435 results on '"BALLISTICS"'
Search Results
2. Assessing forensic ballistics three-dimensionally through graphical reconstruction and immersive VR observation
- Author
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Luca Guarnera, Oliver Giudice, Salvatore Livatino, Antonino Barbaro Paratore, Angelo Salici, and Sebastiano Battiato
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3D immersive tool ,Computer Networks and Communications ,Hardware and Architecture ,Media Technology ,Forensic science ,VR observation ,Forensic firearm ballistics ,Software - Abstract
A crime scene can provide valuable evidence critical to explain reason and modality of the occurred crime, and it can also lead to the arrest of criminals. The type of evidence collected by crime scene investigators or by law enforcement may accordingly effective involved cases. Bullets and cartridge cases examination is of paramount importance in forensic science because they may contain traces of microscopic striations, impressions and markings, which are unique and reproducible as “ballistic fingerprints”. The analysis of bullets and cartridge cases is a complicated and challenging process, typically based on optical comparison, leading to the identification of the employed firearm. New methods have recently been proposed for more accurate comparisons, which rely on three-dimensionally reconstructed data. This paper aims at further advancing recent methods by introducing a novel immersive technique for ballistics comparison by means of Virtual Reality. Users can three-dimensionally examine the cartridge cases shapes through intuitive natural gestures, from any vantage viewpoint (including internal iper-magnified views), while having at their disposal sets of visual aids which could not be easily implemented in desktop-based applications. A user study was conducted to assess viability and performance of our solution, which involved fourteen individuals acquainted with the standard procedures used by law enforcement agencies. Results clearly indicated that our approach lead to faster adaptation of users to the UI/UX and more accurate and explainable ballistics examination results.
- Published
- 2022
3. New alginate-gelatine method for casting of staining inside firearm barrels
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Schyma, Christian and Berthold, Matthias
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- 2024
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4. Three Steps towards Metrological Traceability for Ballistics Signature Measurements
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Song J., Vorburger T., Thompson R., Renegar T., Zheng A., Ma L., Yen J., and Ols M.
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traceability ,forensic science ,ballistics signature ,standard reference material ,standard bullet ,standard casing ,Mathematics ,QA1-939 - Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The National Ballistics Imaging Comparison (NBIC) project
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Song, J., Vorburger, T.V., Ballou, S., Thompson, R.M., Yen, J., Renegar, T.B., Zheng, A., Silver, R.M., and Ols, M.
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FORENSIC ballistics , *COMPARATIVE studies , *CRIME laboratories , *STATISTICAL correlation , *BULLETS , *QUALITY control - Abstract
Abstract: In response to the guidelines issued by the American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors/Laboratory Accreditation Board (ASCLD/LAB-International) to establish traceability and quality assurance in U.S. crime laboratories, a NIST/ATF joint project entitled National Ballistics Imaging Comparison (NBIC) was initialized in 2008. The NBIC project aims to establish a National Traceability and Quality System for ballistics identifications in crime laboratories within the National Integrated Ballistics Information Network (NIBIN) of the U.S. NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2460 bullets and 2461 cartridge cases are used as reference standards. 19 ballistics examiners from 13 U.S. crime laboratories participated in this project. They each performed 24 periodic image acquisitions and correlations of the SRM bullets and cartridge cases over the course of a year, but one examiner only participated in Phase 1 tests of SRM cartridge case. The correlation scores were collected by NIST for statistical analyses, from which control charts and control limits were developed for the proposed Quality System and for promoting future assessments and accreditations for firearm evidence in U.S. forensic laboratories in accordance with the ISO 17025 Standard. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Traceability for ballistics signature measurements in forensic science
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Song, John, Vorburger, Theodore, Ballou, Susan, Ma, Li, Renegar, Thomas, Zheng, Alan, and Ols, Martin
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FORENSIC ballistics , *BULLETS , *TRACE evidence , *REFERENCE sources , *UNCERTAINTY , *TOPOLOGY , *STATISTICAL correlation - Abstract
Abstract: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in collaboration with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) has developed the Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2460 Bullets and 2461 Casings. NIST has also developed a 2D and 3D Topography Measurement and Correlation System for ballistics signature measurements. This system includes stylus instruments and a confocal microscope for 2D and 3D topography measurements, and a 2D and 3D topography correlation program developed by NIST. NIST and ATF are proposing to establish a National Ballistics Measurement Traceability and Quality System using these materials. In this paper, basic concepts and specific requirements for establishing ballistics measurement traceability are introduced; three key issues are discussed that include: (1) establishing a reference standard; (2) establishing an unbroken chain of calibrations; and (3) evaluating measurement uncertainty for both the geometrical topography measurements and the optical image correlations of the ballistics signatures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2009
- Full Text
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7. Errors in Forensic Ballistics: Causes and Elimination
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A. V. Kokin
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Forensic science ,forensic ballistics ,Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology ,Computer science ,Forensic engineering ,Ballistics ,forensic expert report ,expert error ,HV1-9960 - Abstract
The article discusses problematic issues related to expert errors in forensic ballistics. The causes of procedural and implementation errors committed by investigators and forensic practitioners are examined, and ways to prevent and eliminate such errors are suggested.
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- 2017
8. Siamese Ballistics Neural Network
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Oliver Giudice, Luca Guarnera, Antonino Paratore, Sebastiano Battiato, and Giovanni Maria Farinella
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Artificial neural network ,Computer science ,Process (computing) ,Ballistics ,020206 networking & telecommunications ,02 engineering and technology ,Image Forensics ,Siamese Network ,computer.software_genre ,Forensic science ,Set (abstract data type) ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cartridge ,Identification (information) ,0302 clinical medicine ,Face (geometry) ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Crime scene ,030216 legal & forensic medicine ,Data mining ,computer - Abstract
Firearm identification is crucial in many investigative scenario. The crime scene often contains traces left by firearms in terms of bullets and cartridges. Traces analysis is a fundamental step in the Forensics Ballistics Analysis Process to identify which firearm fired a specific cartridge. In this paper we present a fully automated technique to compare cartridges represented as a set of 3D point-clouds. The overall approach is based on Siamese Neural Network learning paradigm that we use to build a suitable embedding space where the 3D point-cloud of the cartridges are compared. The proposed approach has been assessed by considering the NBTRD dataset. Obtained results support the exploitation of the proposed technique in ballistic analysis.
