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Background: Fatty liver (fatty liver) or Non-lcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is an excessive accumulation of fat (lipids) in liver cells. Fatty liver is generally associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. Insulin resistance causes an increase in the entry of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) into the liver and occurs due to the failure of insulin to suppress hormone-sensitive lipases. Basil contains chemical compounds such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids that act as antioxidants that can ward off free radicals. Experimental animals use mice because they have physiological similarities to humans and are easy to keep experimental animals. Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of basil extract (Ocimum basilicum L.), the effective dose and the duration of the effective dose in reducing SGOT and SGPT levels. Methods Research: The research design used was a descriptive research design. Literature review using the PubMed database and ncbi.mlm.nih.gov using keywords used in data searches to search for journals related to basil extract, SGOT, SGPT, rats, and high-fat diets. Results: The results of the research from 8 journals that have been reviewed found that the levels of SGOT and SGPT had decreased significantly. Basil extract (Ocimum basilicum L.) has been proven preclinically and clinically to reduce AST and ALT levels. Conclusion: The conclusion that can be drawn is that the extract of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) can reduce levels of SGOT and SGPT. Keywords: Basil Extract, High Fat Diet, NAFLD, SGOT, SGPT, White Rat

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) downy mildew disease (DM) caused by Peronospora belbahrii is a worldwide threat to the basil industry due to the lack of natural genetic resistance in sweet basil germplasm collections. In this study, we used CRISPR-gene editing to modify the sweet basil DM susceptibility gene homoserine kinase (ObHSK). Gene-edited plants challenged with P. belbahrii displayed a significantly reduced susceptibility to DM, based on phenotypic disease indices and on in planta pathogen load. These results suggest that ObHSK plays a role in conditioning DM susceptibility, similar to that observed for the AtHSK gene in Arabidopsis. These results demonstrate the utility of CRISPR-gene editing in enhancing DM resistance and contributing to sweet basil breeding programs.

In this study, It is aimed to determine the effect on yield and yield components of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) of different nitrogen doses (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 kg da-1). The study was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications under Eskişehir ecological conditions in 2019-2020. The plant height, fresh herb yield, fresh and dry leaf yields, essential oil content and essential oil yield of Ocimum basilicum L. were investigated in the study and the effect of different nitrogen doses on examined all parameters were found to be significant. The results (2019 and 2020 mean) obtained from the experiment showed that fresh herba yield, fresh leaf yield, dry leaf yield and essential oil yield ranged between 748.00-1617.80 kg da-1, 449.55-1062.40 kg da-1, 89.76-166.63 kg da-1 and 0.79-1.24 L da-1, respectively. In addition, essential oil contents were determined between 0.72-0.88%. Considering the results obtained from the study, the most suitable nitrogen dose that can be recommended for dry leaf and essential oil production in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivation under Eskişehir and similar ecological conditions is 12 kg da-1 and 9 kg da-1, respectively., Bu araştırmada, farklı azot dozlarının (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 ve 15 kg da-1) reyhan (Ocimum basilicum L.) ‘ın verim ve verim öğeleri üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak Eskişehir ekolojik koşullarında 2019-2020 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada bitki boyu, taze herba verimi, taze ve kuru yaprak verimleri, uçucu yağ oranı ve uçucu yağ verimi incelenmiş, farklı azot dozlarının incelenen tüm parametrelerin üzerine etkisi önemli bulunmuştur. Deneme sonucunda (2019 ve 2020 yılları ortalaması) taze herba verimi, taze yaprak verimi, kuru yaprak verimi ve uçucu yağ verimi sırasıyla 748.00-1617.80 kg da-1, 449.55-1062.40 kg da-1, 89.76-166.63 kg da-1 ve 0.79-1.24 L da-1 arasında değişmiştir. Uçucu yağ oranları ise %0.72-0.88 arasında belirlenmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar dikkate alındığında, Eskişehir ve benzer ekolojik koşullarda reyhan (Ocimum basilicum L.) yetiştiriciliğinde kuru yaprak üretimi için 12 kg da-1, uçucu yağ üretimi için ise 9 kg da-1 azot dozu tavsiye edilebilir.

Background The preventive and therapeutic medical utilization of this plant is an age-long practice across the globe. This study aimed to validate the impact of dark purple blossoms of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) aqueous extract at low temperature (0 °C) mediated mitochondrial fission contributed to induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. Methods Fresh blossoms were extracted at low temperature (0 °C) using a watery solvent. Human MCF7 breast cancer cells were then treated with 3 separate fluctuated concentrations of 0, 50, 150 and 250 µg/mL for 24 and 48 h. Results The outcomes demonstrated the presence of anthocyanins, anthraquinones, tannins, reducing sugars, glycosides, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids and volatile oils and nonappearance of Terpinoids and alkaloids. Contrastingly, frail presence of steroids in basil blossoms aqueous concentrate was noted. In addition, the results from a phytochemical subjective examination of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) blossoms aqueous extract demonstrated that most of the credited natural impacts containing more remarkable contents of antioxidants and anticancer compounds in basil blossoms aqueous extract. Moreover, the restraint of glucose take-up was alleviated mediated by a dose-dependent manner in MCF7 cells with basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) blossoms aqueous extract inducted for 24 h, resulting in mitochondrial fission. Conclusion This is the first study that shows the impact of the aqueous extract of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) blossoms was extracted at low temperature (0℃/6 h) underlined high amounts of flavonoids and phenolic compounds bearing more anticancer and antioxidant activities compared to another aqueous extract (using boiled water solvent) and alcoholic extracts.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a medicinal species used in several areas, such as food, medicines and cosmetics, and the understanding of its physiological behavior under environmental conditions is of paramount importance for the improvement of cultivation methods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different water availability under physiological, biochemical and metabolic characteristics, in three distinct genotypes: 'Alfavaca basilicão', 'Gennaro de menta' and 'Grecco à palla', during two different phenological stages (vegetative and reproductive). It was found that the water deficit promotes physiological changes to tolerate water stress, and the studied genotypes have different routes to achieve this physiological tolerance, which culminates in a distinct accumulation of metabolites in plants, and can be considered interesting if the final product is the production of essential oils.

India is an emerging basil essential oil producer in South-east Asia. Two high essential oil yielding hybrids, namely one inter specific hybrid between of O. basilicum and O. kilimandscharicum Gurke (HYBL-1) and another intraspecific hybrid of O. basilicum × O. basilicum (OBL-1) of basil were analyzed using GC, enantiomeric GC, NMR, enantio-GC–MS and GC–MS methods. Inter specific hybrid HYBL-1 contained high essential oil-rich in linalool (68.5%), camphor (8%), and 1,8-cineole (4.6%) as characteristic constituents among monoterpenoids, whereas β-caryophyllene (1.9%), germacrene D (1.0%), and epi-α-cadinol (1.9%) were the sesquiterpenoids at the Lucknow (North Indian conditions) and linalool (71.8%), camphor (9.4%) and 1,8-cineole (4.3%) at Hyderabad (South Indian conditions) locations. Intraspecific hybrid (OBL-1) possessed linalool (66.1%), 1,8-cineole (5.4%) and geraniol (8.6%) with sesquiterpenoids in low proportions. Inter specific hybrid HYBL-1 showed superiority over OBL-1 in the multi-location trials conducted at Lucknow and Hyderabad. Average mean performance of inter specific hybrid over locations was: herb yield 44.80 t/ha, oil content 0.63%, oil yield 188.50 kg/ha, linalool content 67.65%, camphor content 8.90% v/s OBL-1 herb yield 21.32 t/ha, oil content 0.53%, oil yield 97.50 kg/ha, linalool content 65.55%, camphor content 0.00%, respectively. The essential oil of these two hybrids subjected to enantiomer differentiation revealed a high enantiomeric excess for (3R) -(−)-linalool, whereas (1R)- (+)-camphor was recorded exclusively in inter specific hybrid. The extensive NMR experiments were performed to confirm constituents in these hybrids and found that NMR spectroscopy could also be an ideal tool for the differentiation of essential oils from commercial samples declared as natural.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the elicitation with jasmonic acid on the biological activities of essential oils (EOs) from lettuce leaf basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Specifically, 0.01 &micro, M jasmonic acid (JA1), 1 &micro, M jasmonic acid (JA2), and 100 &micro, M jasmonic acid (JA3) were used as elicitors. The results indicated that the elicitation increased the acetylcholinesterase, lipase, and &alpha, amylase inhibitory activity of essential oils. A significant difference in &alpha, glucosidase inhibition was noted only for the JA3 extract (IC50 = 0.81 &micro, L/mL), as this activity was lower than in the control sample without elicitation (IC50 = 0.68 &micro, L/mL). The studied basil EOs exhibited similar activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria). Based on the value of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC), the best antimicrobial activity was observed for JA2 and JA3.

