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The fatty acid composition of top-selling fish oil dietary supplements in the markets was compared with the content stated on product label, and their oxidative qualities and heavy metal contents were evaluated in this study. While all the capsule groups (C) confirmed the label information, it was observed that one-third of the syrup groups (S) had less than the specified content. Capsule groups generally had richer EPA and DHA contents than syrup groups in the samples examined. The peroxide values (PV) of all fish oil capsules and syrups were found in the range of 1.97–2.89 mEq/kg and 2.22–18.30 mEq/kg, respectively. As for free fatty acids (FFA) values, the C4, S6, S9, and S10 groups were above the 3% oleic acid limit recommended for high-quality oils. However, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) values were found below 1 mg MA/kg in all groups. All fish oil supplements were within the limits specified in terms of As (0.50–4.19 µg/g), Cd (0.14 µg/g detected for one group, C5), Cu (not detected), Fe (0.32–15.7 µg/g), and Hg (≤ 0.1 µg/g). On the other hand, two fish oil supplements from the capsule group (0.17 for C6 and 1.01 µg/g for C8) and one group from the syrup group (0.29 µg/g for S10) exceeded the recommended limit in terms of Pb (0.1 mg/kg). As a result of the research, it can be concluded that the chemical quality of fish oils in syrup form needs to be improved and their reliability in terms of fatty acid content should be increased. Considering the heavy metals, it seems significant to follow up the fish oil products more strictly.

The nutritional value of stuffed meatballs made with minced rainbow trout rather than red meat in the stuffing was investigated, as well as color variations (L *, a *, and b *) and sensory quality, using two different cooking methods (boiling and frying) on samples stored in the freezer (-18 oC). As a result of this research, the moisture, the crude ash, the lipid, and the crude protein contents of stuffed meatballs produced with rainbow trout were found as %58.25 ± 0.93, %2.01 ± 0.05, %5.28 ± 0.29, and %7.69± 0.08, respectively. The content of total saturated fatty acids composition (∑SFA), total monounsaturated fatty acids composition (∑MUFA), and total polyunsaturated fatty acids composition (∑PUFA) was found to be 12.52 ± 0.23%, 39.11 ± 1.27%, and 43.73 ± 1.98%, respectively. The atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic indexes (TI) for dietary factors associated with cardiovascular disease were found to be 0.10 and 0.25, respectively. In the evaluation of color (L *, a *, and b *) of frozen samples, L * (black-white) and b * (blue-yellow) values in all groups (raw, boiled, and fried) increased significantly at the end of storage compared to the initial value ( p

Background The search for preservation methods that can be used as alternatives to heat treatment is a significant issue in food quality. Utilization of plasma technology, a useful nonthermal technique, is encouraged in the food industry because of its effectiveness in preserving the natural aroma and flavor and antimicrobial activity. Scope and approach The cold plasma (CP) technique is used for food processing for enhancing antimicrobial activity, structural modification, decontamination of surfaces, and disinfection of food-processing instruments. Currently, a combination of CP with other promising approaches, such as nanotechnology applications, including nanofiber, nanoemulsion, nanoparticles, and nanoencapsulation, and emerging nonthermal technologies, including pulsed electric field (PEF), pulsed light (PL), and ultrasound, is gaining increased attention. In addition to its many advantages, CP is a low-cost method that can be an alternative to heat-based techniques used for the processing of food products. Therefore, application of CP technology in the food industry has been described in this review. Key findings and conclusions Demand for raw or non-heat-treated foods is increasing due to factors, such as the preference of consumers for healthy foods and the development of consumer awareness. However, plasma technology can be used to improve microbial quality and prevent rapid physical, chemical, and sensory changes. Studies have shown that CP application is effective in offering higher-quality products for consumption by extending the shelf life of foods. Positive results have been achieved in terms of both quality and microbial activity in different food groups with plasma technology. In addition to recently published articles, the combined hurdle effect of CP with other emerging novel technologies such as nanotechnology, pulsed electric field (PEF), pulsed light (PL), and ultrasound processing on food or food packaging materials could be further studied and used to ensure food safety. However, the high initial investment costs for CP need to be considered.

The influence of oil-in-water nanoemulsion using commercial olive oil at different concentrations on the fatty acid profile of rainbow trout fillets stored at 4 ± 2 °C was evaluated. At the end of the storage period, the highest content of the total saturated fatty acids (SFA) was found in the control samples (18.1%) while the lowest content was observed in olive oil samples (17.27, 17.59 and 17.48%). The concentration of total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents of treated samples remained relatively constant during the storage time while a marked decrease was observed in the control samples since olive oil–based nanoemulsion prevented the lipid oxidation. In addition, PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 ratios were found in good range, which are considered to be an important dietetic parameter. Olive oil used in oil-in-water nanoemulsion maintained the MUFA and PUFA contents of fish during storage and can be recommended as a preservative for fish.