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- 2019
9. Forensic Evidence and Criminal Investigations: The Impact of Ballistics Information on the Investigation of Violent Crime in Nine Cities.
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King, William R., Campbell, Bradley A., Matusiak, Matthew C., and Katz, Charles M.
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CRIMINAL evidence processing , *CRIMINAL investigation , *FORENSIC ballistics , *FORENSIC sciences , *HOMICIDE investigation - Abstract
We explore the impact of information from ballistics imaging hit reports on the investigation into violent crimes. Ballistics imaging hits link two crimes involving the same firearm by forensically matching tool marks on the fired bullets or cartridge cases. Interview data collected from detectives who received a hit report were used to explore the relationship between the presence of a hit report and outcomes in 65 gun-related violent crime investigations in nine U.S. police agencies. Findings indicate hit reports rarely contribute to identification, arrest, charging, or sentencing of suspects, because of delays in producing hit reports. On average, hit reports were completed 181.4 days after the focal crime. This delay forces investigations to proceed without the benefit of information from ballistics analysis. Additionally, hit reports rarely contained detailed information that was immediately useful to investigators. Instead, hit reports required additional research by the investigator to unlock useful information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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10. A Ballistics Examination of Firearm Injuries Involving Breast Implants.
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Pannucci, Christopher J., Cyr, Adam J., Moores, Neal G., Young, Jason B., and Szegedi, Martin
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GUNSHOT wounds , *FIREARM fatalities , *BREAST implants , *ARTIFICIAL implants , *FORENSIC sciences - Abstract
This ballistics study examines whether saline breast implants can decrease tissue penetration in firearm injuries. We hypothesize that the fluid column within a saline breast implant can alter bullet velocity and/or bullet pattern of mushrooming. The two experimental groups included saline implants with 7.4 cm projection and a no implant group. The experimental design allowed the bullet to pass-through an implant and into ballistics gel (n = 10) or into ballistics gel without passage through an implant (n = 11). Shots that passed through an implant had 20.6% decreased penetration distance when compared to shots that did not pass-through an implant; this difference was statistically significant (31.9 cm vs. 40.2 cm, p < 0.001). Implant group bullets mushroomed prior to gel entry, but the no implant group mushroomed within the gel. Bullet passage through a saline breast implant results in direct bullet velocity reduction and earlier bullet mushrooming; this causes significantly decreased ballistics gel penetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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11. Methodological analysis of basic concepts and terms used in forensic medical ballistics and most frequently common mistakes
- Author
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V Yu Vladimirov, A. V. Kovalev, and I Yu Makarov
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Firearms ,Forensic Ballistics ,Teaching Materials ,Computer science ,Accident prevention ,Ballistics ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Poison control ,General Medicine ,Russia ,Terminology ,Forensic science ,Basic research ,Humans ,Wounds, Gunshot ,Engineering ethics ,Russian federation - Abstract
The objective of this work was to determine the reasons and to find the ways to prevent common mistakes in using conceptual and terminology framework in forensic medical ballistics. Basic research and dissertation papers, practice guidelines and textbooks, educational learning materials, as well as conceptual and terminology frameworks of the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation had been analyzed. The study outcomes make it possible for a forensic medical expert to use basic definitions and terms of forensic medical ballistics in his/her practice methodologically correctly and in a well-argued manner, to reduce dramatically or completely exclude a possibility of expert's mistakes, to formulate reliable and sound conclusions upon the fact and conditions of a firearm use and upon a concrete mechanism of a gunshot wound formation in general.Цель работы - выявление причин и установление путей предотвращения часто встречающихся ошибок при использовании понятийного и терминологического аппарата в судебно-медицинской баллистике. Проанализированы фундаментальные научные и диссертационные работы, практические руководства и учебники, учебно-методические публикации, а также понятийный и терминологический аппарат нормативных правовых актов Российской Федерации. Результаты исследования позволят судебно-медицинскому эксперту методологически правильно и аргументированно использовать в практической деятельности основные понятия и термины судебно-медицинской баллистики, значительно снизить или полностью исключить вероятность экспертных ошибок, сформулировать достоверные и обоснованные выводы о факте и условиях применения огнестрельного оружия и о конкретном механизме формирования огнестрельной травмы в целом.
- Published
- 2019
12. Forensic Evidence and Criminal Investigations: The Impact of Ballistics Information on the Investigation of Violent Crime in Nine Cities
- Author
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Charles M. Katz, Bradley A. Campbell, William R. King, and Matthew C. Matusiak
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Engineering ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Ballistics ,Criminology ,Violent crime ,Criminal investigation ,Additional research ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Interview data ,Forensic science ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Tool marks ,050501 criminology ,Genetics ,030216 legal & forensic medicine ,business ,0505 law - Abstract
We explore the impact of information from ballistics imaging hit reports on the investigation into violent crimes. Ballistics imaging hits link two crimes involving the same firearm by forensically matching tool marks on the fired bullets or cartridge cases. Interview data collected from detectives who received a hit report were used to explore the relationship between the presence of a hit report and outcomes in 65 gun-related violent crime investigations in nine U.S. police agencies. Findings indicate hit reports rarely contribute to identification, arrest, charging, or sentencing of suspects, because of delays in producing hit reports. On average, hit reports were completed 181.4 days after the focal crime. This delay forces investigations to proceed without the benefit of information from ballistics analysis. Additionally, hit reports rarely contained detailed information that was immediately useful to investigators. Instead, hit reports required additional research by the investigator to unlock useful information.