Este trabalho foi conduzido para identificar espécies de leafminer e avaliar inseticidas orgânicos contra leafminer. Os danos causados ao leafminer foram tão graves que os cultivadores assumiram a presença de uma espécie diferente. As amostras foram retiradas de uma colheita de dinheiro perto de Todos Santos, Baja California Sur, México e a identificação foi feita com base no manual da Universidade da Califórnia (1985). As espécies identificadas foram Liriomyza sativae e Liriomizat trifolii. Cinco tratamentos e um controle foram comparados em um plantio comercial. A eficácia foi avaliada com base nas larvas mortas 48 h após a aplicação. A porcentagem de mortalidade na mistura Koch® + Ecoterra-Humipron® + Agro R® + Dipel® foi de 98,5%. A mistura Pire-Neem estava em segundo lugar, com 90,5% de mortalidade. A primeira mistura de quatro inseticidas mostrou um efeito sinérgico, enquanto a outra mistura (Solution®, Pireneem®, Ecot- Humipron®, Agro-R®) teve um efeito antagônico.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), an aromatic and medicinal plant, is used for food and pharmaceutical purposes. In this work, quantitative analyses of phenolic compounds for commercial basil cultivars, which are Sweet (1), Purple (2), Lettuce (3), Brosh (4) grown in Tokat city in Turkey's ecology, were executed by Liquid Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS). Antioxidant activities of related genotypes were determined using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)’s radical, 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)’s diammonium salt and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The activity-compound relationship was revealed. Brosh (4) genotype revealed the most DPPH [296 µmole TE (Trolox equivalent/g DW (gram dry weight)], ABTS (706 µmole TE/g DW), and FRAP (650 µmole TE/g DW) activities. It was determined that rosmarinic acid was in the highest amount in all genotypes. Among the genotypes, it was determined that Lettuce contained the most rosmarinic acid with a value of 180460.6 (mg kg-1 DW).

In order to study the effect of phenylalanine-functionalized carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNT) on the parameters of callus induction and variations in antioxidant enzymes activity as well as secondary metabolites biosynthesis of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), optimum concentrations of functionalized and pristine carbon nanotubes were applied in optimized hormonal culture. Basil hypocotyl fragments were cultured in completely sterile conditions in culture medium with 0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L concentrations of functionalized and pristine carbon nanotubes. The callus induction frequency Cif and dry matter content (DMC), catalase, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), and L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity were also measured in the present study. Additionally, the content of total phenolics and flavonoids, as well as individual phenolic acids, was quantified. Functionalized MWCNTs exhibited the highest callus induction as well as fresh and dry weight in the concentration, 100 mg/L of f-MWCNT. No significant differences in dry matter content between the levels was observed in this study. Catalase activity was also increased with increasing functionalized and non-functionalized carbon nanotube concentration. The highest activity of PPO, POD, and individual phenolic compounds were observed at 200 mg/L of f-MWCNT, 50 mg/L of pristine MWCNT and 100 mg/L of MWCNT, respectively.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of vinasse, which is known to be a good source of organic matter and potassium in the production of an aromatic plant. In this context, the vinasse, which is a food industry waste, was composted and applied to the soil alone and mixed with chemical fertilizers in different doses [Only chemical fertilization-control (C), vinasse compost 0.5 t ha-1 (VC-0.5), vinasse compost 0.5 t ha-1 + chemical fertilization 0.5 t ha-1 (VC-0.5+CF), vinasse compost 1 t ha-1 (VC-1), vinasse compost 1 t ha-1 + chemical fertilization 1 t ha-1 (VC-1+CF)] and thus, basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) was produced under greenhouse conditions. Plants were harvested three times in a row when they reached the flowering period. Morphological (number of branches, flower spike height, plant height, fresh weight), agronomic (green herb/drug yield, dry weight) and technological (essential oil ratio, essential oil composition, color value) parameters were examined in the harvested samples. According to the results obtained; while the highest fresh weight, green herb yield and dry weight were obtained by VC+CF, the highest essential oil ratio in the plant was observed in VC. The striking point here is that these results were obtained with 0.5 t ha-1 application rate of the compost. The findings obtained from this study reveal that the compost can be used in basil cultivation together with chemical fertilization.

Organic pot-based production of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) often has lower biomass yield than conventional cultivation. Previous investigations indicate that this growth impairment is related to high ammonium (NH4 +) concentrations in the growing media released by the mineralization of organic nitrogen (N) fertilizers. However, as a result of this ammonification process substrate pH may also increase. Under neutral to alkaline conditions NH4 + is converted to ammonia (NH3), which is known to be phytotoxic even at low concentrations. Therefore, we investigated the impact of both ammonical N species on basil grown in a peat substrate. In total, three fertilization pot experiments were conducted in a greenhouse in order to compare the effect of different organic base dressings [250 and 750 mg N (L substrate)-1 mainly supplied by a liquid amino acid fertilizer (AAF)] and two initial substrate pH levels (5.5 and 6.5). In two treatments, 5% (v/v) mature compost was mixed into the peat 1 day and 12–days before the substrate was used for sowing, respectively. The aim of this procedure was to stimulate nitrification in this way to reduce ammonical N concentration. Ammonia concentration in the aerial plant surrounding environment was measured by using NH3 detector tubes in combination with an open-top chamber method. The results showed that the growth of basil (number of plants, fresh matter yield, plant height) was significantly inhibited in the second and third week of cultivation by rising NH3 and NH4 + exposure, as well as by a substrate pH ≥ 7.0. These adverse effects were reduced by lowering the organic base dressing rate and adjusting the initial substrate pH to 5.5. Furthermore, the addition of mature compost to peat in combination with a 12-day storage was proven to be effective for promoting nitrification in the organically fertilized substrate. As a result, plant growth was improved by both lower NH3 and NH4 + exposure as well as a faster supply of nitrate (NO3 -) as an additional N source. Using this approach, it was possible to feed organically fertilized basil right from the seedling stage with a NO3 --N/NH4 +-N-balanced and later on providing a predominant NO3 --N supply.

The substrate used in seedling production plays a major role in the initial plant development. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the emergence capacity and establishment of basil seedlings in different proportions of alternative substrates based on charred rice husk and commercial substrate S10®. The experiment was carried out in expanded polyethylene trays, using basil seeds (Horticeres seeds®), which lasted 28 days. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments (T1: 100 % commercial substrate (BCS); T2: 80 % BCS + 20 % Charred rice husk (CRH); T3: 60 % BCS + 40 % CRH; T4: 40 % BCS + 60 % CRH; T5: 20 % BCS + 80 % CRH) and three repetitions. Were evaluated leaf number, shoot length, root length, root dry mass, shoot dry mass, leaf area, germination, germination speed index, substrate physical analysis (density (dry and wet)), total porosity and aeration space, and chemical analysis (hydrogen potential (PH), and electrical conductivity (EC)). It was observed in the results that the substrate type interferes in the development and quality of the basil seedling. In the shoot lenght parameter, the treatment with 40 % BCS + 60 % CRH (T4) had a significant difference compared to the other treatments. Among the substrates, the best seedling performance was observed in the substrate with 80 % BCS + 20 % CRH (T2), which provided better seedling quality in relation to the other treatments.

Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum tenuiflorum L. are two types of plants from Ocimum (Lamiaceae). One of their chemical compounds is essential oil. Essential oil might have an antioxidant activities. The part of the plants which are often wasted and never used are stem. This study aimed to analyze the chemical components of O. basilicum L. and O. tenuiflorum L. stem essential oils and evaluate their antioxidant activities. Essential oils were obtained by steam-water distillation. Analysis of chemical component of essential oil was performed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Antioxidant activities were evaluated with DPPH method and then the IC50 value was determined as 50% inhibition concentration of free radical. The results showed that O. basilicum L. stem essential oil had 13 components with the major compounds were methyl eugenol (52.60%), caryophyllene (18.75%), and germacrene-D (9.19%). Whereas, O. tenuiflorum L. stem essential oil had 11 components with the major compounds were α-copaene (5.56%), caryophyllene (17.28%), germacrene-D (9.29%) and methyl eugenol (56.72%). IC50 value of O. basilicum L. stem essential oil was 17.50 µg/mL, whereas IC50 value of O. tenuiflorum L. stem essential oil was 14.17 µg/mL. It was concluded that both oils might be good natural antioxidant agents.

Ocimum basilicum L. exhibits a great variety of cultivars grown for various purposes. The aim of this research was to analyse the chemical composition of 85 O. basilicum accessions cultivated throughout the world using gas chromatography (GC/FID and GC/MS). All accessions were previously categorized into six morphotypes based on 24 morphological traits: True basil, Small-leaf, Lettuce-leaf, Purple basil A, Purple basil B and Purple basil C morphotype. A total of 77 volatiles were observed, with seven of them being in concentrations higher than 10% in at least one accession (1,8-cineole, linalool, linalool acetate, methyl chavicol, eugenol, trans-methyl cinnamate, trans-α-bergamotene). Based on the essential oil composition of 85 O. basilicum accessions, we propose the intraspecific characterization of O. basilicum into five chemotypes: (A) High-linalool, (B) Linalool/trans-α-bergamotene, (C) Linalool/methyl chavicol, (D) Linalool/trans-methyl cinnamate and (E) High-methyl chavicol chemotype. Groups based on morphological and biochemical traits do not necessarily coincide with one another. Due to great morphological and biochemical diversity, both morphological and chemical characterizations are crucial for the effective management of germplasm collections to facilitate the use of the accessions in future breeding programs.

The aim of this study was to develop a novel purple basil sherbet fortified with propolis extract. The levels of the purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) aerial parts (leaves, flowers and stems) (200–300 g/L), propolis extract (48–72 mg/100 mL) and infusion time (30–40 min) on total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (FRAP, DPPH, CUPRAC methods), color parameters (L*, a*, b*, C*, h°) and sensory properties were investigated by using Box-Behnken design. According to the model, the optimized values for the propolis extract concentration, purple basil concentration and infusion time were 58.66 mg/100 mL, 300 g/L and 40 min, respectively. Moreover, antimicrobial activity of the beverage samples against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium roqueforti was also determined.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of integrated nutrient management practices on the microbial community dynamics of soils under sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) at ICAR - Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru during the Kharif season of 2015 and 2016. There were nine treatments replicated thrice in randomized complete block design. The results indicated that integrated application of FYM (10 t/ha) + 100% recommended N through FYM + bio-fertilizer i.e., T2 recorded the highest population of heterotrophic free-living N2 fixers (40.66 and 63.33 CFU ×103/ g), phosphate solubilizing bacteria (5.6 and 6.6 CFU ×103/ g) and fungal (6.4 and 5.33 CFU ×103/ g) while T9 with the application of NPK (160:80:80 kg /ha) + FYM (10 t/ha) recorded the highest population of actinomycetes (29.93 and 44.56 CFU ×103/ g) in the soil during 2015 and 2016, respectively. Application of recommended dose of FYM (10 t/ha) in T7 resulted in a reduction in the population of heterotrophic free-living N2 fixers (26.13 and 34 CFU ×103/ g) and actinomycetes (20 and 30.5 CFU ×103/ g) whereas, the application of a recommended dose of chemical fertilizer in T8 recorded the lowest population of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (3.9 CFU ×103/ g) and fungal (3.6 and 2.5 CFU ×103/ g) during 2015 and 2016, respectively. The highest organic carbon (0.63 and 0.66 %) content in the post-harvest soil samples was recorded with the application of NPK (160:80:80 kg /ha) + FYM (10 t/ha) while, the lowest organic carbon value (0.52 and 0.53%) was recorded in T8 during 2015 and 2016, respectively. Application of recommended FYM (10 t/ha) along with recommended NPK (160:80:80 kg/ha) in T9 recorded maximum herbage yield in the main crop (41.59 and 38.31 t/ha) and ratoon (20.97 and 17.77 t/ha) during 2015 and 2016, respectively. The results obtained from this study clearly demonstrated that integrated nutrient management can maximize soil microbial community dynamics which is considered as the driving force behind regulating soil processes that support sustainable sweet basil cultivation.

The microwave-assisted extractions (MAE) of Ocimum basilicum L. (basil) seed, Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed, and Plantago ovata Forsk (psyllium) seed husk hydrocolloids (BSH, FSH, and PSH, respectively) were performed at their maximum desirability function (for BSH) or optimum (for FSH and PSH) conditions and compared with conventional heating extraction (CHE). The extraction conditions had been defined based on two responses (Yield % and viscosity, mPa s) after relevant post-screening or optimization experiments based on previous experiments. Higher (17.89, 12.33, 32.60, 30.19, 71.73%) average extraction yields were obtained for BSH extracted by MAE (MAE-BSH), BSH extracted by CHE (CHE-BSH), FSH extracted by MAE (MAE-FSH), FSH extracted by CHE (CHE-FSH), and PSH extracted by MAE (MAE-PSH) in respective order compared with the estimated values (15.03, 9.96, 32, 22, and 65.4). Molecular weight (Mw) measurements were executed and the average Mw was determined to be 3.93 × 106, 2.89 × 106, 6.81 × 106 Da in the heavier fractions of BSH, FSH, and PSH. The FT-IR spectroscopy was performed and the predominant absorbance bands were defined. Dielectric properties of the 2% BSH, FSH, and PSH solutions were found to be comparable with distilled water. The steady flow analysis showed shear-thinning behavior for BSH, FSH, and PSH. The apparent viscosity (η, mPa s) of PSH was the highest followed by BSH and FSH. Dynamic flow measurements showed characteristics of a weak gel for BSH and PSH. Scanning electron microscopy showed morphological variations between the studied hydrocolloids. In addition, the study also indicated that microwave heating has lower destructive effects on the functional properties of the extract as compared to conventional thermal processing and could pave the way for future research. To conclude, MAE was found to be the efficient method for extraction of hydrocolloids with higher yield at a shorter extraction time.

Regarding destructive impacts of salinity on different vital processes of plants, many strategies have been developed to alleviate salinity effects. Amongst, nanoparticles (NPs) application has been achieved great attention. For that point, considering positive effects of graphene oxide NPs (GO) and glycine betaine (GB) on different plant processes, GO-GB NPs were primarily synthesized to use GO as a carrier for GB. Then, GO, GB and GO-GB (each in three concentrations; 0, 50 and 100 mg L−1) were applied on sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants under 0, 50 and 100 mM salinity stress conditions. The results demonstrated that GO-GB NPs could lessen negative effects of salinity by enhancing agronomic traits, photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, membrane stability index (MSI), proline, phenols, antioxidant enzymes activities and dominant constituents of essential oils and decreasing MDA and H2O2. These positive effects were more considerable at its lower dose (50 mg L−1) introducing it as the best treatment to ameliorate sweet basil performance especially essential oil compounds under salt stress. GO application at its higher dose (100 mg L−1) demonstrated toxicity by negative impacts on the measured parameters. In conclusion, the positive response of sweet basil to GO-GB NPs under non-stress and salt stress conditions cause to consider the NPs as potential novel plant growth promoting and stress protecting agent with innovative outlooks for its use in agriculture.

