In this study, high throughput sequencing was used to study the bacterial diversity in rhizosphere soil and non rhizosphere soil of Taxus cuspidata forest at different ages, and the contents of soil nutrients（total organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium） were determined. Through the study of soil bacterial diversity and the relationship between soil bacterial diversity and soil nutrients, the structure of rhizosphere soil and non rhizosphere soil microorganisms in Taxus cuspidata forest and the impact of soil nutrient factors on soil microbial diversity were obtained, so as to provide theoretical support for the protection of natural Taxus cuspidata. The results showed that there were significant differences in soil fertility in different forest ages and in rhizosphere soil and non rhizosphere soil of Taxus cuspidata forest（P<0.05). There were 44 phyla in the experimental area, and the dominant phyla were Proteobacteria（relative abundance: 40.54%-43.89%） and Acidobacteria (relative abundance: 16.53%-28.81%). There was high correlation between soil total phosphorus and bacteria. The soil total phosphorus could explain 30.46% of bacterial variation rate in all plots. The main bacterial phyla in the mature forest sample plot were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Chloroflexi, Rokubacteria and Nitrospirae. The contents of total organic matter, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and total potassium were dominant in mature forest plots. The bacterial diversity in rhizosphere soil of Taxus cuspidata was lower than that in non rhizosphere soil. The contribution rate of rhizosphere soil bacteria to soil bacterial variation was the largest. The main factor causing microbial variation was soil total phosphorus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]