- Published
- 2016
13. Development of ballistics identification--from image comparison to topography measurement in surface metrology.
- Author
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Song, J., Chu, W., Vorburger, T. V., Thompson, R., Renegar, T. B., Zheng, A., Yen, J, Silver, R., and Ols, M
- Subjects
FORENSIC ballistics ,FORENSIC sciences ,CARTRIDGES (Ammunition) ,BULLETS ,FIREARMS ,CRIME scenes ,IMAGE quality analysis ,SURFACES (Technology) ,COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
Fired bullets and ejected cartridge cases have unique ballistics signatures left by the firearm. By analyzing the ballistics signatures, forensic examiners can trace these bullets and cartridge cases to the firearm used in a crime scene. Current automated ballistics identification systems are primarily based on image comparisons using optical microscopy. The correlation accuracy depends on image quality which is largely affected by lighting conditions. Because ballistics signatures are geometrical micro-topographies by nature, direct measurement and correlation of the surface topography is being investigated for ballistics identification. A Two-dimensional and Three-dimensional Topography Measurement and Correlation System was developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology for certification of Standard Reference Material 2460/2461 bullets and cartridge cases. Based on this system, a prototype system for bullet signature measurement and correlation has been developed for bullet signature identifications, and has demonstrated superior correlation results [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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14. Shining a Light on Forensic Black-Box Studies.
- Author
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Khan, Kori and Carriquiry, Alicia L.
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ERROR rates ,FORENSIC sciences ,BALLISTICS ,SCIENTIFIC community ,JUSTICE administration ,SAMPLING methods - Abstract
Forensic science plays a critical role in the United States criminal legal system. For decades, many featurebased fields of forensic science, such as firearm and toolmark identification, developed outside the scientific community’s purview. The results of these studies are widely relied on by judges nationwide. However, this reliance is misplaced. Black-box studies to date suffer from inappropriate sampling methods and high rates of missingness. Current black-box studies ignore both problems in arriving at the error rate estimates presented to courts. We explore the impact of each type of limitation using available data from blackbox studies and court materials. We show that black-box studies rely on unrepresentative samples of examiners. Using a case study of a popular ballistics study, we find evidence that these nonrepresentative samples may commit fewer errors than the wider population from which they came. We also find evidence that the missingness in black-box studies is non-ignorable. Using data from a recent latent print study, we show that ignoring this missingness likely results in systematic underestimates of error rates. Finally, we offer concrete steps to overcome these limitations. Supplementary materials for this article are available online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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15. Three Steps towards Metrological Traceability for Ballistics Signature Measurements
- Author
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J.F. Song, Thomas B. Renegar, James H. Yen, L. Ma, M Ols, Theodore V. Vorburger, Ricardo Thompson, and A Zheng
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Engineering ,Traceability ,business.industry ,forensic science ,standard bullet ,Metrological traceability ,Biomedical Engineering ,Ballistics ,Poison control ,Mechanical engineering ,Signature (logic) ,standard casing ,Certified reference materials ,traceability ,Control and Systems Engineering ,Systems engineering ,QA1-939 ,Measurement uncertainty ,NIST ,business ,Instrumentation ,standard reference material ,Mathematics ,ballistics signature - Abstract
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in collaboration with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) has developed the Standard Reference Material (SRM) bullets and casings. NIST and ATF are proposing to establish a National Ballistics Measurement Traceability and Quality System for ballistics signature measurements and correlations using these materials. In this paper, three key steps towards metrological traceability for ballistics signature measurements are discussed that include: 1) Establishing a reference standard; 2) Establishing an unbroken chain of calibrations; and 3) Evaluating measurement uncertainty.
- Published
- 2010
16. Heard, Brian J. (2008). HANDBOOK OF FIREARMS AND BALLISTICS: EXAMINING AND INTERPRETING FORENSIC EVIDENCE * Davison, Neil (2009). 'NON-LETHAL' WEAPONS
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P. A. J. Waddington
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Forensic science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Computer graphics (images) ,Ballistics ,Art history ,Art ,Law ,media_common - Published
- 2011
17. Study on behaviour of pellets fired from airguns on gelatin block
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Chinmayi, BG, Nirosha, S, Anthea, MR, and Mane, M.
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- 2022
- Full Text
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18. Linking Crime Guns: The Impact of Ballistics Unit.
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Braga, Anthony A. and Pierce, Glenn L.
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- *
TECHNOLOGY & law , *LEGAL evidence , *PEACE officers , *LAW enforcement , *BALLISTICS - Abstract
Examines the impact of ballistics imaging technology on the productivity of the Boston Police Department's Ballistic Unit. Value of ballistics imaging technology in law enforcement; Analysis of time series data with the use of negative binomial regression models; Results of cost-effectiveness estimates and qualitative evidence.
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- 2004
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19. The study of defence gas sprays in forensic sciences: detection, identification, persistence and ballistics
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P. Esseiva, R.S. Pepler, and O. Gueniat
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Persistence (psychology) ,Forensic science ,Aeronautics ,Chemistry ,Ballistics ,Identification (biology) ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine - Published
- 1998
20. Sri Lankan shot pistols and ballistics
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M.A.J. Mendis
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Forensic science ,Engineering ,Shot (pellet) ,business.industry ,Forensic engineering ,Ballistics ,Sri lanka ,business ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine - Published
- 1997
21. The Second National Ballistics Imaging Comparison (NBIC-2)
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Mingsi Tong, M Ols, Robert M. Thompson, James H. Yen, Thomas B. Renegar, A Zheng, J. Song, and Theodore V. Vorburger
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NBIC ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Engineering ,Traceability ,business.industry ,forensic science ,standard bullet ,General Engineering ,Ballistics ,Poison control ,standard cartridge case ,Article ,Quality management system ,medicine ,NIBIN ,NIST ,Medical physics ,business ,ballistics identification ,standard reference material ,Reference standards ,Quality assurance ,Accreditation - Abstract
In response to the guidelines issued by the American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors/Laboratory Accreditation Board (ASCLD/LAB-International) to establish traceability and quality assurance in U.S. crime laboratories, NIST and the ATF initiated a joint project, entitled the National Ballistics Imaging Comparison (NBIC). The NBIC project aims to establish a national traceability and quality system for ballistics identifications in crime laboratories utilizing ATF’s National Integrated Ballistics Information Network (NIBIN). The original NBIC was completed in 2010. In the second NBIC, NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2461 Cartridge Cases were used as reference standards, and 14 experts from 11 U.S. crime laboratories each performed 17 image acquisitions and correlations of the SRM cartridge cases over the course of about half a year. Resulting correlation scores were collected by NIST for statistical analyses, from which control charts and control limits were developed for the proposed quality system and for promoting future assessments and accreditations for firearm evidence in U.S. forensic laboratories in accordance with the ISO 17025 Standard.