Currently there is increasing interest in the potential uses of plant essential oils as natural biological agents and botanicals. Variations in the yield, chemical composition and biological activities of hydrodistilled essential oils from sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) harvested from various agro-climatic regions of Saudi Arabia were appraised. The content of sweet basil essential oils (SBEOs) varied between 1.19 and 1.80% across the regions. GC-MS/GC-FID analysis of the essential oils confirmed the presence of a total of 47 compounds representing 97.4 to 99.2% of total oil composition with linalool (25.33 – 36.09%) and estragole (60.88%) as the principal components followed by methyl eugenol (2.40 – 26.43%) and α-bergamot (1.14 – 6.51%). SBEOs were dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes (48.73 – 71.52%) along with notable amounts of phenylpropanoids (3.13 – 27.70%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (9.55 – 17.83%). The oils, compared with standard drugs and the major components, showed notable antibacterial action against B.subtilis, E.coli and S. aureus strains and were also quite effective against pathogenic molds such as A. flavus, A. niger and F. solani. Based on the present results, a significant variation in the oil yield, volatiles composition and antibacterial attributes of SBEOs were noticed as function of different agro-climatic regions. Provisional upon morphological and biochemical diversity of basil populations, the tested SBEOs exhibited notable variation (p < 0.05) in the yield, chemical composition as well as biological principles studied. The verified basil chemotypes can be explored as the native source for production of linalool and estragole rich essential oils with promising antioxidant and antimicrobial value and thus can be explored for pharmaceutical uses.

Treating plants with elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2) can increase their drought tolerance. Increased atmospheric CO2, a fundamental factor in climate change, may compensate for the drought-induced reduction in crop growth and yield. Basil, being moderately sensitive to drought stress, experiences several morphological changes under drought conditions. Thus, we designed an experiment that addresses how drought stress and different levels of CO2 affect the overall morphological growth patterns during basil’s early and late-season growth. The experiment was conducted under four different growth conditions: two water treatments, (1) a full-strength Hoagland’s solution was added to the basil plants at 120% of the evapotranspiration each day, and (2) 50% of the full-strength Hoagland’s solution was added to basil plants for the drought treatment, alongside two levels of CO2 application [ambient 420 ppm (aCO2) and elevated 720 ppm (eCO2)]. The drought had a severe impact on the morphological traits of the shoot and root systems. Compared to control, the drought stress reduced the marketable fresh mass (FM) by 31.6% and 55.2% in the early and late stages of growth. FM was highest under control + eCO2 (94.4–613.7 g) and lowest under drought + aCO2 (67.9–275.5 g). Plant height under drought + aCO2 and drought + eCO2 reduced by 16.8 % and 10.6 % during the late season. On the other hand, dry mass (DM%) increased by 31.6% and 55.2% under DS + eCO2 compared to control in the early and late stages of growth, respectively. This study suggested that eCO2 during drought stress significantly impacts basil morphological traits compared to aCO2. Besides, anthocyanin (Antho) decreased by 10% in DS + aCO2 and increased by 12.6% in DS + aCO2 compared to control. Similarly, NBI, a ratio of chlorophyll (Lchl) and flavonoids (Flav), was recorded to be the highest in DS + aCO2 (40.8) compared to any other treatments. Overall, this study indicates that the suppression of basil’s morphophysiological traits by drought is more prominent in its later growth stage than in the earlier stages and eCO2 played an important role in alleviating the negative effect of drought by increasing the DM% by 55%.

The in vitro development of a plant is controlled by factors that promote a series of plant responses, which interfere with tissue organogenesis and morphology. For plants of the family Lamiaceae, these factors remain unknown or poorly understood, hindering in vitro cultivation of these plants. The basil cultivar ‘Grecco a palla’ has attractive chemical properties for medicinal, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries; however, its production is limited due to the lack of appropriate cultivation conditions. Two types of explants of this species (nodal segments and stem apexes) were grown in culture media with auxin and cytokinin, and their development was followed for 60 days. During in vitro cultivation, both explants were subjected to higher concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) produced only calluses, without induction of shoots. Small amounts of regulators favored hyperhydricity as nodal segments or stem apexes in the absence of PGRs produced plants with disturbances, including brittle, light green, and thick leaves. In this case, there was an increase in the cell layers of palisade parenchyma, which had large cell spaces and larger cells. This tissue also advanced to spongy parenchyma and compressed it. The stomatal density was low; however, the stomata were larger with additions mainly in the guard cells and the stomatic opening. Therefore, stem apexes in the absence of PGRs produced more vigorous plants, whereas nodal segments with low amounts of cytokinins and auxins developed a well-branched and abundant root system.

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, bitkinin polifenolik profilinde etkin önemli bir bileşen olan ve antioksidan, antibakteriyel ve antiviral özellikleri ile öne çıkan rosmarinik asit (RA) ile diğer antioksidan bileşenlerin hidroalkolik çözücü ekstraksiyonuna dayalı bir yöntem geliştirmek ve optimize etmektir. Ekstraksiyon gibi karmaşık süreçleri modellemek ve optimize etmek için yumuşak bilgi işlem tabanlı kemometrik çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu sebeple yapılan çalışmada, değerli bir tıbbi aromatik bitki kaynağı olan Ocimum bacilicum L.’den biyoaktif RA’in yeşil ve basit bir teknikle ekstraksiyon koşullarını, kemometrik yöntemler kullanılarak modellenmesi ve optimizasyonu sağlanmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra O. basilicum’ da bulunan RA’in potansiyelini, Toplam fenolik madde (TFM) miktarı ve Toplam antioksidan aktivite (TAA) ile değerlendirmek de hedeflenmektedir. Yapılan çalışmada RSM-CCD/dar faktöriyel tasarım kullanılmış, çok yanıtlı optimizasyon Pareto çözümleri yardımıyla çözülmüş ve optimum girdi değişkeni değerlerini belirlemek için İstenebilirlik fonksiyonu kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, O. basilicum L. ekstraksiyonun optimum koşulları; %47,7 EtOH konsantrasyonu, 30,0°C sıcaklık, 77,6 dk ekstraksiyon süresi ve 10 mL/g çözücü/katı oranı bulunmuştur. Optimum koşullar altında elde edilen deneysel sonuçlar TFM, TAA ve RA için sırasıyla 171,46±1,87 mg GAE/g, 4,76±0,32 mg Troloks/mL ve 8,93±0,65 mg/g’dır. Matematiksel modelden tahmin edilen sonuçlar sırasıyla (172,26 mg GAE/g), (4,13 mg Troloks/mL) ve (8,89 mg/g) olarak bulunmuştur.

Aim: Standardization of Ocimum basilicum through pharmacognosy. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology, Ethiraj College for Women, Chennai “Between” Dec 2014-April 15. Methodology: Organoleptic evaluation was carried out based on sensory characters. A free hand anatomical section of the stem was observed. Powder analysis, maceration, Phytochemical test and Fluorescence analysis were conducted according to standard protocol. Results: The organoleptic characters of the dried leaves of Ocimum basilicum were green, aromatic, pungent and brittle in texture with anomocytic stomata with stomatal index 71.87% in the lower epidermis. A prominent bundle sheath in the leaf was evident. The macerated stem showed annular xylem vessels. The aqueous extract showed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and glycosides. Alkaloids and lignins were evident in the histochemical study. Conclusion: Pharmacognostic evaluation of Ocimum basilicum would help in identification, detection of adulterants and development of a monograph.

