), Luetzelburgia sp. (21,77), Commiphora leptophloeos (18,79), Myracrodruon urundeuva (15,79), Pseudobombax tomentosum (13,42), Combretum duarteanum (13,04), Luehea divaricata (12,24), Cabralea canjerana (11,99), Ficus pertusa (11,82), Jacaranda brasiliana (11,68) e Aspidosperma sp. (10,57) que juntas somaram 73,5% do VI total, enquanto as 24 espécies restantes somaram 26,5%. Esta floresta é similar, em termos de diversidade, a outras áreas de afloramentos na região. The Paranã river basin (States of Goiás and Tocantins, Brazil), with 5,940,382 ha, has many different plant physiognomies, including the deciduous forest on limestone outcrops which has not yet been studied in this region. In this paper we present the structure of the tree community of a deciduous forest on a limestone outcrop (13º49'34'' S; 46º 41'55'' W) in São Domingos municipality, Goiás State, Brazil. Twenty-five plots of 20m × 20m (400m²) were randomly placed on lines 100 m apart. Trees with dbh > 5cm were tagged, measured, and identified to species. In the phytosociological study, 588 individuals were sampled. A total of 36 tree species, belonging to 31 genera and 21 families were registered. The species with the highest importance value (IV) were: Tabebuia impetiginosa (43,81), Aspidosperma pyrifolium (35,64), Luetzelburgia sp. (21,77), Commiphora leptophloeos (18,79), Myracrodruon urundeuva (15,79), Pseudobombax tomentosum (13,42), Combretum duarteanum (13,04), Luehea divaricata (12,24), Cabralea canjerana (11,99), Ficus pertusa (11,82), Jacaranda brasiliana (11,68) and Aspidosperma sp. (10,57). Together these make up 73.5% of total IV while the 24 remaining species constitute 26.5%.

Protected areas are important sources providing plant resources for human populations, and contributing to the livelihood and income of families. To test the ecological apparency hypothesis, that there is positive relationship between the visibility of a species and its use, we conducted an ethnobotanical survey in the protected area of the Itauna rural settlement in the municipality of Planaltina, in the state of Goias, in central Brazil. The phytosociological parameters were obtained in 5.6 ha area of the Brazilian cerrado (savanna), and the ethnobotanical survey conducted with semi-structured interviews with 75 people. There was a weak positive correlation between the use value and the phytosociological parameters. A principal component analysis showed that seven species (Pterodon pubescens, Hancornia speciosa, Hymenaea stigonocarpa, Eugenia dysenterica, Annona crassiflora, Stryphnodendron adstringens and Solanum lycocarpum) have high use value, despite having low density, dominance and frequency. Nineteen species showed a positive relationship between their use value and their phytosociological parameters. The relationship between vegetation structure and use value differed among species in the protected area, indicating that more attention should be paid to those under more pressure, with low abundance. Further studies of these seven species should be conducted to determine whether human pressure is affecting populations structures and to define management strategies.

O efeito da distância da borda na estrutura, composição e diversidade da comunidade de árvores, considerando todos os tamanhos de indivíduos, foi estudado em um fragmento bem preservado de Floresta Estacional Decidual no Nordeste do Estado de Goiás, Brasil. Parcelas foram sistematicamente estabelecidas em seis distâncias (0, 40, 80, 160, 280 e 400 m) da borda, ao longo de 10 transecções ortogonais na borda floresta-pastagem. Foram amostrados 602 indivíduos adultos/ha, 8.927 indivíduos juvenis/ha e 54.167 plântulas/ha distribuídas em 58 espécies. Embora a composição de plântulas e adultos tenha variado significativamente ao longo do gradiente floresta-pastagem, a variação explicada pela distância da borda foi abaixo de 4%. Entre as variáveis de estrutura da comunidade e os índices de diversidade testados houve variação significativa apenas na diversidade de plântulas e na altura de adultos entre as distâncias da borda floresta-pastagem. O fragmento de floresta estacional apresentou apenas tênue efeito de borda, considerando-se os parâmetros de comunidade avaliados. Essa conclusão contrasta com resultados encontrados em florestas tropicais úmidas, os quais indicam diferenças abruptas entre a comunidade de árvores da borda e as do interior de fragmentos florestais. The effects of edge distance on the structure, composition and diversity of tree community, considering individuals of all size classes, were studied in a well-preserved fragment of deciduous dry forest in northeastern Goiás state, Brazil. Plots were systematically established at six distances (0, 40, 80, 160, 280 and 400 m) from the edge, over 10 orthogonal transects on the forest-pasture edge. It was sampled 602 adult individuals/ha, 8,927 saplings/ha and 54,167 seedlings/ha distributed in 58 species. Although the composition of seedlings and adult individuals varied significantly over the forest-pasture gradient, the variation explained by edge distance was below 4%. Among parameters of community structure and tested diversity indexes, there was significant variation only for diversity of seedlings and height of adult trees among forest-pasture edge distances. The dry forest fragment showed only a slight edge effect on the evaluated tree community parameters. This conclusion contrasts with findings from studies on tropical rain forests which indicate sharp differences between edge and interior tree communities in forest fragments.