- Published
- 2014
22. Wound ballistics and forensic medicine
- Author
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Robin M. Coupland, Michael J. Thali, Beat P. Kneubuehl, and Markus A. Rothschild
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Bullet wound ,Forensic science ,integumentary system ,business.industry ,Medicine ,Dentistry ,business ,Short duration ,Wound ballistics ,humanities - Abstract
Analysing gunshot wounds is one of the many roles of forensic medicine. The preceding chapters have shown clearly that the multiplicity of physical parameters and effects renders forensic analysis of such wounds quite complex. The short duration of the processes involved (a bullet wound occurs within a few milliseconds) plays a decisive role here.
- Published
- 2011
23. Fate and Behavior of Gunshot Residue-A Review.
- Author
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Blakey, Lauren S., Sharples, George P., Chana, Kal, and Birkett, Jason W.
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GUNSHOT residues , *BALLISTICS , *AMMUNITION , *FIREARMS , *FORENSIC sciences - Abstract
A review of the literature concerning the fate and behavior of gunshot residue ( GSR) is presented. A number of concomitant parameters including firearm and ammunition type, plume and GSR material characteristics, travel distances, chemical composition and GSR morphology are critically discussed in relation to their effects on the distribution and deposition, transfer and persistence processes of GSR. The underlying mechanisms associated with such processes are also considered. Knowledge of these processes on GSR materials could provide valuable information concerning scene preservation and subsequent forensic sampling. The number of GSR particles deposited can vary significantly with each firearm discharge, highlighting the potential to produce distinctive data in each individual case. With the continual development and compositional changes of new ammunition types, further evaluation of the effect these processes may have on GSR evidence and their possible influence on the interpretation of the analytical results should be given due consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Effects of Re-heating Tissue Samples to Core Body Temperature on High-Velocity Ballistic Projectile-tissue Interactions.
- Author
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Humphrey, Caitlin, Henneberg, Maciej, Wachsberger, Christian, Maiden, Nicholas, and Kumaratilake, Jaliya
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- *
FORENSIC sciences , *BALLISTICS , *TISSUE analysis , *BODY temperature , *PROJECTILES ,SWINE anatomy - Abstract
Damage produced by high-speed projectiles on organic tissue will depend on the physical properties of the tissues. Conditioning organic tissue samples to human core body temperature (37°C) prior to conducting ballistic experiments enables their behavior to closely mimic that of living tissues. To minimize autolytic changes after death, the tissues are refrigerated soon after their removal from the body and re-heated to 37°C prior to testing. This research investigates whether heating 50-mm-cube samples of porcine liver, kidney, and heart to 37°C for varying durations (maximum 7 h) can affect the penetration response of a high-speed, steel sphere projectile. Longer conditioning times for heart and liver resulted in a slight loss of velocity/energy of the projectile, but the reverse effect occurred for the kidney. Possible reasons for these trends include autolytic changes causing softening (heart and liver) and dehydration causing an increase in density (kidney). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Systematic Review of Penetrating Cardiac Injury by a Firearm: Forensic Implications.
- Author
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Sessa, Francesco, Cocimano, Giuseppe, Esposito, Massimiliano, Zuccarello, Pietro, Scoto, Edmondo, Mazzeo, Pietro, and Salerno, Monica
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ONLINE information services ,PENETRATING wounds ,HEART injuries ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,SHOOTINGS (Crime) ,FORENSIC ballistics ,SURVIVAL analysis (Biometry) ,HEMODYNAMICS ,MEDLINE - Abstract
Penetrating injuries of the heart, named penetrating cardiac injury (PCI), may cause hemorrhagic shock as well as cardiac tamponade, leading to death if not treated immediately. This systematic review aims to highlight the main aspects of penetrating cardiac injuries after firearm wounds. The cases of 39 subjects (age 37.05 + 15.4) were selected (6 fatal cases). Specifically, 4/39 cases involved subjects under 18 y.o.; analyzing the entrance wound, in 30/39 cases it was located in the anterior chest, 4/39 in the posterior chest, 3/39 in the shoulder/axilla area, 1/39 in the neck, and 1/39 in the pelvis (gluteus). The exit wound was found in only 3/39 cases. Several factors may influence the prognosis: firstly, prompt intervention represents a crucial point, then considering the complications related to PCI, the most important are myocardial infarction, and projectile migration with embolization. The mortality rate is related to: (1) area and severity of the heart injury; (2) duration of transport and intervention; (3) contemporary lesion to other organ/s; (4) the quantity of blood lost; (5) and presence/absence of cardiac tamponade. Based on these findings, a correct approach in the management of PCI may be considered important from a forensic point of view, both as regards to medical liability and from the trial perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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26. The Forensic Aspects of Ballistics
- Author
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Vincent Di Maio
- Subjects
Forensic science ,Engineering ,business.industry ,Ballistics ,Forensic engineering ,business - Published
- 1998
27. Improving accuracy and effectiveness of forensic ballistics analysis and technology
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J. Thomas and R. Leary
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Ammunition ,Forensic science ,Engineering ,State police ,Aeronautics ,business.industry ,Forensic engineering ,Ballistics ,business ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Test (assessment) - Abstract
Ten consecutively rifled RUGER P-85 pistol barrels were obtained from themanufacturer and then test-fired to produce known test bullets and ‘unknown’ bullets for comparison by firearms examiners from around theworld. This study is a continuation of one originally designed and reported on by David Brundage. The original study was primarily limited to examiners from nationally accredited laboratories in the United States andwewanted to expand the study to provide test sets for firearms examiners around theworld. The RUGER P-85 pistol and the 10 consecutively rifled barrels were borrowed from the Illinois State Police. Ammunitionwas obtained from theWinchester Ammunition Company (A Division of Olin), and 240 test sets produced and distributed to forensic scientists and researchers around the world. A thesis which involved a total of 201 participants — including the original 67 reported on by Brundage — was published by Hamby and Thorpe in 2001. This paper reports on the final conclusions of the research conducted by Brundage, Hamby and Thorpe over a 10-year period.
