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The article analyses an effect of paper strain rate on energy absorbed during tensile testing. The tests were carried out in the range where the effect of inertia forces could be omitted. A new calculation method is proposed to predict variations in breaking energy caused by changes in strain rate. The method was verified by laboratory tests and calculation results and its practical usefulness was confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Existing laser and inkjet printers often produce adverse effects on human health, the recycling of printing paper and the environment. Therefore, this paper examines the thermogravimetry curves for printer paper, analyzes the discoloration of paper using heat-induction, and investigates the relationship between paper discoloration and the heat-inducing temperature. The mechanism of heat-induced printing is analyzed initially, and its feasibility is determined by a comparative analysis of heat-induced (laser ablation) printing and commercial printing. The innovative concept of heat-induced inkless eco-printing is proposed, in which the required text or graphics are formed on the printing paper via yellowing and blackening produced by thermal energy. This process does not require ink during the printing process; thus, it completely eliminates the aforementioned health and environmental issues. This research also contributes to related interdisciplinary research in biology, laser technology, photochemistry, nano-science, paper manufacturing and color science. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, we introduce a few notions of inverse topological pressure $({\tilde P}^-, P^-, P_- )$, defined in terms of backward orbits (prehistories) instead of forward orbits. This inverse topological pressure has some properties similar to the regular (forward) pressure but, in general, if the map is not a homeomorphism, they do not coincide. In fact, there are several ways to define inverse topological pressure; for instance, we show that the Bowen type definition coincides with the one using spanning sets. Then we consider the case of a holomorphic map $f:{\mathbb P}^2 {\mathbb C}\to {\mathbb P}^2 {\mathbb C}$ which is Axiom A and such that its critical set does not intersect a particular basic set of saddle type Λ. We will prove that, under a technical condition, the Hausdorff dimension of the intersection between the local stable manifold and the basic set is equal to ts, i.e. $HD (W^s_\delta (x)\cap \Lambda)=t^s$, for all points x belonging to Λ. Here ts represents the unique zero of the function t→P-(tϕs), with P- denoting the inverse topological pressure and $\phi^s(y):=\log|Df|_{E_y^s}$, y∈Λ. In general, $HD (W^s_\delta (x)\cap\Lambda)$ will be estimated above by ts and below by $t^s_-$, where $t^s_-$ is the unique zero of the map t→P_(tϕs). As a corollary we obtain that, if the stable dimension is non-zero, then Λ must be a non-Jordan curve, and also, if f|Λ happens to be a homeomorphism (like in the examples from [13]), then the stable dimension cannot be zero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Optimal Fibre Flow Model, a combined optimization and simulationmodel, calculates the optimal combination of energy recovery and recycling of waste paper for paper and board production. In addition, the environmental impact is estimated by using an environment load unit-index (ELU-index). The ELU-index assigns an environmental load valueto emissions and to the use of non-renewable resources such as oil and coal. Given a 'forced' utilization rate for the Scandinavian forest industry, optimization of marginal revenue shows environmental impact to be at a minimum with a utilization rate of about 30% in Scandinavia and 73% (an assumed upper limit) for the rest of Europe. If instead environmental impact is minimized, the utilization rate for Scandinavia is almost the same, while the utilization rate for the rest ofEurope is 53% (a lower assumed level). Given a fixed use of virgin fibres for the rest of Western Europe, a comparison of the environmental load at different 'forced' utilization rates for the Scandinavian forest industry shows no significant differences between the economicand environmental optimizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]