Bu çalışmada, hamsi yağına eklenen narenciye kabuğu esansiyel yağlarının (portakal, limon, mandalina ve greyfurt) sprey kurutma yoluyla mikroenkapsüle edilmesi sonucu elde edilen balık yağı tozlarının oda sıcaklığında (24±1oC) 12 haftalık depolama süresi boyunca rengi ve duyusal kalitesi üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. Mikroenkapsülasyon sonrası örneklerin renk parlaklığı (L*) değerinin 76.46 - 81.51, a* değerinin (-2.50) - (-0.52) ve b* değerinin 7.41 - 19.39 arasında değiştiği görülmüştür. Genel olarak, L*, renk beyazlığı (Whiteness) ve renk tonu (Hue) değerleri depolama süresiyle birlikte azalırken, a *, b * ve renk berrraklık (Croma) değerleri dalgalanma göstermiştir. Gruplar arasında en fazla renk değişimi (∆E) kontrol grubunda (8.04), en az değişim ise mandalina kabuğu esansiyel yağ grubunda (4.55) gözlenmiştir. ME balık yağı tozları koku, görünüm ve partikül çapları bakımından birbirlerinden farklılık göstermiştir. Görsel gözlemler, ME balık yağı tozları kontrol grubunun renginin beyaz, ME portakal ve limon kabuğu EO gruplarının soluk beyaz, ME mandalina kabuğu EO grubunun sarımsı ve ME greyfurt kabuğu EO grubunun şampanya renginde olduğunu göstermiştir. Tüm grupların kuru toz örnekleri ince ve pürüzsüz olmasına rağmen, özellikle kontrol grubunda depolama sonlarına doğru kümelenme- topaklaşma gözlenmiştir. Panelistler tarafından kontrol grubunda gözlenen balık kokusunun, eklenen esansiyel yağlar ile baskılandığı tespit edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda kullanılan esansiyel yağların depolamanın sonlarına doğru kontrol grubunda gözlenen acılaşma kokusunu bastırdığı ve renk sonuçları ile de uyumlu olarak yağların acılaşmasını önlediği dolayısıyla oksidasyonu önlediği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Bu çalışmada, farklı konsantrasyonlarda (% 0.2, % 0.4 ve % 0.8) kullanılan nisinin soğukta depolanan levrek (Dicentrarchus labrax) filetolarının yağ asitleri üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Yapılan yağ asidi analizleri sonucunda yüksek oranlarda tespit edilen doymuş yağ asitleri (SFA) miristik asit (C14:0), palmitik asit (C16:0), stearik asit (C18:0) olarak belirlenmişken, yüksek oranlarda belirlenen tekli doymamış yağ asitleri (MUFA) palmitoleik asit (C16:1), oleik asit (C18:1n9), vaksenik asit (C18:1n7), eikosenoik asit (C20:1n9) olarak belirlenmiştir. Yüksek oranlarda tespit edilen çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri (PUFA) ise linoleik asit (C18:2n6), linolenik asit (C18:3n3), eikosapentaenoik asit (EPA, C20:5n3) ve dokosahekzaenoik asit (DHA, C22:6n3) olmuştur. İncelenen levrek balığının doymamış yağ asidi içerikleri açısından zengin besinsel değerlere sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Nisin muamele gruplarının depolama sonundaki PUFA, MUFA ve SFA içeriği kontrol grubundan daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiş ve bu durumun nisinin antioksidan özelliğinden kaynaklandığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Yağ asitleri kompozisyon analizi sonuçlarına göre, nisin varlığının balıkta lipit kalitesini koruduğu gözlenmiştir.

The effects of nisin at different concentrations (0.2, 0.4 and 0.8% w/v) on the sensory, biochemical and microbiological quality parameters of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fillets were investigated under the chilled storage at 4 ± 2 °C. The results of the study showed that the shelf life of the fish fillets (raw and cooked) was found as 6 days for the control group and 8 days for nisin treatment groups, showing the longer shelf life. Nisin-treated sea bass fillets showed lower (p

In this study, the effects of nisin solutions prepared at different concentrations (0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8%) on colour changes during cold and vacuum packed storage of sea bass fillets were investigated. In the sensory analysis (raw and cooked) performed by the panellists, the shelf life of sea bass in trial I was 6 and 8 days for control and nisin treatment groups, respectively; in trial II was 12 and 14 days for control and nisin treatment groups, respectively. There was no negative effect of the application of nisin on the natural smell and aroma of fish meat. It has been found that the application of nisin, which is more preferred by the panellists than the control group, prolongs the shelf life of the sea bass for 2 days for all trials. The results indicated that the seabass fillets treated with only nisin (trial I) and the combined use of the vacuum packaging and nisin (trial II) resulted in better preservation of colour. The results of study revealed better colour results for 12 days in trial I and 18 days in trial II storage time better consumer perception than control group. The results of the study revealed better colour results for 12 days in trial I and for 18 days in trial II and better consumer perception than control group. As a result, the application of nisin had a positive effect on the colour stability of the fillets. The findings of the present study include useful information on the quality and control of seafood. It is foreseen that informing the food sector and consumers about the use of nisin as an alternative natural preservative with positive effects on human health can have an economic and social widespread effect.

The impacts of fermentation process with acid and lactic acid bacteria strains (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Pediococcus acidilactici, Enterococcus gallinarum, and Streptococcus spp.) on the biogenic amine formation of wet and spray-dried fish silage obtained from whole gibel carp (Carassius gibelio, freshwater discard), whole ponyfish (Equulites klunzingeri, seawater discard), and processing by-products of seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were investigated. The results showed that among biogenic amines, cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine, spermine, serotonin, dopamine, and agmatine were predominant in all groups. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in biogenic amine concentrations of wet and spray-dried fish silage were observed. Raw fish and wet silages contained histamine level lower than the allowable limit of 50mg/kg, indicating the use of raw fish material with low microbial counts. In addition, no histamine was detected in spray-dried fish silage, except for seabass by-products with a trace quantity of histamine (

WOS: 000457790900022 PubMed ID: 30936670 Aim: The combined effects of oregano extract with vacuum packing (VP) on the quality enhancement of dark and white muscles of frigate tuna (Auxis thazard) stored as intact fillet at refrigerated (3 +/- 1 degrees C) conditions were studied. Materials and Methods: About 35 kg of fish were filleted without skin removal and randomly divided into two groups. One group without treatment (control) and the remaining group were dipped in a sterilized oregano extract solution for 5 min. Chemical, microbiological, sensorial, and textural analyses were carried out in each of dark and white muscles of frigate tuna fillets during storage. Results: Several quality indexes were higher in dark muscle than white muscle. The sensory assessment indicated that both muscles from control had a shelf life of 12 days. Quality parameters of both muscles had the same tendency and were significantly affected by time and also by the presence of plant extract in VP. Although VP alone was sufficient to delay lipid oxidation on fish fillets, especially on dark muscle but cannot enhance the textural deterioration in both muscles. Conclusion: Consequently, the employment of such combination had a cumulative effect on preservation, resulting in prolonging the shelf life of both frigate tuna muscles.