- Published
- 2010
28. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DAMAGE PATTERN CAUSED ON MALAYSIAN MADE HOLLOW BLOCKS BY GUNS OF DIFFERENT CALIBERS.
- Author
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HOR TZE BAO, NATARAJA MOORTHY, T., HARUN, RASYIDI BIN, and DAUD, MOHD ZAHEDI
- Subjects
- *
FIREARMS , *FORENSIC ballistics , *FORENSIC sciences - Abstract
Firearm and ballistics in an important area in forensic investigation. Among three ballistics, terminal ballistics plays a vital role in to solve the mystery in crime scenes. The present experimental study is aimed to study the damage pattern caused on Malaysian made hollow blocks by using various firearm. For the experimental study, firearms viz. 0.38 revolver, 9mm submachine gun, 9 mm semi auto pistol, 5.56 mm rifle and 7.62 mm rifle were used with varying ranges. The shooting experiment was conducted at Sungai Buloh shooting range by trained firearms experts, Polis Di Raja Malaysia, Bukit Aman. Kuala Lumpur. The entry and exit damages were analyzed and the result of the investigation provided promising result in determining the type of firearm and other useful information. The entry damages are found to be comparatively smaller than the exit damages in the hollow blocks. The long arms caused more damages on the hollow blocks comparatively than hand arms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
29. Comparative Evaluation of Potentially Radiolucent Projectile Components by Radiographs and Computed Tomography.
- Author
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Miller, Catherine R., Haag, Michael, Gerrard, Chandra, Hatch, Gary M., Elifritz, Jamie, Simmons, Michael C., Lathrop, Sarah, and Nolte, Kurt B.
- Subjects
- *
BALLISTICS , *COMPUTED tomography , *RADIOGRAPHS , *PROJECTILES -- Speed , *POSTMORTEM changes , *T-test (Statistics) - Abstract
Projectile components that are traditionally radiolucent can be of considerable importance in determination of weapon type and caliber, but they are often missed on evaluation of postmortem radiographs. We hypothesized that these components would be significantly better visualized by evaluation of computed tomography (CT) scans compared to the practice standard of radiography alone. In this project, potentially radiolucent projectile components were both pulled apart and fired, and the radiolucent components were recovered. These components were embedded in blocks of ballistics gelatin and were imaged using both radiography and CT. The scans were evaluated by three blinded, board‐certified radiologists for the presence/absence of projectile components and true‐negative regions in each block. If a radiologist indicated visualization of a projectile component, they were further requested to describe their observation. It was found that traditionally radiolucent projectile components are not significantly more often identified on CT scans than radiography (p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Spectroscopic (analytical) approach to gunshot residue analysis for shooting distance estimation: a systematic review
- Author
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Maxwell Abedi, Dan O. M. Bonsu, Isaac K. Badu, Richmond Afoakwah, and Pooja Ahuja
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Forensic ballistics ,Forensic science ,Gunshot residue ,Firearm discharge residue ,Shooting distance estimation ,Range of fire ,Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence ,K1-7720 ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Abstract Background The determination of the shooting distance using gunshot residue (GSR) analysis is crucial in the investigation and reconstruction of firearm-related crimes. However, the conventional chemographic method for GSR analysis is destructive and has limited sensitivity and selectivity. While the spectroscopic method has potential in GSR analysis for crime investigation, there is a current lack of consistency in the spectroscopic results obtained for shooting distance estimation via GSR analysis. Addressing such limitations will enhance the forensic capabilities of law enforcement and provide an added advantage to crime laboratories during an investigation. It will also reinforce the use of such spectroscopic data in a criminal investigation. Main text We obtained all peer-reviewed articles relevant to shooting distance estimation from searching Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. We specifically searched the databases using the keywords “shooting distance,” “range of fire,” “gunshot residue,” “firearm discharge residue,” and “firearm-related crime” and obtained 3811 records. We further filtered these records using a combination of two basic keywords “gunshot residue” and “shooting distance estimations” yielding 108 papers. Following a careful evaluation of the titles, abstracts, and full texts, 40 original peer-reviewed articles on shooting distance estimation via GSR analysis were included in the study. The forgoing included additional sources (n = 5) we obtained from looking through the reference lists of the forensic articles we found. Short conclusion This paper discusses the current scope of research concerning the chemographic and spectroscopic analysis of GSR for shooting distance estimation. It also examines the challenges of these techniques and provides recommendations for future research.
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- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. A Study of Background Levels of Antimony, Barium, and Lead on Vehicle Surface Samples by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption.
- Author
-
Comanescu, Mircea A., Millett, Tiffany J., and Kubic, Thomas A.
