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Investigation of major volatile and non-volatile phytochemicals from flowers of different cultivars of Camellia sinensis was performed. A total of 21 volatile constituents and 9 fatty acids were identified by gas chromatography -mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For evaluation of non-volatile constituents, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (RP-HPLC-DAD) is used. Spectral quantification of polyphenols revealed 48.88 - 60.01 mg/gm gallic acid equivalent polyphenols. Catechins estimated up to 1.14%, while theanine and caffeine content varies from 0.13% to 0.41% and 0.07% to 0.13%, respectively. Further assessment of antioxidant activity by different assays (DPPH, FRAP, RPA and FIC) showed commendable antioxidant potential. The results of antimicrobial studies showed growth inhibition of Candida albicans (17.0 ± 0.00-10.0 ± 0.00 mm) and Aspergillus niger (5 ± 0.00 to 12.5 ± 0.70 mm), indicating antifungal potential. The antiglycation assay also showed inhibition of BSA up to 94%. This study of C. sinensis flowers indicated their immense prospective as sustainable source of bioactive natural compounds.

Camellia sinensis (tea) is an evergreen plant having bioactive compounds associated with various pharmacological effects, including anti-cancerous activity. These phytochemicals are variedly distributed in plant tissues. A detailed study to understand chemical composition within the economically underutilized tea tissues is required to generate value. Therefore, a comprehensive chemical profiling of underutilized C. sinensis parts [coarse leaves, flowers, fruits (immature); n = 9] was performed by NMR techniques. NMR (1D and 2D) spectroscopy ambiguously identified and quantified fifty-seven metabolites (Coarse leaves: 35, flowers; 42, immature fruits; 45). The statistical analysis showed apparent tissue-specific similarities (26 metabolites) and variations. Further, HPLC-DAD revealed absolute quantification of catechins, caffeine and theanine among the different parts of C. sinensis. Moreover, cytotoxicity studies of tea tissues against colorectal cancer cell lines showed anticancer potentials. This chemical information and anticancer activity of underutilized C. sinensis parts will help to develop value added nutraceutical and cosmeceutical products.

Background The tremendous need of lipase for varied applications in biotechnology increases its economical value in food and allied industries. Patents suggest that lipase has an impressive number of applications viz. enhancements of flavor in food products (Cheese, butter, alcoholic beverages, milk chocolate and diet control food stuffs), detergent industry in removing oil, grease stain, organic chemical processing, textile industry, oleochemical industry, cosmetic industry and also as therapeutic agents in pharmaceutical industries. Objective This communication extends the frontier of lipase catalyzed benefits to human body by lowering serum cholesterol and enhancement of flavor in different food products. Methods Among all, multiple innovations going on in the field of lipase applications are widening its scope in food industries consistently. Therefore, in the present work an effort has been made to explore the utilization of lipase in the field of food product enhancement. Results Supplementation of food products with lipase results in modification of its physical, chemical and biochemical properties by enhancing its therapeutic activity. Conclusion Lipases are the most important enzymes used in food industries. They are utilized as industrial catalysts for lipid hydrolysis. Because of lipases hydrolysis nature it is widely exploited to catalyze lipids or fats in different food products and enhancement of food flavors.

Polyphenolic and therapeutic insights of tea tissues (coarse leaves, flowers, and unripe fruits) extract (75% ethanol), and fractions (Ethyl acetate, n-butanol, residual water) were studied. The total polyphenol, flavonoid content was estimated (46.25 ± 1.2–907 ± 1.7 and 8.0 ± 0.1–54.0 ± 1.3 mg/g, respectively) with predominance in leaves followed by fruits and flowers. The HPLC-based quantification of flavan-3-ols showed similar trends to polyphenols with dominance in LEA, FTEA, and FLEA (731.32 ± 6.41, 531.2 ± 7.41 & 214.1 ± 5.75, mg/g respectively). The antioxidant potential using DPPH, ABTS, and RP assays revealed the maximum activity in leaves, while FIC showed antagonistic results. Further, inhibition of bacteria, fungus, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase indicated broad scope for underutilized tea parts. The leaves and fruits showed maximum α-glucosidase inhibition (87%), while α-amylase inhibition was in the range of 45.2–98.2%. The variability in polyphenols and therapeutic competence provided a different perspective for their utilization in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical sectors.

Background: Fermented dairy products of north-west Himalayas (Himachal Pradesh) are rich sources of potential and novel probiotic isolates which further can be explored for their commercial application.