Background The effect of nanoemulsions prepared with grape seed and cinnamon essential oils on the shelf-life of flathead mullet (Mugil cephalus) fillets was evaluated by determining physicochemical (pH, free fatty acids, peroxide value, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs)), sensory and microbiological (mesophilic aerobic bacteria, total psychrophilic bacteria, and Enterobacteriaceae counts) properties during 14 day storage at 2 °C. Results The nanoemulsions showed good stability and low average droplet size. The results indicated that nanoemulsion treatments significantly prolonged the shelf-life of the fillets. Treatment inhibited increases in pH and TVB-N, and retarded lipid oxidation and hydrolysis. Sensory assessment revealed that treatment induced shelf-life extension from 10 to 14 days, compared with controls. Microbiological analyses showed nanoemulsion treatment caused shelf-life extension from 10 to 12 days with reduction of microbiological contamination by up to 1 log cfu g-1 in mesophilic and 1.5 log cfu g-1 in psychrotrophic bacteria. Conclusion Considering the results, grape seed and cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsions could be considered as novel antimicrobial and antioxidant materials for shelf-life extension of flathead mullet fillets during cold storage. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Nisin is produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and is also known as an antimicrobial agent especially effective against gram-positive bacteria. It has long been used as a preservative in foods and beverages and is generally regarded as safe (GRAS). In the present work, the effects of different concentrations of nisin (0.2, 0.4 and 0.8%) on the sensory, chemical and microbiological quality and shelf-life of vacuum-packed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fillets were investigated during chilled (4 ± 2 °C) storage. The sensory points for raw and cooked fillets increased with time during the storage period (p < 0.05). The control group, with scores of 9.08, was rejected by panelists on day 12; whereas nisin-treated groups were rejected on day 14 with scores ranging from 9.00-9.17 score. As a result of chemical analyses, lower values (p < 0.05) were obtained from the nisin groups with low oxidative rancidity. Moreover, nisin inhibited microbial growth, which shows antimicrobial activity. Consequently, it was concluded that the application of nisin (especially 0.8%) preserved the organoleptic quality and extended the shelf-life of sea bass fillets. La nisina es producida por Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis y conocida como agente antimicrobiano, especialmente contra las bacterias grampositivas. Se ha utilizado como conservante en alimentos y bebidas durante mucho tiempo y generalmente se considera seguro (GRAS). En el presente trabajo, se investigaron los efectos de diferentes concentraciones de nisina (0,2, 0,4 y 0,8%) sobre la calidad sensorial, química y microbiológica y la vida útil de los filetes de lubina (Dicentrarchus labrax) envasados al vacío durante el enfriamiento y almacenamiento (4 ± 2 °C). La puntuación sensorial de los filetes crudos y cocidos aumentó con el tiempo durante el período de almacenamiento (p

Curcumin and rosemary oil nanoemulsions (CUR and RON), having 184.3 nm and 158.3 nm average diameters, were successfully produced by a single sonication technique. Effectiveness of nanoemulsions against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and S. typhimurium were tested by agar diffusion method. Total mesophilic bacteria (TMABc) growth in fish fillets treated with RON and CUR nanoemulsions was acceptable for human consumption up to the 9th day. Total psychrophilic bacteria counts (TPBc) in the fish fillets treated with RON and CUR was found to be lower (26% and 17%) than the control group samples, respectively. While TMAB growth in fish fillets treated with RON was effectively declined from 5.59 to 3.48 log CFU/g, TMAB count of the fish fillets treated with CUR was decreased from 7.42 to 6.53 log CFU/g during the analysis period. Therefore, the obtained novel nanomaterial could be effectively used to limit the rapid increase in bacterial spoilage of fish meat in the food industry.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of nanoemulsions prepared with various concentrations of olive oil on the sensory, chemical and microbiological quality of rainbow trout fillets. The results showed that the shelf life of rainbow trout fillets were determined as 10 days for the control, 12 days for tween 80 group, 14 days for the 15% olive oil nanoemulsion group (O15) and 16 days for both 30% (O30) and 45% olive oil nanoemulsion groups (O45). It was determined that the use of olive oil suppressed the fish smell and improved the organoleptic quality of fish fillets, extending shelf life. Best sensory results were obtained from O30 and O45 treatment groups. The use of nanoemulsion had a positive effect on the biochemical parameters (TVB-N, PV, FFA, TBARs and pH), as well as inhibiting bacterial growth compared to the control group. Among nanoemulsion groups, the lowest bacteria content was found in O45 group. As a result, O30 and O45 treatment groups can be recommended for the preservation of fish fillets. © 2019, Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India). This study was supported by the University of Cukurova (Project No. FBA-2017-7405).

WOS: 000494414700001 The quality of vacuum packed sea bass fillets treated with nanoemulsions based on commercial oils (hazelnut oil, corn oil, canola oil, soybean oil, olive oil, and sunflower oil) at 2 +/- 2 degrees C was evaluated by sensory, chemical (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, peroxide value, total volatile basic nitrogen, and free fatty acids), and microbiological (total psychrophilic bacteria, total Enterobacteriaceae counts, total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, and total lactic acid bacteria) methods. The chemical parameters of fillets treated with the nanoemulsions presented lower values than those of the control group. Microbiological assessment correlated with sensory analyses. The use of nanoemulsions extended shelf life of fish, 4 days for canola, corn, soybean, and hazelnut oils and 2 days for olive and sunflower treatment groups. The quality of chemical, sensory, and microbiological parameters of sea bass fillets was increased with the application of oil nanoemulsions as well as their shelf life. Practical applications Nanomulsions have been paid attention since they are known as ideal carrier for the delivery of lipophilic substances because of small particle size, the ease of preparation, high bioavailability, and long-term stability. They are also proven to be self-preserving antimicrobials due to the bound water in their structure and restricted available water to microorganisms. Nanoemulsion has been shown to extend the shelf life of different species of fish by lowering the value of biochemical parameters and also inhibiting microbial growth. Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma KurumuTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [TOVAG-113O379] Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu, Grant/Award Number: TOVAG-113O379

The present paper examines the impacts of gender and season variables on the nutritional composition and metal levels of warty crab caught in the central Black Sea region (Ordu). Crab samples were caught over four seasons, using gillnets, trammel net, and SCUBA diving. Results of chemical analysis showed that protein, lipid, moisture, and total mineral substance level ranges of male crabs were 20.45–22.64%, 0.95–1.27%, 75.44–77.09%, and 1.63–2.08%, while these ranges in female individuals were determined as 19.45–21.46%, 0.63–0.92%, 75.44–77.44%, and 2.08–3.28%, respectively. Macro and trace element levels in crab muscle tissue were determined as K > P > Na > Ca > Mg and Zn > Fe > Cu > Mn > Se > Ni > Mo > Co, respectively. Cd and Pb levels in crab muscle tissue were determined to be lower than the limit values given in codices independent of the seasonal variables. However, as the levels were found to be above the limit values, metal concentrations in crabs were also evaluated based on provisional tolerable daily intake and provisional tolerable weekly intake limits. © 2018, © 2018 Taylor & Francis.