- Subjects
- *
FORENSIC ballistics , *NANOPARTICLES , *ATOMIC absorption spectroscopy , *FURNACE atomic absorption spectroscopy , *BARIUM - Abstract
Law enforcement agencies routinely sample for gunshot residue (GSR) by bulk techniques and often submit swabs taken from other surfaces besides the hands of the suspect shooter. This study aims to establish the prevalence of antimony, barium, and lead on normally handled automobile surfaces by graphite furnace atomic absorption analysis. No positives were determined on 50 sampled automobile surfaces above cutoff (positive) from background levels. Transfers of GSR particles from shooter hands to automobile surfaces were found to potentially allow for positive GSR determinations, but such transfers seem to be dependent on the shooting conditions and length of GSR exposure. We determined that our bulk analysis method yields an overall 87.94 ± 5.52% extraction efficiency from cotton swabs, while the LOQ determinations strengthening the fact that bulk analysis methods are valid and valuable tools for GSR investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Handbook of Firearms and Ballistics: Examining and Interpreting Forensic Evidence by 2nd edn B.J. Heard and Truth Machine: The Contentious History of DNA Fingerprinting by M. Lynch, S.A. Cole, R. McNally and K. Jordan
- Author
-
Robin Bryant
- Subjects
Forensic science ,DNA profiling ,Sociology ,Criminology ,Law ,Classics - Published
- 2010
33. Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques
- Author
-
Donald F. Teal
- Subjects
Forensic science ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Ballistics ,Medicine ,Surgery ,Medical emergency ,business ,medicine.disease - Published
- 1994
34. Fracture Pattern Interpretation in the Skull: Differentiating Blunt Force from Ballistics Trauma Using Concentric Fractures.
- Author
-
Hart, Gina O.
- Subjects
- *
BONE fractures , *SKULL , *GUNSHOT wounds , *BLUNT trauma , *FORENSIC anthropology , *FORENSIC sciences - Abstract
Examines the fracture patterning of blunt force and ballistics trauma to the cranial vault. Variables examined in Contingency tables and Pearson's Chi-Square; Calculation of Pearson's correlation coefficient in determining the degree of association between variables; Discussion on the effects of intercranial pressure on the pattern of skull fractures.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. NIST Bullet Signature Measurement System for RM (Reference Material) 8240 Standard Bullets.
- Author
-
Li Ma, Song, John, Whitenton, Eric, Zheng, Alan, Vorburger, Theodore, and Zhou, Jack
- Subjects
- *
BALLISTICS , *PENETRATION mechanics , *INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems , *STANDARDIZATION , *PHYSICAL sciences - Abstract
Reports on the development of a bullet signature measurement system based on a stylus instrument of the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the United States. Goal for the support of the National Integrated Ballistics Information Network; Set of digitized bullet signatures profiled from master bullets; Control of the tool path to qualify bullet signature differences.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. TASER CEW distance determination for models X26P, X2, and TASER 7.
- Author
-
Zhou, Yu Ran, Liscio, Eugene, Ruffo, Hannah Elizabeth, Doucette, Corrin Marie, and Cao, Wanying
- Subjects
- *
FORENSIC ballistics , *STUN guns , *LAW enforcement , *STANDARD deviations , *REGRESSION analysis - Abstract
TASER weapons, classified as Conducted Energy Weapons (CEWs) are used by law enforcement as electrical, non-lethal weapons. A CEW's long distance method of deployment launches two barbed probes that embed into the target, before electricity is cycled from one probe to the other. The resulting muscle contractions help incapacitate the intended target. Currently, there is no research on the accuracy of variability of CEW probe spread in determining the distance of the shooter. Thus, in this study, a method of distance determination for TASER models X26P, X2, and TASER 7 was established to help estimate the relative locations of individuals during crime scene reconstruction. Each of four probe cartridge types were launched for six repetitions towards vertical cardboard targets from three different distances (n = 72). The probe spread on the targets was measured for each cartridge and plotted against CEW-To-Target (CTT) distance. Linear regression trendlines and standard deviations were generated for each cartridge type. Results demonstrated probe spread distances to be proportional to probe launch angles, and greater CTT distances resulted in greater standard deviation. Standard error of the estimate was calculated for all four linear regression equations and their ability to predict CTT distance when given probe spread measurements. The mean standard error values appeared acceptable for the X2 (0.460 m), TASER 7 CQ (0.273 m), and X26P (0.322 m) CEW models, while the mean error calculated for the TASER 7 Standoff model (0.846 m) was considerably greater. We expect our findings will help establish a reliable method of distance determination for CEWs, and perhaps with a larger sample size, more thoroughly examine the accuracy of the linear regression equations. CEW distance determination has the potential to provide support in contextualizing crime scene reconstruction with further research. By providing distance estimations alongside a standardized guide of error allowance, it would be possible to induce how far apart individuals were at the time a CEW was fired, within the calculated window of deviation, and in a statistical degree of confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Gunshot Wounds-Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques, 2nd edition
- Author
-
Richard C. Froede
- Subjects
Forensic science ,History ,Forensic engineering ,Ballistics ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine - Published
- 1999
38. Cell phone camera ballistics: attacks and countermeasures
- Author
-
Martin Steinebach, Peishuai Fan, Stefan Katzenbeisser, and Huajian Liu
- Subjects
Network forensics ,Point (typography) ,Computer science ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION ,ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING ,Computer forensics ,Fingerprint recognition ,Computer security ,computer.software_genre ,Criminal investigation ,Camera phone ,Forensic science ,Mobile phone ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDSOCIETY ,computer - Abstract
Multimedia forensics deals with the analysis of multimedia data to gather information on its origin and authenticity. One therefore needs to distinguish classical criminal forensics (which today also uses multimedia data as evidence) and multimedia forensics where the actual case is based on a media file. One example for the latter is camera forensics where pixel error patters are used as fingerprints identifying a camera as the source of an image. Of course multimedia forensics can become a tool for criminal forensics when evidence used in a criminal investigation is likely to be manipulated. At this point an important question arises: How reliable are these algorithms? Can a judge trust their results? How easy are they to manipulate? In this work we show how camera forensics can be attacked and introduce a potential countermeasure against these attacks.