Fermentation processes in foods often lead to changes in nutritional and biochemical quality relative to the starting ingredients. Fermented foods comprise very complex ecosystems consisting of enzymes from raw ingredients that interact with the fermenting microorganisms’ metabolic activities. Fermenting microorganisms provide a unique approach towards food stability via physical and biochemical changes in fermented foods. These fermented foods can benefit consumers compared to simple foods in terms of antioxidants, production of peptides, organoleptic and probiotic properties, and antimicrobial activity. It also helps in the levels of anti-nutrients and toxins level. The quality and quantity of microbial communities in fermented foods vary based on the manufacturing process and storage conditions/durability. This review contributes to current research on biochemical changes during the fermentation of foods. The focus will be on the changes in the biochemical compounds that determine the characteristics of final fermented food products from original food resources.

Organic acids (OAs) are small non-volatile molecules with widespread usage in processed foods, feeds and instant beverages. The prime aim of this study was to explore major OAs in local citrus fruits (Citrus limetta, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus nobilis, Citrus karna, Citrus medica, Citrus ichangensis and Citrus aurantium) and assessment of their bioactivities. A RP–HPLC–DAD method was developed using buffer free solvent system for rapid detection and quantification of major OAs from citrus fruits and derived products. Method validation studies showed good linear calibration curve (0.985–0.998) for all OAs. The values of %RSD ranged between 0.0001–1.129 and 0.142–1.941 for interday and intraday variability respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values for different OAs were ranged between 1.5–12 and 5–40 µg mL(−1). The juice of above mentioned citrus fruit cultivars were assessed for OAs, total phenolics, free radical scavenging antioxidants and their antimicrobial potential against selected bacterial and fungal strains. The results showed variable contents of phenolics [0.28 ± 0.001–1.17 ± 0.014 mg (GAE) mL(−1)] and antioxidant compounds (1.26 ± 0.009–2.84 ± 0.006 mg of trolox equivalents mL(−1)) in all juice samples besides significant antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. niger strains. However, in case of antibacterial activity, only C. aurantifolia showed inhibitory effects against selected strains. It was found that citrus fruits have immense potential for their utilization as economic source of natural OAs and development of value added products, beverages and bio-preservatives. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13197-018-3045-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Comparative investigation of major phytoconstituents was performed from various parts of tea plant viz. apical bud, subtending 1st-5th leaf, stem, coarse leaves, flowers, fruits and roots. From the results of comparative RP-HPLC-DAD analysis it was found that underutilized tea parts especially coarse leaves, flowers and fruits contains abundant amount of phenolics (17.5%) and catechins (4-5%). From these underutilized tea plant parts the catechins were extracted and purified and then screened for their anticancer, immunomodulatory effect and antimicrobial activity against food borne pathogens. The results showed that tea fruit extract exhibited higher toxicity against oral cancer cells and also promotes proliferation of mice splenocytes. The results of antimicrobial studies revealed the inhibitory effect of these extracts against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. These investigations clearly demonstrated that the underutilized tea plant parts could act as economical and sustainable bioresource of functionally active constituents which further lead to the development of new cost-effective nutraceuticals and other formulations.

Real time PCR was used in this study to determine the effect of triticale dried distillers grains with solubles (TDDGS) as a replacement for grain or barley silage in finishing diets on the presence of six classical ruminal bacterial species (Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens, Selenomonas ruminantium, Streptococcus bovis, Megasphaera elsdenii, Prevotella ruminicola and Fibrobacter succinogenes) within the rumen contents of feedlot cattle. This study was divided into a step-wise adaptation experiment (112 days) that examined the effects of adaptation to diets containing increasing levels of TDDGS up to 30% (n = 4), a short-term experiment comparing animals (n = 16) fed control, 20%, 25% or 30% TDDGS diets over 28 days, and a rapid transition experiment (56 days) where animals (n = 4) were rapidly switched from a diet containing 30% TDDGS to a barley-based diet with no TDDGS. It was found that feeding TDDGS as replacement for barley grain (control vs. 20% TDDGS) decreased 16S rRNA copy numbers of starch-fermenting S. ruminantium and S. bovis (p