Population structures of six tree species in three fragments of intact seasonal deciduous forest and three fragments disturbed by logging were studied in the northeastern Goiás. Forty random 400 m² plots were allocated in each fragment to survey plant population structures, number of stumps, cattle feces, burnt logs, and canopy openness. Soil cover by life forms was estimated in 1m² sub-plots. Lianas were abundant in intermediately logged fragments and invasive herbs in the most disturbed fragment. Cattle avoided dense herbaceous strata, such as liana tangles. Cavanillesia arborea, Eugenia dysenterica and Swartzia multijuga trees occurred at very low densities in all the fragments and their seedlings were practically absent, which might endanger their future populations in these fragments. Myracrodruon urundeuva, Tabebuia impetiginosa and Astronium fraxinifolium, the most logged species, had high density of seedlings in all the fragments. However, the highest density of saplings and juvenile individuals occurred in the most disturbed fragment.As estruturas populacionais de seis espécies de árvores foram estudadas em três fragmentos de floresta estacional decidual intactos e três fragmentos impactados pela exploração seletiva de madeira no nordeste goiano. Quarenta parcelas de 400m² foram estabelecidas em cada fragmento para a amostragem de populações, número de tocos, fezes de gado, troncos queimados e abertura de dossel. A cobertura do solo por formas de vida foi estimada em sub-parcelas de 1m². Lianas foram mais abundantes em fragmentos com perturbação intermediária, enquanto herbáceas invasoras no fragmento mais perturbado. Cavanillesia arborea, Eugenia dysenterica e Swartzia multijuga ocorreram em densidades muito baixas em todos os fragmentos e plântulas foram praticamente ausentes, o que pode ameaçar o futuro de suas populações. Myracrodruon urundeuva, Tabebuia impetiginosa e Astronium fraxinifolium, as espécies mais exploradas da região, tiveram alta densidade de plântulas em todos os fragmentos. Entretanto, a maior densidade de plântulas estabelecidas (>1 ano) e juvenis ocorreu no fragmento mais perturbado.

A bacia do rio Paraná, localizada entre os Estados de Goiás e Tocantins, com 5.940.382 ha, apresenta alta diversidade de fitofisionomias, incluindo a floresta estacional decidual sobre afloramento calcário, que ainda não foi estudada nesta região. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o levantamento quantitativo em uma floresta estacional decidual sobre afloramento calcário (13º31'11" S e 46º29'48" W; 530 m de altitude) na fazenda São Vicente, São Domingos-GO. Para o levantamento foram demarcadas cinco linhas, a intervalos de 100 m, onde foram distribuídas, aleatoriamente, 25 parcelas de 20 x 20 m. Em cada parcela foram amostrados todos os indivíduos com diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) igual ou maior que 5 cm, onde foram medidos o DAP e a altura e anotado o nome da espécie. Foram amostrados 896 indivíduos, sendo 860 vivos e 36 mortos, em 51 espécies, 41 gêneros e 25 famílias, com índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wienner de 3,18 e equabilidade de 0,81. As principais espécies em valor de importância (VI), não incluindo a categoria de indivíduos mortos, foram Pseudobombax tomentosum (36,39), Dilodendron bipinnatum (31,55), Tabebuia impetiginosa (26,66), Combretum duarteanum (18,38), Luehea divaricata (12,76), Cavanillesia arborea (12,52), Myracrodruon urundeuva (12,23), Chorisia pubiflora (12,21) e Acacia glomerosa (10,11), que juntas somaram 57,60% do VI total. A diversidade foi maior que a encontrada em outras áreas de afloramento na região. The Parana River basin (states of Goias and Tocantins, Brazil), with 5,940,382 ha, has a high diversity of phytophysiognomies, including the deciduous forest on limestone outcrops, which has not been studied yet in this region. In this paper we present the structure of an arboreal community in a deciduous forest on limestone outcrops (13º31'11" S and 46º29'48" W) in Sao Vicente Farm in the municipality of São Domingos, Goias, Brazil. Twenty-five plots of 20 m x 20 m (400 m²) were randomly allocated on lines set 100 m apart. Trees with at least 5 cm of diameter at breast height (DBH) were tagged, measured, and identified to the species level. A total of 51 tree species, belonging to 41 genera and 25 families were registered among the 860 individuals sampled. These values are higher than those found for two other limestone outcrops in this region, except for density, probably as a consequence of the improved conservational status of this area. The species with the highest importance value (IV) were: Pseudobombax tomentosum (36.39), Dilodendron bipinnatum (31.55), Tabebuia impetiginosa (26.66), Combretum duarteanum (18.38), Luehea divaricata (12.76), Cavanillesia arborea (12.52), Myracrodruon urundeuva (12.23), Chorisia pubiflora (12.21) and Acacia glomerosa (10.11), comprising together 57.6% of total. Diversity was greater than that found in other outcrop areas in the region.