- Published
- 2010
39. The Critical Angle for Perforation versus Ricochet of a .38 CAL. LRN Bullet on a Windshield.
- Author
-
Hirakawa, Shunsuke, Saimoto, Akihide, and Ishimatsu, Takakazu
- Subjects
- *
AUTOMOBILE windshields & windows , *FORENSIC ballistics , *CRITICAL angle (Optics) , *CHRONOGRAPH , *VELOCITY , *MECHANICAL models - Abstract
From forensic point of view, it is important to clarify the condition whether ricochet or perforate for a bullet fired toward the automobile windshield. The purpose of this study was to specify the critical angle at which the ricochet of the fired bullet takes place. To estimate the result of firing, a rigid-body dynamics simulation of the bullet together with the test-firing using .38 CAL. LRN bullet was examined. It was found both from numerical simulation and firing test that when the incidence angle is <45°, a complete perforation of the windshield was observed, whereas the bullet ricocheted remaining a characteristic damage on the windshield when the incidence angle is >60°. To measure the static failure resistance of various windshields, static indentation test was also examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Skin Penetration Assessment of Less Lethal Kinetic Energy Munitions.
- Author
-
Bir, Cynthia A., Stewart, Shelby J., and Wilhelm, Marianne
- Subjects
- *
FORENSIC ballistics , *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations , *MILITARY weapons , *LAW enforcement - Abstract
Presents the study of the technological innovations for less-lethal kinetic energy munitions used in law enforcement in the U.S. Examinations taken to determine energy per unit area required to penetrate various regions of the body; Used of eight unembalmed postmortem human specimens in the testing experiment; Evaluation on the conducted test results.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Spectroscopic (analytical) approach to gunshot residue analysis for shooting distance estimation: a systematic review
- Author
-
Abedi, Maxwell, Bonsu, Dan O. M., Badu, Isaac K., Afoakwah, Richmond, and Ahuja, Pooja
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Does the Prior Application of the Field Kit Bullet Hole Testing Kit 3 on a Suspected Bullet Hole Bias the Analysis of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry?
- Author
-
Seltenhammer, Monika H., Fitzl, Christine, Wieser, Ingo, Binder, Reinhard, Paula, Pia, and Risser, Daniele U.
- Subjects
- *
ATOMIC absorption spectroscopy , *FORENSIC ballistics , *GUNSHOT residues , *BULLET identification , *DIAGNOSTIC reagents & test kits , *SCANNING electron microscopes - Abstract
Forensic ballistics is the study of bullet trajectory and consists of determining gunshot residue ( GSR) to identify bullet holes. Among several highly sensitive methods, atomic absorption spectrophotometry ( AAS) is employed to analyze GSR in the laboratory. However, it is sometimes necessary to identify bullet holes immediately at a crime scene. The purpose of this examination was to determine whether the use of the field test Bullet Hole Testing Kit 3 ( BTK3) on a suspected bullet hole would influence the outcome of AAS-analysis: Three commonly encountered firearms ( Glock17, Tokarev, and Colt) were fired at skin, wood, and cloth. AAS-analysis was performed with and without previous BTK3 application. The results clearly indicate that there is no significant interaction on the grounds of BTK3 use ( BTK3 vs . no- BTK3 [kit_nokit] [ Pb: p = 0.1309; Sb: p = 0.9111], material*kit_nokit [ Pb: p = 0.5960; Sb: p = 0.9930], distance*kit_nokit [ Pb: p = 0.4014; Sb: p = 0.9184], and firearm type*kit_nokit [ Pb: p = 0.9662; Sb: p = 0.9885]); hence, applying this field kit does not falsify later AAS outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Optimizing Ballistic Imaging Operations.
- Author
-
Wang, Can, Beggs‐Cassin, Mardy, and Wein, Lawrence M.
- Subjects
- *
FORENSIC sciences , *BALLISTICS , *CARTRIDGES (Ammunition) , *CRIME scenes , *QUEUING theory , *OPERATIONS management - Abstract
Ballistic imaging systems can help solve crimes by comparing images of cartridge cases, which are recovered from a crime scene or test-fired from a gun, to a database of images obtained from past crime scenes. Many U.S. municipalities lack the resources to process all of their cartridge cases. Using data from Stockton, CA, we analyze two problems: how to allocate limited capacity to maximize the number of cartridge cases that generate at least one hit, and how to prioritize the cartridge cases that are processed to maximize the usefulness (i.e., obtained before the corresponding criminal case is closed) of hits. The number of hits can be significantly increased by prioritizing crime scene evidence over test-fires, and by ranking calibers by their hit probability and processing only the higher ranking calibers. We also estimate that last-come first-served increases the proportion of hits that are useful by only 0.05 relative to first-come first-served. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Discharge of a Pistol Out a Car Window with the Breech Within the Interior of the Car: Analysis of Gunshot Residue on a Car's Interior Surfaces.
- Author
-
Burnett, Bryan R. and Lebiedzik, Jozef
- Subjects
- *
FORENSIC ballistics , *GUNSHOT residues , *FIREARMS , *BULLET wipe , *PARAFFIN test - Abstract
The defendant, the driver of the questioned car, allegedly extended his right arm over the passenger seat and fired a single shot from a 380 pistol out the passenger window with the pistol's breech within the car. A simulation of this shooting scenario using the same model car, but different year, was conducted to quantitate gunshot residue (GSR) contamination of interior surfaces within the car. The test car's dash and headliner/window frame above the pistol had the heaviest GSR contamination. The dash GSR from airborne deposition documents a firearm discharge within the vehicle. Transfer from GSR-contaminated hands or clothing to the dash is unlikely. The heavy GSR contamination of the headliner/window frame above the pistol likely documents the window from which the pistol was fired, but additional experiments are needed to verify. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Abrasion Collar Around Shrapnel Entry Wound.