Triticale dried distillers grain with solubles (TDDGS), a major by-product of the bioethanol industry, has potential for utilization in animal feed. This study investigated the changes in generic fecal Escherichia coli strains associated with inclusion of TDDGS in cattle diets. Within this study, a longitudinal experiment (112 days) examined the effect of step-up increasing TDDGS inclusion from control to a final diet containing 30% TDDGS among cattle (n = 4), and a short-term experiment (28 days) compared animals (n = 16) fed control, 20%, 25%, or 30% TDDGS diets. We found that incorporation of either 20%, 25%, or 30% TDDGS did not have any effect on the amount of total E. coli shedding over either the longitudinal (p = 0.06) or the short-term (p = 0. 87) study. In both the experiments, 67% of the total E. coli isolates were found to be resistant to one or more of the 17 antimicrobials tested. Among the resistant isolates, cephalothin was the most prevalent resistance (44% isolates). Over the duration of the study, tet(C) was a commonly detected resistance gene in tetracycline-resistant E. coli. Significant diversity was observed among isolates with 33 and 31 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns clustering into 11 and 10 restriction endonuclease digestion pattern clusters for the longitudinal and short-term studies, respectively. Neither the duration of feeding nor increasing the proportion of TDDGS within the diet affected the diversity of E. coli resistance phenotypes or the clonal relatedness of the observed strains. Individual animals retained similar or closely related strains. Based on this study, inclusion of TDDGS as a protein and fiber source in cattle diets is not associated with increased maintenance, shedding, or proliferation of resistant strains of generic E. coli, which is an important reservoir of antimicrobial resistance among cattle.

Model fecal deposits from cattle fed or not fed antimicrobial growth promoters were examined over 175 days in the field for growth and persistence of total Escherichia coli and numbers and proportions of ampicillin-resistant (Amp r ) and tetracycline-resistant (Tet r ) E. coli . In addition, genotypic diversity and the frequency of genetic determinants encoded by Amp r and Tet r E. coli were investigated. Cattle were fed diets containing chlortetracycline (44 ppm; A44 treatment group), chlortetracycline plus sulfamethazine (both at 44 ppm; AS700 treatment group), or no antibiotics (control). Fecal deposits were sampled 12 times over 175 days. Numbers of Tet r E. coli in A44 and AS700 deposits were higher ( P < 0.001) than those of controls and represented up to 35.6% and 20.2% of total E. coli , respectively. A time-by-treatment interaction ( P < 0.001) was observed for the numbers of Tet r and Amp r E. coli. Except for Amp r E. coli in control deposits, all E. coli numbers increased ( P < 0.001) in deposits up to day 56. Even after 175 days, high Tet r E. coli numbers were detected in A44 and AS700 deposits [5.9 log 10 CFU (g dry matter) − 1 and 5.4 log 10 CFU (g dry matter) − 1 , respectively]. E. coli genotypes, as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, were diverse and were influenced by the antimicrobial growth promoter and the sampling time. Of the determinants screened, bla TEM1 , tetA , tetB , tetC , sul1 , and sul2 were frequently detected. Occurrence of determinants was influenced by the feeding of antimicrobials. Fecal deposits remain a source of resistant E. coli even after a considerable period of environmental exposure.

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is an important agronomic crop used for oil, food and animal feed. Glyphosate resistant B. napus is tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate and has been widely adopted due to higher economic returns. However, a concern for growing transgenic B. napus is the potential escape of cp4 epsps transgene via cross fertilization with wild and/or weedy species including Brassica juncea, especially in China, where B. juncea is prevalent. We assessed transgene inheritance and quantification upon wild B. juncea × transgenic B. napus outcrossing from three backcross (BC) generations and their progenies using real-time PCR. Under in vitro conditions, a stable inheritance and similar cp4 epsps copy number between different generations (BC2, BC3 and BC4) and their progenies were observed. A marginally higher copy number was observed when B. juncea was used as the paternal as compared to when it was used as maternal parent. This study demonstrates stable inheritance of the glyphosate resistance trait and the production of fit out crossed offspring in cases of wild type B. juncea × transgenic B. napus.

