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Social adjustment is critical to educational and occupational attainment. Yet little research has considered how the school's socioeconomic context is associated with social adjustment. In a longitudinal sample of Australian 4- to 8-year-olds (N = 9369; 51% boys) we tested the association between school average socioeconomic status and social skills (parent and teacher reported). Models controlled for age 4 social adjustment and additional covariates. Results showed that children from more advantaged schools are more likely to have better prosocial behavior and fewer peer and conduct problems. An interaction between family and school average socioeconomic status (SES) suggested that this association was mainly present for children from lower SES backgrounds.

Pupils' Academic Self-Concept (ASC) has been shown to be related to educational outcomes during compulsory school years, but there is little evidence on the role ASC plays beyond this stage. Using longitudinal data from the English Next Steps survey the authors examine whether young people with higher ASC are more likely to study A levels, participate in further education and attend university. For university attenders, they examine whether higher ASC is associated with attending high status universities or studying higher status subjects. Finally, they explore the relationship between ASC and employment status and income. They find ASC is associated with differences in some of the post-educational routes but not with all. ASC is associated with an increased likelihood of studying for A levels and, for those with the highest ASC, more ASC increases the likelihood of going to university. However, there is no evidence that ASC is associated with going to an elite Russell Group university or related to differences in subjects studied at university, nor is it directly associated with later labour market outcomes once background variables and prior educational attainment are included. However, there will be an indirect relationship which should not be overlooked, as ASC influences A levels and the likelihood of going to university, both of which are associated with improved labour market outcomes. Although not causal, this work suggests that policies aimed at increasing ASC might have the ability to improve students' educational trajectories, increasing the likelihood that students will study A levels and, for some, increasing the likelihood of attending university. Both of these are pivotal educational cross-roads, so influencing routes at these points not only has the potential to improve opportunities for individuals, but also widen access to HE among groups with traditionally lower participation rates, thereby improving later outcomes, indirectly.

The purpose of large-scale international assessments is to compare educational achievement across countries. For such cross-national comparisons to be meaningful, the participating students must be representative of the target population. In this paper, we consider whether this is the case for Canada, a country widely recognised as high performing in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Our analysis illustrates how the PISA 2015 sample for Canada only covers around half of the 15-year-old population, compared to over 90% in countries like Finland, Estonia, Japan and South Korea. We discuss how this emerges from differences in how children with special educational needs are defined and rules for their inclusion in the study, variation in school participation rates and the comparatively high rates of pupils' absence in Canada during the PISA study. The paper concludes by investigating how Canada's PISA 2015 rank would change under different assumptions about how the non-participating students would have performed were they to have taken the PISA test.

This paper provides the first quantitative analysis on 'first in family' (FiF) university graduates in the UK. Using a nationally representative dataset that covers a recent cohort in England, we identify the proportion of FiF young people at age 25 as 18%, comprising nearly two-thirds of university graduates. Comparing groups with no parental higher education we find that ethnic minorities and those with higher levels of prior attainment are more likely to become a FiF, while those who are FiF are more likely to study Law, Economics and Management and less likely to study other Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities than students whose parents are graduated. We also find evidence that FiF students are less likely to graduate from elite universities and are at greater risk of dropout in general, even after prior educational attainment and socioeconomic status are taken into account.

The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is an important international study of 15-olds' knowledge and skills. New results are released every 3 years, and have a substantial impact upon education policy. Yet, despite its influence, the methodology underpinning PISA has received significant criticism. Much of this criticism has focused upon the psychometric scaling model used to create the proficiency scores. The aim of this article is to therefore investigate the robustness of cross-country comparisons of PISA scores to subtle changes to the underlying scaling model used. This includes the specification of the item-response model, whether the difficulty and discrimination of items are allowed to vary across countries (item-by-country interactions) and how test questions not reached by pupils are treated. Our key finding is that these technical choices make little substantive difference to the overall country-level results.

In this paper, we develop an information distortion model (IDM) of social class differences in self-beliefs and values. The IDM combines psychological biases on frame-of-reference effects with sociological foci on ability stratification. This combination is hypothesized to lead to working-class children having more positive math self-beliefs and values than equally able salariat children. We further suggest that the same conditions that give rise to the working-class benefit in self-beliefs and values are associated with signaling effects that suppress educational aspirations and attainment. These hypotheses are tested in 1 cross-sectional multinational and 1 longitudinal study. The results in favor of the IDM challenge cultural models of social class differences and have implications for rational action theory.