The impacts of emulsions based on commercial oils on the biogenic amine formation and their indices of vacuumed packed sea bass fillets were investigated. The results showed that among biogenic amines, cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine, spermine, serotonin, dopamine, and agmatine were predominant amines in sea bass fillets stored under vacuum packaging. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in biogenic amines concentrations of vacuumed packed sea bass treated with emulsions were observed. All groups contained histamine lower than 5.0 mg/100 g, regarded as the allowable limit by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Polyamine levels were not affected by application of emulsion. Quality index (QI) showed an increase and after 14 d of storage it decreased in all groups. The control generally seemed to higher QI value than those of treatment groups except at 14 and 18 days while soybean and corn gave lower QI among treatment groups. Only biogenic amine index correlated with sensory acceptability of vacuumed packed sea bass, indicating that this index can be used for determination of the degree of spoilage of vacuumed packed sea bass. Emulsions extended the shelf‐life (approximately 2 to 4 d) of vacuumed packed sea bass fillets by inhibiting microbial growth compared to the control. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Emulsions have become popular since they are regarded as ideal carrier for the delivery of lipophilic substances due to the ease of preparation, small particle size, their enhanced bioavailability, and long term kinetic stability. They have been proven to be self‐preserving antimicrobials due to bound water in their structure and thus no available water to microorganisms. Antimicrobial emulsions have potential applications in many fields because they are inexpensive, stable, and nontoxic agents.

The effect of sunflower oil treated with varying proportions of rosemary and thyme essential oils (0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, and 1.2%) on the lipid quality of Mediterranean horse mackerel and anchovy during traditional pan-frying was assessed in this research. Concentrations of rosemary and thyme essential oils greater than 0.9% applied to sunflower oil tend to reduce the lipid content of horse mackerel, while anchovies fried in sunflower oil with only a few concentrations of rosemary essential oil seemed to avoid a rise in lipid content that leads to frying. The addition of thyme and rosemary essential oils with the different percentages in frying oil significantly caused a reduction in the peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values of all fish samples after pan-frying (p 0.05). According to our results, the amount of EPA and DHA in Mediterranean horse mackerel during traditional pan-frying was affected by the type of essential oils and their concentration in sunflower oil. Using EOs at different concentrations, on the other hand, has no noticeable impact on the retention of highly unsaturated fatty acids in anchovies. It shows that all of the essential oils used significantly reduce lipid oxidation and protect against EPA and DHA reduction as a result of frying in Mediterranean horse mackerel.

Antibacterial and antioxidative effects of microencapsulated Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 cell-free supernatant (CFS) alone (MCFS) or in combination with propolis water (MPW) and ethanolic extract (MPE) on sardine burger were investigated at 4 ± 1 °C for 15 days. Morphological properties of microcapsules were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Microcapsules had rough cylindrical structure and wrinkled morphology (especially the microcapsules with aqueous propolis extract). The use of microcapsules with propolis extracts maintained the sensory quality of sardine burgers. MCFS, MPW and MPE groups had 3 days longer sensorial shelf life although burgers with propolis extract (MPW and MPE groups) were more preferred by panellists. MCFS, MPW and MPE groups had a lower content of TVB-N than control. CFS from L. reuteri and propolis combinations in microencapsulation showed stronger antioxidative effect for fish burger. The highest TBA and FFA values were observed for the control (10.78 MDA/kg vs 12.98% oleic acid) and MCFS (10.67 MDA/kg vs 12.51% oleic acid) at the end of storage. Microbiological upper limit of 7 log cfu/g did not exceed for all groups during storage. Microencapsulated CFS from L. reuteri and mainly propolis water extract combinations induced a lower bacterial growth in fish burger. The results revealed that the use of Lactobacilli supernatant alone has a weak antioxidative effect whereas the microcapsules with propolis extract have the potential to be used as antioxidant, by enhancing quality characteristics of burger.

The effects of different concentrations of nisin on the biogenic amine formation in seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fillets stored at 4 ± 2 °C (in vivo) and also on foodborne pathogens (in vitro) in amino acid decarboxylase broth were investigated. The in vitro impact of nisin on microbial growth and biogenic amine production was observed in histidine and tyrosine decarboxylase broth (TDB). The results showed that Gram-positive foodborne pathogens were more sensitive (especially 1ml/100 ml nisin) than Gram-negative groups. Bacterial loads in histidine decarboxylase broth (HDB) and TDB were not always correlated with biogenic amine formation. The impact of nisin on biogenic amine production varied with specific microbial strains and broth used. The results demonstrated that nisin inhibited the microbial growth, resulting in reduced biogenic amine production in seabass fillets. The application of nisin (especially 0.8 %) as in vivo preserved the microbiologic quality and thus reduced biogenic amine production. Consequently, nisin has the potential to be used as a novel antimicrobial agent against foodborne pathogen and food spoilage bacteria that produce biogenic amines in foods.

Antibacterial properties of microencapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum cell-free supernatant (CFS) in combinations with aqueous or ethanolic propolis extract at doses of 1% against fish spoilage bacteria were investigated. Microencapsulated samples contained more than 17 compounds, of which furyl alcohol, acetic acid, maltol, and 2(5H) furanon were identified as common compounds. The effects of microencapsulated CFS from L. plantarum in combination with or without propolis extracts on the fish spoilage bacteria varied according to the bacterial species. Among the fish spoilage bacteria, the highest antimicrobial activity of samples was observed against P. damselae with >15.5 mm inhibition diameter zone. Pure and microencapsulated CFS from L. plantarum showed the lowest antimicrobial effects on P. mirabilis with a corresponding inhibition diameter zone of 8.33 and 8.00 mm. Microencapsulated CFS from L. plantarum in combination with aqueous propolis extract had 25 mg/ml of MIC and 50 mg/ml of MBC on all bacteria although the bactericidal effect of microencapsulated samples in combination with ethanolic propolis extract occurred at a level of above 50 mg/ml. The study results revealed that co-microencapsulation of CFS obtained from L. plantarum with propolis extract, especially its aqueous extract, could be potentially used as antimicrobial agents to overcome microbial growth in foods.