Engineered nanoparticles can alter the metabolism pathways and the profiling of metabolites in plants. In this study, we prepared the β-cyclodextrin nanoparticles (β-CDNPs) and characterized the physical and chemical structure of nanoparticles by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential. Then, we provided the different concentrations of β‑CDNPs, including 0, 10, 50, 100 mg/L to treat the aerial parts of basil) Ocimum basilicum c.v. Keshkeni luvelou (and evaluated the profiling of essential oils by GC-MS analysis responding to β-CDNPs. The concentration of volatile compounds in the aerial parts of basil was significantly different when exposed to β‑CDNPs compared to the control. Our findings indicated that the concentration of 50 ppm β-CDNPS led to a significant increase of monoterpenes (13.77%) and sesquiterpenes (0.67%) when compared to the control. Furthermore, we investigated the expression of four key genes involved in the biosynthesis pathway of terpenoids under the different concentrations of β-CDNPs. Compared to control, the expression of linalool synthase, geraniol synthase, myrcene synthase, and cadinene synthase significantly increased in 50 ppm β-CDNPs, although the expression pattern of genes changed in a concentration-dependent manner. The nanoparticles accumulate biologically active compounds which increase plant resistance. Inducer elicitor type and effective concentration, in addition to genomics, affected the essence of Ocimum basilicum grown in this study and has caused in some concentrations more essence is produced with the expression of relevant gene in addition to increasing essence amount due to confinement in β-cyclodextrin nanoparticles. Therefore, β-CDNPS can be applied as an elicitor to induce essential oils in basil and increase the content of volatiles compounds for food and drug consumption.

Ocimum basilicum L. sweet basil is native to India and Iran, an aromatic herb and perennial belong to the Lamiaceae family. This study was done at the Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Egypt from 2019 to 2020. Developing stress tolerant plants using in vitro selection is an effective method; therefore, the purpose of this study was to detect the best concentration of phytohormones to produce embryogenic callus of Ocimum basilicum L. and study the effect of poly ethylene glycol (PEG) on embryogenic callus of basil.Leaf specimens of basil were cultured on MS medium (Murashige and Skoog) with concentration of auxin and cytokinin. A1 (2, 4-D at 0.5 mg/l), A2 (2, 4-D at 1.0 mg/l) and A3 (2, 4-D and BAP at 1.0 mg/l and 0.2 mg/l). Embryogenic callus of basil was sub cultured under normal and drought stress media containing different concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG; M.W 4000) at 2, 5 and 10%. Results showed that medium A3 was the best medium of embryogenic callus induction. Also, the concentration of PEG at 5% was shown maximized callus survivability compared with the other PEG concentrations with no significant effect. This study adds new information on the effect of 5% PEG which showed the highest (positive) survivability of callus. The morphogenic of calluses on 5% PEG were yellowish, friable while the morphogenic of calluses on 10% PEG turned into brown.

Spinach samples (n=120) were collected from various zones of Surat city, Gujarat from December 2018 to November 2019. The accumulated samples were investigated (ISO 6579-1:2017 E) for endophytic contamination of Salmonella sp. From 120 collected samples 16 samples (% prevalence=13.3) were found positive for the endophytic Salmonella sp. which is a significant sign of vegetable contamination with this pathogenic bacteria. Lab-scale, pot, and field experiments were conducted on soil treatment from January 2018 to November 2020 to study the antibacterial effect of Ocimum basilicum (OB) using different concentrations of methanolic OB extracts(3.90,7.81,15.62,31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 µl /mL) with spinach as test crop. The experiment was constructed in an absolute randomized design with three repetitions. Results revealed that the plant was prevented from endophytic Salmonella sp. contamination on the treatment of soil by application of MIC concentration of OB extract, which was determined 125 mL L-1 kg-1. Application of OB extract had significantly prevented the contamination of endophytic Salmonella sp. Growth curve studies of endophytic Salmonella isolates were carried out with treated and untreated soil, which showed significant control and prevention of Salmonella sp. on treatment with OB extracts at MIC. Thus, results suggested that application of MIC 125 mL L-1 kg-1 of OB extract proved Ocimum basilicum L. (OB) can efficaciously prevent endophytic contamination of Salmonella sp. and have an antibacterial effect on Salmonella sp.

Application of “plant factory” concept in protected culture is gaining momentum due to its technological and economic merits in many countries. This research examined the plant growth and yield of vertically grown pak choi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) (in nutrient film technique (NFT) culture) under supplementary lighting with two different combinations of blue to red color LEDs (1:9 and 1:2 ratios) in comparison with horticulture grade and non-horticulture grade (recommended for general use) white (full spectrum) LED while keeping sunlight as the control treatment. Meanwhile NFT culture was compared to plant growth, yield and nitrate accumulation of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in comparison with conventional soil, culture and compost mixed coco-peat substrate in a replicated trial, conducted under greenhouse conditions with intensive micro climate control. A significantly high vegetative growth and total to yield could be found in the NFT grown basil. The nitrate accumulation in basil leaves was well below the maximum permissible limit (MPL), set-fourth by the recommendations of the European Health Commission. Meanwhile, the highest overall leaf quality of pak choi was achieved by the normal LEDs. Horticulture graded to LED maintained fairly high chlorophyll a and b contents contributing to its characteristic leaf color.

Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae) commonly known as Sweet Basil is an aromatic plant having a controversial carcinogenic effect and is also used in the food industry. This study was designed to evaluate the chemical constituent by the chemometrics-assisted-GCMS and the antioxidant activity of the O. basilicum L. herb gathered from Sivas. Twenty-one ingredients representing 92.30% of the total oil were identified in the essential oil of O. basilicum L. The major ingredients were noted as methyl eugenol 52.97%, α-cubebene 10.82%, and spathenole 6.92%. The results were compared with other studies on the content of the O. basilicum L. plant. DPPH and β-carotene-Linoleic acid assays revealed considerable antioxidant activity of methyl eugenol-rich O. basilicum essential oil, which is lower than standard BHT, and higher than standard methyl eugenol. Multivariate curve resolution-alternative least squares (MCR-ALS) which is an iterative method was used for resolving the overlapped and embedded peaks. The results of this study show that chromatographic methods combined with MCR-ALS analysis techniques can be useful for a comprehensive, rapid, and specific analysis of complex natural products such as O. basilicum essential oils. In recent studies, the carcinogenic effects of methyl chavicol and methyl eugenol, the dominant active ingredients of O. basilicum L. were pointed.

The present work was carried out during 2019 and 2020 seasons at the Experimental Lathe-house, Fac. Tech.& Develop., Zagazig Univ., to evaluate to what extent can use humic acid and/ or active dry yeast applications instead of/ or compensate the NPK chemical fertilization for enhancing vegetative growth, herb yield and essential oil yield. The obtained results can be summarized as follows: The treatments of 2.5 g NPK/ pot, 2.5 g/ L Humic acid +8.0 g/ L dry yeast extract, and the interaction of the treatment of 2.5 g NPK/ pot, with 2.5 g/ L humic acid + 8.0 g/ L dry yeast extract, being the most effective on vegetative growth, oil yield and the chemical constituents of volatile oils of sweet basil plants, followed by the treatments of 2.5 g NPK/ pot , with 12 g/ L dry yeast extract , and 2.5 g NPK/ pot , with 5 g/ L Humic acid , respectively, in most cases , in the two times of cutting of this study. Conclusively, from this study and the obtained results, it can be concluded that the medium level of NPK at 2.5 g / pot, 2.5 g/l Humic acid + 8.0 g/l dry yeast, and its interaction were recorded the highest values on plant growth characters, chemical contents, pigments, oil yield, and chemical constituents of volatile oils. As well as, the suitable rate of humic acid and dry yeast extract can compensate the high level of NPK doses.

Calcium oxalate is one of the most common components in urolithiasis. Its treatment includes the use of synthetic drugs, ultrasound and surgery. However, cheaper alternative treatment using herbal medicine with less adverse side effect is preferred. Essential oils from Thai basil (Ocimum bacilicum L.), Vietnamese coriander (Persicaria odorata) and Chinese parsley (Coriandum sativum L.) were extracted and investigated for antiurolithic activity based on calcium oxalate crystallisation. Most of the crystals formed in control sample were hexagonal calcium oxalate monohydrate with sizes ranging between 3 to 4 m. The size of the crystals was found to be slightly reduced in O. bacilicum oil (2-4 m) at high concentration with less aggregation of crystals. Samples with P. odorata oil gave smaller crystal size (3 m) mainly in dehydrate form and the oil was also found to inhibit the aggregation of the crystals at high concentration. C. sativum oil enhanced crystallisation (5-6 m) with increased concentration and showed high aggregation of the crystals. This preliminary study shows the therapeutic potential of these medicinal plants to be used in traditional anti-urolithic therapy.