A bacia do rio Paraná (GO e TO), com 5.940.382 ha, tem alta diversidade de fitofisionomias, com sua flora pouco conhecida. As atividades de extração de madeira e implantação de pastagem contribuíram decisivamente para a remoção da vegetação. Este estudo foi conduzido em uma floresta estacional decídua sobre afloramento calcário (aproximadamente 13º41'16"S e 46º44'20"W e 462 m de altitude) - fazenda Canadá (São Domingos-GO). Foram demarcadas cinco linhas paralelas, a intervalos de 100 m, onde foram distribuídas aleatoriamente 25 parcelas de 20 x 20 m (total de 1 ha). Em cada parcela foram amostradas todas as árvores com diâmetro do caule a 1,3 m de altura do solo (DAP) > 5 cm, nos quais foi medido o DAP, estimada a altura máxima e identificada a espécie. Foram amostrados 924 indivíduos de 48 espécies, 38 gêneros e 24 famílias e obtidos o índice de Shannon-Wienner de 2,99 nats/ind. e a equabilidade de 0,77. As espécies que apresentaram maior valor de importância (VI) foram Myracrodruon urundeuva (36,09), Pseudobombax tomentosum (34,75), Dilodendron bipinnatum (26,61), Combretum duarteanum (22,19), Jacaranda brasiliana (21,57), Commiphora leptophloeos (19,18), Astronium fraxinifolium (13,84), Tabebuia impetiginosa (13,79), Pseudobombax longiflorum (11,64) e Machaerium scleroxylon (10,00), que juntas somaram 69,9% do VI total. A diversidade foi próxima à encontrada em outros trabalhos em floresta estacional decídua sobre solo e afloramento na região. The Parana River basin - an area of 5,940,382 ha located in Brazil- has a highly diverse phytophysiognomy and scarce flora information. Wood extraction and pasture activities have decisively contributed to the removal of vegetation in this area. This study was carried out in a seasonal deciduous forest on limestone outcrop (approximately 13º41'16" S and 46º44'20" W) on Canada Farm (São Domingos-GO.) Twenty -five plots of 20 m x 20m (1 ha) were randomly allocated on parallel lines 100 m apart. Trees with stem diameter at 1.3 m breast height (DBH) > 5 cm were sampled and their DBH, maximum height and species determined. In the phytosociological study, 924 individuals comprising 48 species, 38 genera and 24 families were sampled. The species with the highest importance value (IV) were Myracrodruon urundeuva (36.09%), Pseudobombax tomentosum (34.75%), Dilodendron bipinnatum (26.61%), Combretum duarteanum (22.19%), Jacaranda brasiliana (21.57%), Commiphora leptophloeos (19.18%), Astronium fraxinifolium (13.84%), Tabebuia impetiginosa (13.79%), Pseudobombax longiflorum (11.64%) and Machaerium scleroxylon (10.00%), comprising 69.9% of the total IV. Diversity was close to that found in other seasonal deciduous forest studies in the region.