Inactivation of bacterial growth and their biogenic amine production in foods are essential for food safety and consequently human health. Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris are the most commonly used microalgae in the formulation of food products due to their high content of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial properties. In the present study, the influences of aqueous extracts of S. platensis and C. vulgaris (1%) on ammonia, trimethylamine and biogenic amines (BAs) were investigated in vacuum packaged sardine fillets at 4 ± 1 °C for 15 days. The volatile aromatic compounds of extracts were also determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). C. vulgaris and S. platensis extracts contained 8 and 7 components in total, of which the main components were 2-methyl-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine (33.26%) and (3R)-3-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one (38.47%), respectively. BAs values fluctuated during storage and exhibited statistically significant differences among groups (P

The influence of oil-in-water nanoemulsion on the sensory, chemical, and microbiological qualities of sea bream and sea bass fillets stored at 2 ± 2°C was investigated. The results showed that the use of nanoemulsion extended the shelf life of fish one or two days when compared with the control. Treatment with nanoemulsion significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the values of chemical parameters throughout the storage period. Bacterial growth was inhibited by the use of nanoemulsion. Nanoemulsion had an inhibitory effect on protein denaturation during refrigerated storage and microwave cooking. Based on the results, it can be concluded that sunflower oil-based nanoemulsion extended the shelf life and improved the quality of both sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fillets during storage. © 2017 Taylor & Francis.

PubMedID: 27211655 The toxicity of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in pufferfish (Lagocephalus sceleratus) from Mersin Bay in the Northeastern Mediterranean Sea was measured using a mouse bioassay (MBA) and LC-MS-MS. Pufferfish were caught by trawl fishing, longlining and fishing line from December 2012 to October 2013. Changes in the levels of TTX in the gonads, livers, intestines, skins and muscles as a function of season and sex were determined. The gonads of female fish were toxic in all seasons (>2 µg/g), whereas the gonads of male fish were only toxic in the spring and autumn. The highest TTX levels in gonads, livers, intestines and skins of female fish were 52.1, 46.2, 7.64 and 3.43 µg/g, respectively, using LC-MS-MS. The TTX level in the muscle of female fish in winter was 2.83 µg/g but was otherwise below the toxic limit. Consequently, it can be dangerous to consume pufferfish, including the edible muscle, from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. SÜF2013YL3 This study was financially supported by Cukurova University , Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (Project No: SÜF2013YL3).

Waste or by-products contains a substantial amount of nutrients. Fish silage is an alternative way for assessment of fish discards and waste generated in the fish processing industries. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential use of discard species (Equulites klunzingeri, marine fish and Carassius gibelio, freshwater fish) for fish silage and chemical quality of fish oil extracted from fish silages prepared with acid and fermented methods. Lipid quality of fish oils extracted from fish silages with LAB strains was evaluated in terms of thiobarbituric acid (TBA), peroxide value (PV), p-Anisidine (AV), totox values and fatty acid composition. The results showed that PV, TBA, AV and totox values of all extracted fish oils were within the acceptable limits for edible oils. Recovered fish oils from silage contained high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), serving as a source of good quality fish oil for human consumption. © 2018 Institute of Food Science and Technology TOVAG 213O166 Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştirma Kurumu This work was supported by Cukurova University and The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK, TOVAG 213O166).

The antimicrobial effects of olive by-products (olive leaf extract, olive cake, and black water) on foodborne pathogens and fish spoilage bacteria isolated from anchovy, mackerel, and sardine were investigated. Total polyphenol contents in olive by-products were determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu procedure and their chemical composition was also evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of olive by-product were performed using the broth microdilution method. Their impact on bacterial growth and biogenic amine production were also monitored in anchovy infusion decarboxylase broth. The total phenol content of olive cake and black water were 14.9 and 20.9 mg gallic acid/g extract, respectively. The major compounds were ethyl oleate (52.3%) and squalene (22.8%) in olive cake and palmitic acid (12.2%), phenanthrene (11.9%), and linoleic acid (11.4%) in olive leaf, while black water consisted of 51.1% squalene and 17.5% oleic acid ethyl ester. The minimum inhibitory concentration of olive leaf ranged from 0.78 to 25 mg/mL. Bacterial strains were more sensitive to olive leaf than other olive by-products. Bacterial load in anchovy infusion decarboxylase broth did not always correlate well with biogenic amine production. The effect of olive leaf, olive cake, and black water on biogenic amine accumulation varied depending on specific bacterial strains and biogenic amine. Olive cake and olive leaf generally had a stronger effect on reducing histamine accumulation by bacteria. Therefore, the results showed the potential effect of olive by-products in preventing or reducing the accumulation of histamine, which may beneficially affect human health. © 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of propolis (0.4 and 0.8%) were used to examine their in vitro impacts on the growth and biogenic amines (BAs) formation by Morganella psychrotolerans DSM 17886 in histidine decarboxylase (HDB) and sardine infusion decarboxylase broth (SIDB). In addition, the extracts effects were monitored in vivo on vacuum packaged sardine fillets with M. psychrotolerans at 3±1 °C for 15 days. Analysis of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry showed that quinolone and flavonoids present in propolis extracts. Aqueous extract of propolis were more effective than ethanolic extract to decrease bacterial load in HDB. The extracts considerably suppressed histamine formation in HDB, although inhibition effect was only found by propolis aqueous extract at doses of 0.4% in SIDB, with 30-fold lower histamine formation. Inhibition effects of propolis extracts on BAs production in fish meat were generally observed apart from noteworthy stimulation effect on histamine production of 0.8% ethanolic propolis extracts.

The antibacterial activities of nanoemulsions based on essential oil of thyme and its purified version on food-borne pathogens (S. Paratyphi A, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, and E. faecalis) and spoilage bacteria of fish (P. luteola, P. damselae, V. vulnificus, E. faecalis, S. liquefaciens, and P. mirabilis) were evaluated using disc diffusion, MIC and MBC. The flavour compounds of extracted thyme oil were determined using GC-MS. Physical properties of nanomulsions (viscosity, thermodynamic stability, droplet size, and refractive index) were analysed. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe morphology changes in the cell wall of selected bacteria. The results showed that non-purified thyme-based nanoemulsions were more effective on food-borne pathogens. Damage in bacterial cell membranes after nanoemulsion treatments were observed. Conversion of thyme oil into a nanoemulsion increased antibacterial activity and its nano-form can be used as an alternative antimicrobial agent in processed or packaged fish or food products.