The experiments showing the effect of drip irrigation on yield, evapotranspiration and water productivity of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) were conducted at the experimental field of the Alternative Crops Department, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad. Irrigation was scheduled on the basis of the water balance method. Daily evapotranspiration (ETd) was computed from the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficient (kc) in May, June, July and August of 0.5, 0.6, 1.1 and 1.0, respectively. ETo was calculated using Hargreaves equation. The irrigation depth was restricted to the soil depth of 0.3 m. In other words, irrigation started when readily available water in the soil layer of 0.3 m was completely depleted by plants. The irrigation rate was 30 mm (30 l m-2) while the amount of water added by irrigation during the season was 140 mm. Basil sensitivity to water stress was determined using a yield response factor (Ky). According to the results, the yield of fresh herb of basil under irrigation (32.015 t ha-1) was higher by 9% compared to non-irrigated, control variant (29.364 t ha-1). Worthy of note, basil essential oil yield was significantly affected by irrigation (35.329/28.766 kg ha-1). The content of essential oil was significantly higher in irrigated (6.45 g kg-1 ) than in non-irrigated variant (5.33 g kg-1) in the first harvest, while no significant difference between irrigated and non-irrigated variants was obtained in the second harvest (6.83 and 6.62 g kg-1 , respectively). Water used on evapotranspiration in irrigation conditions (ETm) was 431 mm and 270 mm in non-irrigated, control variant (ETa). The values of irrigation water use efficiency (Iwue) and evapotranspiration water use efficiency (ETwue) were 1.89 kg m-3 and 1.65 kg m-3 respectively. Ky value (0.22) exhibits all essential characteristics of climate conditions of 2016 rainy year. These preliminary results could be used as a good platform for basil growers in the region, in terms to optimize the use of irrigation water.

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an aromatic plant directly used for spice, medicine, feed of honeybee, ornamental and also used as raw material for different industries. Sweet basil is most widely cultivated due to its high economical value, popularity and demands among the economically important species of basil. Sweet basil is widely distributed throughout subtropic and tropical regions and currently widely cultivated in India, Ethiopia, Egypt, Iran, Japan, China and Turkey. Commercially, it extensively cultivated for essential oil production in many continents around the world for its numerous economical, medicinal and aromatic values. In Ethiopia, sweet basil is popular spice plant used by population and each Ethiopian ethnic groups have different names for sweet basil throughout the country. Ethiopian farmers conventionally cultivate and use this crop for house consumption and provide for local market mainly as spice. Sweet basil’s aromatic leaf directly used as flavouring agent in different foods and beverages industries. Oil and oleoresin of sweet basil indirectly widely used for flavour and fragrance in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and aromatherapy industries. It also used extensively in pharmaceutical, cosmetics, aromatherapy and food industry. The other use of sweet basil is for production of honey and can be used as ornamental plant. Sweet basil is very important crop that can play great role on the economy of Ethiopian farmers. Generally, Sweet basil plant is can be considered as; easily available, easy to grow, have multipurpose advantages that should be produced as high value crop.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal property of Ocimum basilicum (L.) against cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (Fab.). The bioactive compounds from the leaves were extracted using Soxhlet apparatus with methanol. Five different concentrations viz., 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% were used against adult beetles of L. serricorne. In contact toxicity, highest mean mortality was effected by 5% methanol extract (66.67%), followed by 4% methanol extract (58.33%), 3% methanol extract (52.22%), 2% methanol extract (47.22%) and 1% methanol extract (43.33%). In repellency test, 5% methanol extract produced highest mean repellency (86.88%) (Class V) followed by 4% methanol extract (80.00%) (Class V), 3% methanol extract (73.75%) (Class IV), 2% methanol extract (68.13%) (Class IV) and 1% methanol extract (64.38%) (Class IV).

ObjectiveTo carry out a phyto-chemical characterization of essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L. (O. basilicum) harvested in DR Congo and to assess the antioxidant potential of crude extracts with respect to the polarity for comparison reason.MethodsThe phyto-chemical characterization of essential oil produced by hydro-distillation was performed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis and the antioxidant potential evaluation by in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity method.ResultsA previously weighed amount of fresh leaves of O. basilicum produced 0.65% of essential oil that led to the identification of a set of 84.44% out of 99.98% as major compounds (> 1.5%). The chemo-type of this essential oil was linalool-methyl chavicol. Chemical components of oil were characterized by oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons (46.00%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (26.75%). With respect to the amount of components, methyl chavicol also known as estragole (35.72%) constituted the very large quantity afterward linalool (21.25%) and then epi-α-cadinol (8.02%), α-bergamotene (6.56%), eugenol (4.60%), 1,8-cineole (4.04%), germacrene D (2.06%), thymol (1.64%), and (E)-citral (1.55%), respectively. Essential oil exhibited antioxidant potential and IC50 = (1.180 ± 0.015) mg/mL. Non-polar crude extracts yields were low compared to the one of polar extracts. Only methanol and ethyl acetate had considerably manifested antioxidant potential with IC50 values equal to (0.025 ± 0.013) mg/mL and (0.085 ± 0.012) mg/mL, respectively. As concerns to IC50 values, essential oil was less active than methanol and ethyl acetate extracts. The methanol crude extract exhibited the highest activity. Non-polar extracts showed insignificant radical scavenging ability that did not allow assessing IC50 values. These results highlighted the occurrence of antioxidant potential compounds in polar media.ConclusionsEssential oil and crude extracts of O. basilicum growing in DR Congo can be advocated as natural sources of antioxidant potential compounds not only in food but also in pharmaceutical industries. The high antioxidant potential of polar crude extracts highlights antioxidant character of its composition particularly butyl stearate and rosmarinic acid we isolated and identified, respectively in the methanol crude extract.

Ocimum basilicum L. contains secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenoids, which are valuable metabolites for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sorbitol treatments applied to Ocimum basilicum L. cell suspension cultures on cell viability (%), cell number and cell dry weight (g/L), total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (TFC), and secondary metabolites accumulations. Antioxidant capacities were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay. Phenolic compounds and terpenoids were recognized by reversed phase-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas-chromatographic-mass-spectrometry (HS-SPME–GC/MS), respectively. Among sorbitol treatments, 50 mg/L treatment was most effective in terms of TPCs and antioxidant activity, while 200 mg/L treatment was most effective in terms of TFCs. RP-HPLC analysis indicated that the highest accumulations of rosmarinic acid (12.32 mg/g DW, 25 mg/L treatment) and chicoric acid (4.52 mg/g DW, 100 mg/L treatment) were obtained in sorbitol treatments which were 30% and 35% greater than control (9.47 mg/g DW, 3.35 mg/g DW), respectively. The optimum biosynthesis of rutin and isoquercetin was obtained in the treatment of sorbitol 50 mg/L, with an increase of 2.01-fold (6.78 mg/g DW) and 2.17-fold (4.12 mg/g DW), respectively, compared to the control culture. The highest values of linalool and methyl chavicol compared to the control culture were 4.58 μg/g DW and 4.40 μg/g DW in 50 mg/L sorbitol treatment, respectively. Results indicate that application of sorbitol can enhance phenolic compounds and terpenoids production in O. basilicum cell suspension cultures.