- Author
-
Gujaral, Pootheril Balan and Ajay, Balachandran
- Subjects
- *
FORENSIC ballistics , *BRUISES , *ARTILLERY , *BLAST injuries , *GUNSHOT wounds , *FRAGMENTATION (Weaponry) - Abstract
Abrasion collar is usually described as a feature of bullet entry wounds caused by friction and indentation. The present case is that of the peculiar entry wound caused by a piece of flying shrapnel which was ejected from a furnace in a steel plant. The scrap metal which exploded in the plant was sourced from the West Asia region. The entry wound on the chest was circular and had an abrasion collar around it. The projectile was a cylindrical object of obscure origin. The forensic science laboratory put forth the possibility that the projectile was a component of an artillery fuze. A decades old study which employed high-speed photography has rejected the possibility that abrasion collars are produced by friction. High-velocity projectiles other than bullets can also produce abrasion collars as the rubbing of the bullet against the skin or its rotation are not the causative mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Investigation of Ballistic Evidence through an Automatic Image Analysis and Identification System.
- Author
-
Kara, Ilker
- Subjects
- *
SYSTEM identification , *BALLISTICS , *CRIMINAL investigation , *TOOL mark identification , *CRIME laboratories , *FORENSIC sciences - Abstract
Automated firearms identification ( AFI) systems contribute to shedding light on criminal events by comparison between different pieces of evidence on cartridge cases and bullets and by matching similar ones that were fired from the same firearm. Ballistic evidence can be rapidly analyzed and classified by means of an automatic image analysis and identification system. In addition, it can be used to narrow the range of possible matching evidence. In this study conducted on the cartridges ejected from the examined pistol, three imaging areas, namely the firing pin impression, capsule traces, and the intersection of these traces, were compared automatically using the image analysis and identification system through the correlation ranking method to determine the numeric values that indicate the significance of the similarities. These numerical features that signify the similarities and differences between pistol makes and models can be used in groupings to make a distinction between makes and models of pistols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Bullet trajectory reconstruction - Methods, accuracy and precision.
- Author
-
Mattijssen, Erwin J.A.T. and Kerkhoff, Wim
- Subjects
- *
BULLETS , *FORENSIC ballistics , *SHOOTINGS (Crime) , *CRIMINAL investigation , *ANGLE of attack (Aerodynamics) - Abstract
Based on the spatial relation between a primary and secondary bullet defect or on the shape and dimensions of the primary bullet defect, a bullet's trajectory prior to impact can be estimated for a shooting scene reconstruction. The accuracy and precision of the estimated trajectories will vary depending on variables such as, the applied method of reconstruction, the (true) angle of incidence, the properties of the target material and the properties of the bullet upon impact. This study focused on the accuracy and precision of estimated bullet trajectories when different variants of the probing method, ellipse method, and lead-in method are applied on bullet defects resulting from shots at various angles of incidence on drywall, MDF and sheet metal. The results show that in most situations the best performance (accuracy and precision) is seen when the probing method is applied. Only for the lowest angles of incidence the performance was better when either the ellipse or lead-in method was applied. The data provided in this paper can be used to select the appropriate method(s) for reconstruction and to correct for systematic errors (accuracy) and to provide a value of the precision, by means of a confidence interval of the specific measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Forensic Ballistics—Identification
- Author
-
Det. Sgt. R. J. W. Barber
- Subjects
Forensic science ,Engineering ,business.industry ,Ballistics ,Forensic engineering ,Identification (biology) ,business ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine - Abstract
(1986). Forensic Ballistics—Identification. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences: Vol. 18, No. 3-4, pp. 151-153.
- Published
- 1986
49. Automatic identification of bullet signatures based on consecutive matching striae (CMS) criteria.
- Author
-
Wei Chu, Thompson, Robert M., John Song, and Vorburger, Theodore V.
- Subjects
- *
BULLET identification , *FORENSIC ballistics , *IDENTIFICATION of firearms , *STRETCH marks (Dermatology) , *FORENSIC sciences - Abstract
The consecutive matching striae (CMS) numeric criteria for firearm and toolmark identifications have been widely accepted by forensic examiners, although there have been questions concerning its observer subjectivity and limited statistical support. In this paper, based on signal processing and extraction, a model for the automatic and objective counting of CMS is proposed. The position and shape information of the striae on the bullet land is represented by a feature profile, which is used for determining the CMS number automatically. Rapid counting of CMS number provides a basis for ballistics correlations with large databases and further statistical and probability analysis. Experimental results in this report using bullets fired from ten consecutively manufactured barrels support this developed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Modified Shotguns in Turkey from 2006 to 2008.
- Author
-
Sarıbey, Aylin Yalçın, Hannam, Abigail Grace, and Tarımcı, Çelik
- Subjects
- *
SHOTGUNS , *FORENSIC ballistics , *MODIFICATION of firearms , *IDENTIFICATION of firearms , *CRIME scene searches , *FIREARMS & crime , *LAW - Abstract
This study investigates the legal status of modified shotguns in Turkey by examining the cases submitted to the Aydın Regional Criminal Laboratory between January 2006 and August 2008. A total of 351 shotguns used in crimes were examined. These guns were evaluated in respect of their type, size, caliber, fitness for use, and legal classification. Eleven percent of these shotguns had been modified and it was found that 55% of the modified shotguns were classified according to law 6136 and qualified as a pistol and 45% were classified according to law 2521 and qualified as nonstandard shotguns. Within the Turkish criminal justice system, a nonstandard shotgun attracts a less stringent sentence than a pistol. It would therefore appear that this sentencing structure is considered when modifying shotguns in Turkey. This is clearly a loop-hole in the legislation that could perhaps be investigated and closed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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