WOS: 000438140400017 Effects of cell-free extracts (CFE, 8%) prepared using Lactobacillus plantarum FI8595 or Pediococcus acidolactici ATCC 25741 alone or in combination with thyme and laurel extracts (0.5%) on physical, sensory, microbiological and chemical quality of fermented and vacuum packaged sardine fillets were investigated during 8 wk of chilled storage (3 +/- 1 degrees C). Sardine fillets were divided into 7 groups with the control being untreated. The other groups were treated with CFE of Lb. plantarum (LP group) and P. acidolactici (PA group). In addition, thyme with LP CFE (THLP) or PA CFE (THPA); and laurel with LP CFE (LALP) or PA CFE (LAPA) were also prepared. According to the sensory and physical assessment, shelf life of fermented fish was 5 wk for the control, 6 wk for LP, PA, LALP and LAPA, and 7 wk for THPA and THLP, although chemical and microbiological results exhibited longer shelf life. THPA and THLP had the lowest bacterial growth and TBA values. TVB-N values remained below 35 mg/100 g until 7 wk for all groups. THPA significantly reduced TMA formation. The study suggested that cell-free extracts of Lb. plantarum and P. acidolactici with thyme extract was the most effective way to improve the shelf-life of fermented sardines stored at chilled temperature. Scientific Research Projects Unit of Cukurova UniversityCukurova University [SUF2012BAP6] The authors would like to thank the Scientific Research Projects Unit of Cukurova University for their financial support (Research Project: SUF2012BAP6).

Lipid quality and fatty acid compositions of fish oils recovered from fish (Sea bass – Dicentrarchus labrax) waste silages produced with formic acid (FA) and five different LAB strains (Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), Pediococcus acidilactici (PA), Enterococcus gallinarum (EG), Lactobacillus brevis (LB) and Streptococcus spp. (ST)) were assessed to ensure for the usage for human consumption. Generally, it was observed that there were no significant differences between PUFA contents (23.27–23.64%). Peroxide (PV) (2.12 meq active O2/per kg of oil) and TBA values (1.07 mg malonaldehyde (MA) g-1 oil) of fish oils from acid silage were significantly higher than those of the fermented ones (1.14–1.91 meq active O2 kg-1, 0.67–0.81 mgMA g-1 oil, respectively). Anisidine values (AV) were determined in range of 8.04–11.14 for fermented silages and 13.08 from acid silage. The highest totox value (17.33 ± 0.88) was also detected in acid silage oil whereas fermented groups gave totox value in the range of 10.40–13.88. It can be concluded that the initial lipid quality of fermented fish waste silages was better than the initial lipid quality of acid fish waste silage. Therefore, fish oils recovered from fermented silages can be used as food additives or supplements for animal and human diets. © 2017 Institute of Food Science and Technology 213O166 This study was supported by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, 213O166) and Cukurova University.

WOS: 000431969300009, The fermented fish silages produced with Streptococcus spp., Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici and Enterococcus gallinarum, and formic acid silages were compared for production of two discard fish silages (Equulites klunzingeri and Carassius gibelio). The E/NE ratio of spray-dried fish silages was determined in range of 0.80-1.10 for E.klunzingeri and 0.80-0.90 for C. gibelio silages. Pediococcus acidilactici and En. gallinarum groups had greater antioxidant activity than other silage groups. The DPPH radical scavenging ability was found as 6.14%-14.71% and 6.99%-13.36% for E.klunzingeri and C. gibelio silages, respectively. The OMD, ME and NEL values were determined in range of 69.74%-80.08%, 6.38-8.65 MJ/kg DM and 6.45-7.49 MJ/kg DM, respectively for spray-dried E.klunzingeri silages and 81.18%-86.62%, 8.97-9.61 MJ/kg DM and 7.61-8.08 MJ/kg DM, respectively, for spray-dried C. gibelio silages. According to the nutritional and chemical evaluation, spray-dried fish silages have great potential as a feed components because of high rate of digestibility and nutritious components., Cukurova University; Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [TOVAG-213O166], Cukurova University; The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Grant/Award Number: TOVAG-213O166

Valorisation of discard fish and fish wastes fermented with lactic acid bacteria have potential biotechnological application to produce high quality animal food. Five lactic acid bacteria strains naturally present in fish (Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici, Streptococcus spp. and Enterococcus gallinarum) and formic acid were evaluated for the production of fish silages made from two discard fish species [Equulites klunzingeri (Klunzinger’s pony fish-marine fish) and Carassius gibelio (Gibel carp—freshwater fish)]. Chemical (pH, TBA and non-protein nitrogen analyses) and microbiological (total aerobic and anaerobic microorganism counts, lactic acid bacteria, fungi, total coliform and pathogen bacteria) aspects were investigated during maturation process in silages groups. Gibel silages ripened in a short time (in 3 days) than silages prepared with Equulites klunzingeri (in 2 weeks). A slight increase in non-protein nitrogen value (0.4–0.7 g 100 g-1) was detected in all silage groups. TBARs values of formic acid groups were significantly higher than the fermented groups during the 3-week period. Fish silages prepared with Lactobacillus brevis and Streptococcus spp. had the highest lipid stability in all fermented groups according to TBA values. No pathogen bacteria were detected in all silage groups. According to the chemical and microbiological evaluations on silages, these lactic acid bacteria can be used successfully as starter cultures in order to produce high quality animal food from discard fish. © 2018, Springer Nature B.V.