Basil, an annual herbaceous plant with the scientific name Ocimum basilicum L. belonging to the Lamiaceae family is a plant that produces essential oils, which are widely used. In Brazil, the leaves are grown and sold, and can be used fresh, fresh or dried as a condiment or as a flavoring. Its cultivation is an alternative that generates jobs and income for small farmers. Since the cultivation of basil has grown proportionately on the market and the cultivation in different sources of fertilization in a protected environment provides significant gains in production, this research aimed to evaluate the efficiency of organic substrates in the development of basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ). The research was conducted during the period from April 2019 to June 2019, in a greenhouse belonging to the State University of Alagoas. The components used in the preparation of the substrates were: soil with goat manure, soil with bovine manure, soil with avian litter, soil with earthworm humus and sieved soil. Phenological monitoring was carried out weekly. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance by the F test, then the significant characters were subjected to the Tukey test at 5% probability using the SISVAR software 5,6. Among the tested sources, the poultry litter is the most suitable for the development of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), as it showed a significant response to the variables analyzed in this study. The normal soil showed a significant result for the root length variable, which is probably related to the high natural fertility of the soil in the experimental area, thus meeting the needs of the crop. KEY-WORD: Organic fertilization, Reproduction, Medicinal plant. O manjericão, planta herbácea anual de nome científico Ocimum basilicum L. pertencente à família Lamiaceae é planta produtora de óleos essenciais, amplamente utilizados. No Brasil, as folhas são cultivadas e comercializadas, podendo ser utilizadas in natura, frescas ou secas como condimento ou como aromatizante. Seu cultivo constitui uma alternativa geradora de emprego e renda para pequenos agricultores. Visto que a cultura do manjericão tem crescido proporcionalmente no mercado e que o cultivo em diferentes fontes de adubação em ambiente protegido, proporciona ganhos expressivos na produção, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de substratos orgânicos no desenvolvimento de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.). A pesquisa foi conduzida durante o período de abril de 2019 a junho de 2019, em casa de vegetação pertencente à Universidade Estadual de Alagoas. Os componentes utilizados na preparação dos substratos foram: solo com esterco caprino, solo com esterco bovino, solo com cama de aviária, solo com húmus de minhoca e solo peneirado. O monitoramento fenológico foi realizado semanalmente. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F, posteriormente os caracteres significativos foram submetidos ao teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade através do software SISVAR 5,6. Dentre as fontes testadas, a cama aviária é a mais indicada para o desenvolvimento do manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.), pois o mesmo mostrou resposta significativa para as variáveis analisadas neste estudo. O solo normal apresentou resultado significativo para a variável comprimento da raíz, estando relacionado, provavelmente à elevada fertilidade natural do solo da área experimental suprindo, assim, as necessidades da cultura. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Adubação orgânica, Reprodução, Planta medicinal.

With the understanding of the role of antioxidants in preventing degenerative and age-related diseases caused by oxidative stress, and taking into account the multitude of pharmacological applications such as antidiabetic, antifungal, cardioprotection, immunostimulant, interest in plants rich in this respect has increased. Ocimum basilicum L. (purple) is a one-year, fragrant spice herb with its own aroma. In this study, chemical characterization of Ocimum basilicum L. plant was performed and inhibition effects on urease and a-amylase were investigated. Total phenolic content of Ocimum basilicum L. leafs ethanolic and water extracts were 320.08±2.03, 388.15±1.05 mg GAE/100g; total flavonoids were 282.57±1.12, 307.75±0.89 mg QE/100g; antioxidant capacity of samples were 0.46±0.01 and 0.52±0.02 mM Fe+2/mg extract, 0.46±0.01; IC50 values of urease were 18.77±0.22, 20.19±0.15 % and IC50 values of α-amylase were 0.47±0.01, 0.42±0.01 µg/mL, respectively. It is determined that ethanolic extract of leaves is rich in linalool, linolenin, phytol and α-humulene. The datas show that the leaves of the plant may be effective on two important diseases such as Diabetus mellitus and H. pylori.

L’utilisation abusive des produits chimiques de synthèse pose un problème de santé publique. Afin de contribuer à la protection écologique durables des cultures, les effets aphicides in vitro de l’huile essentielle de Ocimum basilicum L. une plante de la flore togolaise et son composé majoritaire, l’estragole, ont été évalués sur les adultes du puceron Aphis gossypii. Les tests biologiques ont été effectués en laboratoire selon la méthode recommandée par Insecticide Resistance Action Commitee (IRAC) N° 1 Version 2. Les résultats obtenus ont révélé que l’huile essentielle de O. basilicum et l’estragole ont montré une activité insecticide intéressante sur les pucerons. La concentration minimale pour obtenir 100% de mortalité a été de 3 μL.mL-1 pour l’huile essentielle et de 2 μL.mL-1 pour l’estragole. Les DL50 obtenues sont de 1400 ppm pour l’huile essentielle et de 700 ppm pour l’estragole. L’huile essentielle et son composé majoritaire se sont révélés efficaces in vitro avec un effet de toxicité plus élevée de l’estragole sur A. gossypii. Les tests en milieu réel et l’évaluation de leur innocuité sur les organismes non cibles seront nécessaires pour confirmer l’intérêt de ces résultats dans l’élaboration d’une stratégie de gestion intégrée à l’aide de ces pesticides naturels contre ce ravageur redoutable. © 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots clés: Cotonnier, Aphis gossypii, Ocimum basilicum, huile essentielle, estragole English Title: Aphicide effect of the essential oil of Ocimum basilum L. and its majority compound on cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Togo English Abstract The excessive use of synthetic chemicals is a public health issue. In order to contribute to sustainable ecological crop protection, in vitro aphicide effects of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. a plant of Togolese flora and its majority compound, estragole, were evaluated on the adults of the aphid Aphis gossypii. Laboratory biological tests were conducted using the method recommended by the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) 1 Version 2. Results showed that essential oil of O. basilicum and estragole had interesting insecticidal activity on aphids. The minimum concentration to achieve 100% mortality was 3 μL.mL-1 for the essential oil and 2 μL.mL-1 for the estragole. Lethal Dose (LD50) values were 1400 ppm for the essential oil and 700 ppm for the estragole. The essential oil and its majority compound were effective in vitro with a higher toxicity effect of estragole on A. gossypii. Field tests and the evaluation of their safety on non-target organisms will be necessary to confirm the relevance of these results for an integrated management strategy development, using natural pesticides against this devastating pest. © 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: cotton plant, Aphis gossypii, Ocimum basilicum, essential oil, estragole

This study was carried out in the Nursery of Floriculture, Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Gardening Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, during the two successive seasons of 2017 and 2018. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of seaweed extract and active dry yeast on vegetative growth and oil yield of Ocimum basilicum L. The layout of the experiment of both seasons was split-plot design in three replicates. Each replicate contained 20 different treatments (4 levels of dry yeast x 5 levels of seaweed) five plants were used as a plot for each treatment. The main plot represented the active dry yeast at the concentrations of 0,2,4 and 6 g/l which sprayed on plant leaves. The sub-plot was seaweed extract at the concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 g/l added as a foliar application. The most of vegetative growth and yield traits responded significantly to the combination of active dry yeast with seaweed extract as biofertilizer on basil plants. Plant height, number of leaves, leaves dry weights and leaf area were significantly affected with spraying plants by dry yeast and seaweed. As a general, the treatment namely 6 g/l + 4 g/l gave the best combination between the dry yeast and seaweed. The best oil percentage was recorded by using 4 g/l dry yeast with 4 g/l seaweed in the first cuts of both seasons and by using 6 g/l dry yeast with 4 g/l seaweed in the second cuts in both seasons. The major components of sweet basil essential oil were linalool, giving the highest percentage (52.16-79.55%) by using 6 g/l dry yeast with control (0 g/l) seaweed. Estragole, recorded the highest percentage (5.14-11.79%) by using 6 g/l dry yeast with 1 g/l seaweed. Eucalyptol, gave the highest percentage (1.54-9.72%) by using 4 g/l dry yeast with 2 g/l seaweed. Methyl cinnamate, the highest percentage (1.12-10.37%) was produced by using 0 g/l dry yeast with 4 g/l seaweed. Tau-cadinol, the highest percentage (1.01-6.97%) was obtained by using 2 g/l dry yeast with 2 g/l seaweed. Trans-α-bergamotene, the highest percentage (1.23-5.18%) was resulted by using 0 g/l dry yeast with 0 g/l seaweed. Bornyl acetate, gave the highest percentage (1.12-4.53%) was obtained by using 2 g/l dry yeast with 4 g/l seaweed. Form this study we recommend economically and environmentally to fertilize sweet basil by spray bio fertilization as dry yeast at the rate 4 or 6 g/l with spray the plants by seaweed at the rate 4 g/l to obtain the best growth, oil yield, and safe for human being chemical composition of Ocimum basilicum L.