In this study, the effects of seasonal variation in proximate composition and fatty acid profile as a component of chemical compositions of Mediterranean Sea anemone species (Actinia equina L.,1758) living in Mersin Bay were investigated. Chemical composition analysis of anemone samples showed that while the highest levels of protein and water were obtained in winter, the highest lipid and total mineral substance (TMS) levels were obtained in autumn. In terms of fatty acid analysis, during all four seasons the dominant saturated fatty acids (SFA) were palmitic (C16:0) and stearic acids (C18:0), the dominant monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were oleic (C18:1n9) and vaccenic acids (C18:1n7) and the dominant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were linoleic acids (C18:2n6), linolenic acid (C18:3n3), gamma linolenic acid (C18:3n6), arachidonic acid (C20:4n6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n3) for A. equina. The highest values of gamma linolenic acid, EPA and DHA levels were obtained in autumn as 0.44%, 14.83% and 14.10%, respectively.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of nanoemulsions containing herb oils (rosemary, laurel, thyme and sage) on the quality of rainbow trout were investigated. Fish fillets were immersed for 3 min in the nanoemulsions prepared with different oils. During 24 days of storage, sensory (raw and cooked), chemical (TBA (thiobarbituric acid), pH, TVB-N (total volatile basic nitrogen), PV (peroxide value), FFA (free fatty acids)) and microbiological quality (total mesophilic aerobic and psychrophilic aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae count) of rainbow trout fillets in ice at 2 ± 2 °C were carried out. Nanoemulsions of essential oils enhanced organoleptic quality of rainbow trout. Shelf life of rainbow trout was found as 14 days for the control, 17 days for the treatment groups. The use of nanoemulsions based on all essential oils reduced the values of the biochemical parameters and slowed down the growth of bacteria. TVB-N values were lower in all samples than limit value. FFA and PV developed at a slower rate in the treated groups, especially in the rosemary group. The lowest bacterial numbers were obtained from rosemary followed by thyme group. Among the essential oils, it can be concluded that rosemary and thyme can be recommended for nanoemulsion as a preservative for fish fillets. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd, This work has been financially supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK–TOVAG- 213O283 ) and the authors also gratefully acknowledge the support provided by Cukurova University.

The chemical, sensory, microbiological, protein profile and textural changes of vacuum-packaged ‘gravad’ carp fillets (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated during storage at 3 °C. Sensory analyses showed that vacuum-packed gravad was still acceptable at the end of 8 weeks of storage. Due to gravading, the total viable count did not exceed the acceptable limit of 106–107cfu g-1. Our SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that gravading caused a slight decrease in the relative intensity of myosin heavy chain (MHC), while the level of actin remained unchanged. Due to gravading, we found an increase in the values for cohesiveness and chewiness. The values for hardness and chewiness decreased which was accompanied by a slight reduction in springiness and cohesiveness. Texture profile analysis revealed that the a-value was higher in raw carp (RC) than in gravad carp before (GB) and after storage (GA); whereas the b-value was lower in RC than in GB and GA. © 2017, Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (BVL).

Summary Different doses (1% and 5%) of natural zeolite were applied to determine quality changes in vacuum packaged sardine fillets during 19 days at 4 ± 1 °C. Zeolite had an effect to improve sensory quality of sardine especially for removing off-odour. The acceptable shelf life of vacuum packaged sardine was 8 days for control and 12 days for groups treated with 1% and 5% zeolite. The zeolite application resulted in significant reduction in total volatile basic nitrogen values, except for group treated with 5% zeolite at 15 days. Although the effect of zeolite depended on dose and specific storage days, application of zeolite had no effect on free fatty acid analysis. The use of zeolite significantly reduced ammonia and biogenic amine accumulation, especially for histamine and tyramine. The result of the study showed that the efficacy of zeolite as natural antimicrobials was high and lower dose of zeolite has to be applied to get maximum preservation effect.

The effects of the use of natural antioxidants on the quality of frozen chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) burgers stored at -18 °C were investigated in terms of sensory, biochemical (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances-TBARS, total volatile basic nitrogen, peroxide value and free fatty acids) and microbiological analyses (total viable count-TVC, total psychrotrophic count-TPC). Oregano, green tea, sage and laurel extracts were obtained by using steam distillation method. After that, thawed fish were headed, gutted and filleted. Fillets were then minced and divided into nine groups. These were the control without plant extract, O1 with 0.3% oregano extract, O2 with 0.6% oregano extract, G1 with 0.3% green tea extract, G2 with 0.6% green tea extract, S1 with 0.3% sage extract, S2 with 0.6% sage extract, L1 with 0.3% laurel extract and L2 with 0.6% laurel extract. Plant extracts together with burger ingredients were added to each group. All groups were stored at -18 °C for 9 months. According to the results of sensory analyses, the control at 7 months of storage, oregano and green tea at 9 months of storage, sage and laurel groups at 8 months of storage were rejected by panellists and considered as unaccepptable. Natural extracts were effective in controlling biochemical indices. TVC content of fish burgers did not exceed the limit during storage period for all groups (

The efficiency of the green extraction methods ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and conventional methods (Soxhlet and Bligh and Dyer), on lipid content and fatty acid profiles of six fish species (Mullus barbatus, red mullet; Upeneus moluccensis, goldband goatfish; Mullus surmuletus, surmullet; Anguilla anguilla, European eel; Pagellus erythrinus, common pandora, and Saurida undosquamis, brushtooth lizardfish) are evaluated. The results of lipid content of fish species show that the Bligh and Dyer method and UAE in general are more efficient than other methods. There are statistical differences in the fatty acid composition of fish oil by four extraction methods (p < 0.05). Saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents of fish species range from 29.51 mg 100 g-1 fish (Soxhlet)–1400 mg 100 g-1 (UAE), 15.52 mg 100 g-1 (UAE)–2237.18 mg 100 g-1 (Bligh and Dyer), and 14.36% (Soxhlet)–646 mg 100 g-1 (Bligh and Dyer), respectively. Generally, Bligh and Dyer give the higher values in surmullet, red mullett, and common pandora in terms of SFA, MUFA, PUFA, and the dominant fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C16:1, C18:1n9, C18:1n7, C22:1n9, EPA, DHA), whereas MAE and UAE methods give better results in goldband goldfish and European eel, respectively. Thus, extraction methods affect the lipid yield and fatty acid profiles of extracted oil of different fish species. Practical Application: Total lipid content of seafood is an important parameter used in biochemical, physiological, and nutritional studies. Thus, reliable methods for the quantitative extraction of lipids from this type of food are of critical importance. The effects of green and conventional extraction methods on lipid yield and fatty acid profiles of fish species are compared in order to determine the most effective method for extracting lipid with high yield and high content of PUFA, especially EPA and DHA. The effects of green and conventional extraction methods on lipid yield and fatty acid profiles of fish species are evaluated. The extraction methods affect the lipid yield and fatty acid profiles of extracted oil of fish species. The Bligh and Dyer method and UAE in general are more efficient than other methods. In terms of SFA, MUFA, PUFA, EPA, and DHA; Bligh and Dyer gave the higher values in surmullet, redmullet, and common pandora whereas MAE and UAE methods gave better results in goldband goldfish and European eel, respectively. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim FBA-2017-7697 This study was supported by the University of Cukurova (Project number: FBA-2017-7697).

PubMedID: 26072990 The antimicrobial activity of twelve essential oil (pine oil, eucalyptus, thyme, sage tea, lavender, orange, laurel, lemon, myrtle, lemon, rosemary and juniper) was tested by a disc diffusion method against food borne pathogens (Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi A, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Yersinia enterocolitica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila, Campylobacter jejuni, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus). The major components in essential oils were monoterpenes hydrocarbons, ?-pinene, limonene; monoterpene phenol, carvacrol and oxygenated monoterpenes, camphor, 1,8-cineole, eucalyptol, linalool and linalyl acetate. Although the antimicrobial effect of essential oils varied depending on the chemical composition of the essential oils and specific microorganism tested, majority of the oils exhibited antibacterial activity against one or more strains. The essential oil with the lowest inhibition zones was juniper with the values varied from 1.5 to 6 mm. However, the components of essential oil of thyme and pine oil are highly active against food borne pathogen, generating the largest inhibition zones for both gram negative and positive bacteria (5.25-28.25 mm vs. 12.5-30 mm inhibition zones). These results indicate the possible use of the essential oils on food system as antimicrobial agents against food-borne pathogen. The article also offers some promising patents on applications of essential oils on food industry as antimicrobial agent. © 2015 Bentham Science Publishers.

The effects of oil-in-water nanoemulsions using different commercial oils on the fatty acid composition of vacuum packed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fillets stored at 2 ± 2 °C were investigated. The highest SFA content was obtained from the control (21.89%) and among treated groups sunflower (20.13%) followed by olive group (19.90%) because of oxidation at the end of storage period. The total amount of MUFA were in the range of 36–41.52% during storage period. PUFA ranged from 19.31 to 30.11% in which EPA is present from 2.07 to 4.54% and DHA ranges from 2.58 to 7.07%. Hazelnut gave the highest PUFA content (24.35%), followed by canola (24.21%) and soybean (24.15%) at the end of storage since nanoemulsion and vacuum packing prevented the lipid oxidation. Application of nanoemulsion in combination with vacuum packing maintained the PUFA content of fish, especially hazelnut, canola, and soybean groups and can be used as a preservative for fish. Practical applications: Lipid oxidation is undesirable in most foods because it causes to the development of undesirable off-flavors known as rancidity. This study indicated that both application of nanoemulsion and vacuum packing maintained the PUFA content of fish. Lipid oxidation process in fish meat may be retarded by the use of nanoemulsions which have potential as a preservative for fish oil. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PubMedID: 24128531 The effect of ice containing thyme (0.04% w/v), oregano (0.03% w/v) and clove (0.02% w/v) extracts on the quality parameters of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicholus) was assessed through the chemical, sensory and microbiological methods. According to sensory analyses, anchovy stored in ice prepared with each plant extracts had a shelf life of 12 days, while batch stored in traditional ice had a shelf life of 9 days. pH were not significantly affected by the presence of plant extracts in the ice. However, a marked antioxidant effect (P < 0.05) could be detected with fish kept under plant extract icing systems, according to peroxide (PV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values. Moreover, the employment of such icing systems led to lower (P < 0.05) total volatile base-nitrogen (TVB-N) value and free fatty acid (FFA) formation. Thus, TVB-N proved to be a suitable index for the spoilage of anchovies during chilled storage. The employment of such icing systems also led to significantly lower counts of aerobic mesophiles and psychrotrophic bacteria in anchovy muscle with skin, as compared with the traditional ice batch. This work demonstrates that the use of ice with plant extracts for the storage of gutted and beheaded anchovy can be recommended to improve the quality and extend the shelf life. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

PubMedID: 22860594 The influence of natural zeolite on biogenic amines (BAs) and ammonia (AMN) production by eight common gram negative and positive foodborne pathogens (FBP) were investigated in histidine decarboxylase broth (HDB). Presence of 1% zeolite in the HDB resulted in significantly higher AMN production. Histamine (HIS) production by gram positive bacteria was as low as 0.5 mg/L, whereas Escherichia coli produced 18.96 mg/L of HIS. The use of zeolite also significantly suppressed HIS accumulation by E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. paratyphi A (P < 0.05), although zeolite addition stimulated HIS production by K. pneumonia and Aeromonas hydrophila. The range of tyramine (TYR) production by gram positive bacteria was 1.19 and 4.06 mg/L for Enteroccus faecalis and Listeria monocytogenes respectively. The results of study showed that the effect of zeolite on BAs and AMN production was dependent on bacterial strains, as well as zeolite concentrations used. Practical Application: Natural zeolites are the main absorptive, low-cost material used in agriculture and industry. Although the effect of zeolite on ammonia formation in some industrial systems is well known, there is limited information regarding the impact of zeolite on biogenic amine (BA) production by foodborne pathogens. The data presented in this article will help us to understand the impact of natural zeolite on BA and ammonia production by eight common foodborne pathogens. © 2012 Institute of Food Technologists®.

PubMedID: 22106841 The effects of season and sex on the fatty acids (FAs) and proximate compositions of the mantle of the mature common cuttlefish were evaluated. The results of the proximate composition showed that the lowest lipid content was obtained from females in winter (0.74%), whereas the highest level of lipid was found in males in autumn (0.94%; p < 0.05). The protein levels of the mantle of the mature male of common cuttlefish were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those found in female specimens. The FA compositions of each sex for all seasons ranged from 29.4% to 32.5% saturated FAs, 8.7-11.1% monounsaturated FAs and 48.2-54.6% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The proportions of n-3 PUFAs (44.0-50.6%) were higher than n-6 PUFAs (3.4-4.3%) regardless of sex and seasons. The levels of eicosapentaenoic acid in the mature common cuttlefish mantle in spring, autumn and winter were 15.9-17.8%, 16.3-17.2% and 15.7-16.8% while those of docosahexaenoic acid were 32.5-33.0%, 27.5-29.0% and 28.7-31.1%, respectively. © 2011 Informa UK, Ltd.