The present study was conducted during the year 2018-19 in the Srinagar and Ganderbal district of Kashmir valley (J & K). The study was aimed to access the collection, consumption and economic contribution of Ocimum basilicum to household income and employment. The study was conducted using a well-structured questionnaire covering various aspects of the study. The total average yield/annum/family of Ocimum basilicum was recorded 3 kg. The average consumption/annum and sale/annum was 0.5 kg and 2.5 kg respectively. The household characteristics influencing the Ocimum basilicum livelihood in the locality averaged for the sample population indicated the preponderance of middle aged persons (55.9), low literate people (2.1) having large sized families (1.76), marginal sized landholdings (1.28), owning 6-10 livestock (1.76) were engaged mainly in agriculture (2.95) with family labour of mostly 3 members (2.45) and earning gross annual income of ₹60704.26 The total average gross income generated within the sample households was ₹450.00 with the total average net income generation of ₹379.48 and the total average employment of 11.21 man-days by a single household. The structure of household average gross annual income, consisting of all off-farm and on-farm sources among the surveyed population, was ₹60704.26 which was differentiated as horticulture (37.70%) followed by agriculture (26.13%), livestock (21.93%), service (11.31%), business (1.65), basil based cottage industry (0.74%), wage labour (0.41%) and others (0.13%). The livelihood security from Ocimum basilicum L. depends on multitude of various socio-economic factors and cultivation practices and knowledge. The extensive cultivation of this plant may have more positive impact on the livelihood of the local communities.

Summary Introduction: Irrigation plays an important role in the cultivation of medicinal plants. There is a lack of information on intraspecific variability of reactions to the effect of drought. Objective: The aim of the current study was to test the effect of irrigation on four sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars (‘Genovese’, ‘Kasia’, ‘Keskenylevelű’, ‘Wala’). Methods: In an open field experiment irrigated and non-irrigated treatments were set. Plants were harvested in full flowering stage. Before the harvest, the stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content were measured. The production-related parameters were recorded. In the plant material the glandular hair density, essential oil content and composition (GC-MS) and volatile composition (SPME-GC-MS) were identified. Results: Stomatal conductance of the irrigated plants was 2.5–4.5 times higher than in the non-irrigated ones. The chlorophyll content showed only slight changes. The irrigation had a positive effect on the production. The leaf to stem ratio was not modified by the watering. Irrigation negatively influenced the glandular hair density and the EO content, however it increased the EO yield by 40–129%, depending on the cultivar. Significant compositional changes were registered only in the EO of cultivar ‘Kasia’ for linalool, 1,8-cineole and tau-cadinole ratios. Conclusion: Irrigation increases the biomass and EO yield of basil while the composition of the EO is mostly unchanged. Only slight differences were observed among the cultivars.

Only a few studies have hitherto investigated the effects of the application of organic fertilizers in intercropping systems on the plant essential oil (EO) productivity. Hence, this work has aimed to study the effect of different intercropping patterns on EO quality and quantity of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under vermicompost application. In the present study, the cropping patterns consisted of 1B:1CB, 2B:2CB, 3B:2CB, and 4B:2CB (basil: common bean) as well as the pure culture of both crops and fertilizer treatments including usage or non-usage of vermicompost. The maximum seed yield of common bean (2786 kg ha−1) and dry matter yield of basil in the first (261.5 g m−2) and second harvests (214.7 g m−2) were recorded in the pure cultures fertilized with vermicompost. In addition, the nutrient uptake rate of macronutrients and micronutrients in both plants after application of vermicompost improved in intercropping patterns. In both harvests, the maximum EO content of basil (0.84% in the first harvest and 0.69% in the second harvest) was observed at the cropping ratio of 3B:2CB fertilized with vermicompost. Chemical analysis, achieved by GC–MS, evidenced 1,8-cineole, linalool, methyl chavicol, α-trans-bergamotene, methyl eugenol, and epi-α-cadinol as the main basil EO constituents in both harvests. The highest increment level for most ofEO constituents, nutrient uptake, and land equivalent ratio (1.52) were obtained in the intercropping pattern of 3B:2CB fertilized with vermicompost. In general, the intercropping pattern of 3B:2CB after use of vermicompost can improve the EO productivity and quality of basil. This intercropping pattern was accompanied by the increment of nutrient uptake. Therefore, this treatment can be introduced as a valid and sustainable strategy to replace chemical fertilizer and plant monoculture.

International audience; Ocimum basilicum L. (Purple basil) is a source of biologically active antioxidant compounds, particularly phenolic acids and anthocyanins. In this study, we have developed a valuable protocol for the establishment of in vitro callus cultures of O. basilicum and culture conditions for the enhanced production of distinct classes of phenylpropanoid metabolites such as hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (caffeic acid, chicoric acid, rosmarinic acid) and anthocyanins (cyanidin and peonidin). Callus cultures were established by culturing leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog medium augmented with different concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) [thidiazuron (TDZ), α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP)] either alone or in combination with 1.0 mg/L NAA. Among all the above-mentioned PGRs, NAA at 2.5 mg/L led to the highest biomass accumulation (23.2 g/L DW), along with total phenolic (TPP; 210.7 mg/L) and flavonoid (TFP; 196.4 mg/L) production, respectively. HPLC analysis confirmed the differential accumulation of phenolic acid [caffeic acid (44.67 mg/g DW), rosmarinic acid (52.22 mg/g DW), and chicoric acid (43.89 mg/g DW)] and anthocyanins [cyanidin (16.39 mg/g DW) and peonidin (10.77 mg/g DW)] as a function of the PGRs treatment. The highest in vitro antioxidant activity was determined with the ORAC assay as compared to the FRAP assay, suggesting the prominence of the HAT over the ET-based mechanism for the antioxidant action of callus extracts. Furthermore, in vivo results illustrated the protective action of the callus extract to limit the deleterious effects of UV-induced oxidative stress, ROS/RNS production, and membrane integrity in yeast cell culture. Altogether, these results clearly demonstrated the great potential of in vitro callus of O. basilicum as a source of human health-promoting antioxidant phytochemicals.

As the green tactics for enhancing plant growth and production using naturally occurring materials are highly needed, it is important to use the nanoformulation of these materials as an attractive novel technique. Therefore, this research has been performed to evaluate the plants' morphological traits, the qualitative parameters, and molecular genetic characteristics using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) of French basil independence on growth biostimulators and their nanocomposite. The treatments included normal formulations and nanocomposite formulation of humic acid (5 mM HA), salicylic acid (1.4 mM SA), and glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt (0.4 mM GA) and control treatment (water application). The results show that foliar spray with HA, SA, GA, and their nanocomposites significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) on all vegetative growth characters, photosynthetic pigments, oil yield/plant, mineral content, and antibacterial activity as compared with control plants. Also, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) values of different samples used varied from 70.63 to 74.93%, with a significant increase compared to untreated plants. The most marked increases have been observed in treated plants with biostimulants in the nanocomposites form than in the natural form. On the other hand, GA and its nanocomposite showed variable effects on basil plants and gave the lowest increase values in all parameters than the other biostimulant but have high antimicrobial activity. For the molecular study, ten selected primers displayed a total of 288 amplified fragments scored per primer ranging from 7 to 46 fragments; 157 bands were polymorphic with 69% polymorphism. It could be concluded that humic acid and its nanocomposite are the most effective biostimulants that increased plant productivity and oil content.