Escherichia coli strains isolated from fecal samples were screened to examine changes in phenotypic and genotypic characteristics including antimicrobial susceptibility, clonal type, and carriage of resistance determinants. The goal of this 197-day study was to investigate the influence of administration of chlortetracycline alone (T) or in combination with sulfamethazine (TS) on the development of resistance, dissemination of defined strain types, and prevalence of resistance determinants in feedlot cattle. Inherent tetracycline resistance was detected in cattle with no prior antimicrobial exposure. Antimicrobial administration was not found to be essential for the maintenance of inherently ampicillin-resistant and tetracycline-resistant (Tet r ) E. coli in control animals; however, higher Tet r E. coli shedding was observed in animals subjected to the two treatments. At day 0, high tetracycline (26.7%), lower sulfamethoxazole-tetracycline (19.2%), and several other resistances were detected, which by the finishing phase (day 197) were restricted to ampicillin-tetracycline (47.5%), tetracycline (31.7%), and ampicillin-tetracycline-sulfamethoxazole (20.8%) from both treated and untreated cattle. Among the determinants, bla TEM1 , tet (A), and sul2 were prevalent at days 0 and 197. Further, E. coli from day 0 showed diverse antibiogram profiles and strain types, which by the finishing phase were limited to up to three, irrespective of the treatment. Some genetically identical strains expressed different phenotypes and harbored diverse determinants, indicating that mobile genetic elements contribute to resistance dissemination. This was supported by an increased linked inheritance of ampicillin and tetracycline resistance genes and prevalence of specific strains at day 197. Animals in the cohort shed increasingly similar genotypes by the finishing phase due to animal-to-animal strain transmission. Thus, characterizing inherent resistance and propagation of cohort-specific strains is crucial for determining antimicrobial resistance in cattle.

Growth performance, carcass characteristics and pork quality were evaluated for pigs fed barley and wheat-based diets, which included meal from conventional or transgenic glyphosate-tolerant (Roundup-Ready®) canola. One hundred and forty-four pigs (72 gilts and 72 barrows) weighing 30 ± 3 kg were assigned, three to a pen, on the basis of gender and weight to receive one of four dietary treatments formulated using canola meal from two commercial sources (COM1 and COM2), non-transgenic parental control (PCC) or transgenic (RRC) canola. Pigs were fed a grower diet (75 g kg-1 canola meal) until 60.5 ± 4.0 kg and then a finishing diet (150 g kg-1 canola meal) to 108.6 ± 7.3 kg at slaughter. Pigs receiving the COM1 and COM2 diets had an overall higher (P < 0.0001) daily feed intake (DFI) compared with pigs fed the PCC and RRC diets. Corresponding average daily gain (ADG) was also increased (P = 0.02) for COM1-fed pigs, although feed conversion efficiencies (FCE) of the pigs were similar (P > 0.05) among diets. Gilts had lower overall DFI (P < 0.0001), ADG (P < 0.0001) and FCE (P = 0.04) compared with barrows. Pigs receiving the PCC and RRC diets had heavier (P = 0.002) liver weights than those pigs fed the COM1 and COM2 diets (2.06 and 2.05 kg vs. 1.95 and 1.96 kg, respectively). Postmortem decline in pH and temperature of the longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle from pigs were not different (P > 0.05) among the dietary treatments. Characteristics of pork quality for the LT muscle, which included objective colour and shear force were also not affected (P > 0.05) by dietary source of canola meal. Gross composition of commercial pork cuts were similar (P > 0.05) among the dietary treatments with the exception of small differences for intermuscular (P = 0.04) and body cavity (P = 0.02) fat in the picnic cut and body cavity (P = 0.02) fat in the loin cut. Differences in DFI, ADG and liver weights of the pigs may be related to higher content of antinutritional glucosinolates (µmoles g-1) in the PCC (20.20) and RRC (15.04) varieties compared with COM1 (7.55) and COM2 (7.46) sources of canola meal. Key words: Transgenic canola, growth, pork quality, pigs

Experiment was conducted to develop vitamin C enriched, low calorie Aloe vera based functional squash by blending with aonla juice in different proportions and replacing sugar sweetness with stevioside. The products were also evaluated for their physico-chemical, nutritional and sensory quality attributes during storage. Among different combinations, the ratio of 65: 35 (Aloe vera: aonla juice) with 30% juice part and 40o B TSS had recorded highest sensory score for taste and overall acceptability. The same treatment also had good amount of ascorbic acid (78.65 mg/100g) and phenolics (37.15mg/100g) compared to control sample (100% A vera). Further, the optimized formulation was used for the development of low/reduced calorie squash using stevioside. Sensory analysis of low calorie beverages indicated highest acceptability for the treatment LT8 (30 sugar: 70 non nutritive sweetener) prepared by 70% non-nutritive sweeteners (NS) sweetness level consisting of 90% stevioside and 10% sorbitol sweetness proportion. The developed product was found to have strong antimicrobial activity (28.50 mm inhibition zone) against E. coli as well as high antioxidant potential (66.90%). The calculated energy value of the developed product was recorded to be 53.65 Kcal/100g which was significantly low compared to the control sample (165 Kcal/100g). The developed beverages were successfully stored at ambient temperature for a period of 6 months without significant changes in chemical and sensorial quality profile. Overall, it was concluded that the developed products had better taste, palatability, nutritive value and storage stability beside reduced calorie value, hence can benefit the health conscious people.

Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a common digestive disorder in dairy cows characterized by prolonged periods of undesirably low rumen pH (5.8) and is caused by the accumulation of volatile fatty acids in rumen. This disorder damages the ruminal mucosa, causes diarrhea, reduces dry matter intake (DMI), and can result in anorexia and death. In this study, nonlactating dairy cows were fed diets predisposing them to a high risk (HR; n = 6) or a low risk (LR; n = 6) for experiencing SARA. The goal was to investigate differences in antimicrobial resistance selection, proliferation, and characterization of Escherichia coli strain types among the two treatment groups. Fecal samples were used to isolate total, tetracycline-resistant (Tet(r)), and ampicillin-resistant E. coli, and selected isolates were examined. We found reduced total (1.2-fold) and Tet(r) (1.4-fold) E. coli in HR cows. Low ampicillin-resistant E. coli shedding was detected from both HR (0.22 colony forming unit/g) and LR (0.46 colony forming unit/g) cows. Overall, 39 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles and 13 antibiotic resistance profiles (phenotypes) were identified from the total isolates examined (n = 144). The LR cows exhibited diverse genotypes (22 PFGE profiles) clustering into seven restriction endonuclease digestion pattern clusters (REPCs) within total and Tet(r) E. coli. In comparison, isolates from HR animals showed increased genotypic relatedness (16 PFGE profiles and 13 REPC with comparable phenotypes). From both HR and LR cows, no significant differences in the detection of a particular phenotype were observed (p0.05), and tet(A) allele was frequently detected among isolates from HR (45.2%) and tet(B) from LR (36.6%) cows. Changes in fecal E. coli genotypes should be explored further for its usefulness as an indicator for SARA since dairy cows are a reservoir of diverse E. coli strain types. Our results elucidate phenotypic and genotypic differences in fecal E. coli shed between HR and LR cows.

Composting is being increasingly employed for the recycling of nutrients in manure from the livestock industry. However, composting manure from animals fed antimicrobials has not been well characterized. In this study, compost windrows were prepared using manure collected from cattle (Bos Taurus L.) fed tylosin (TY), chlortetracycline-sulphamethazine (TS), and control cattle (no antimicrobials). The objectives of the 18-wk trial were to quantitatively assess the survival of total E. coli, E. coli resistant to ampicillin (Amp(r)) and tetracycline (Tet(r)), and select tetracycline (tet) and erythromycin resistance methylase (erm) genes. We found that while compost windrows did not reach the recommended temperature of 55 degrees C for 15 d, composting reduced high initial levels of total, Amp(r), and Tet(r) E. coli as early as Week 2. A significant antimicrobial effect on total (P = 0.04) and Amp(r) (P = 0.03) E. coli was observed. Significant antimicrobial x time interactions were observed from Week 0 to Week 3 (Total E. coli: P = 0.04; Amp(r): P = 0.02; Tet(r): P =

The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and distribution of Escherichia coli O157:H7 lineage-specific polymorphism assay (LSPA) 6 genotypes from cattle (n = 313) and clinical human (n = 203) isolates from northern and southern Alberta, Canada, to understand possible associations of genotypes with host and geographic location. The majority of cattle isolates (feedlot and dairy) typed as LSPA-6 111111 (72.2%), with proportionately higher LSPA-6 222222 (19.4%) than other LSPA-6 genotypes (10.7%). Clinical human isolates also typed primarily as LSPA-6 111111 (90.1%), but a higher percentage of genotypes (6.8%) other than LSPA-6 222222 (3.1%) was observed. A significantly higher frequency of LSPA-6 111111 in southern Alberta cattle (P < 0.0001) and a significant difference in LSPA-6 genotypes between human versus feedlot cattle from northern Alberta (P < 0.0001) were detected. LSPA-6 211111 genotype was third and second most common in cattle and humans, respectively, and several new LSPA-6 genotypes (n = 19) were also discovered. Despite avoiding over-representation of isolates from specific farms or outbreaks, higher strain diversity among cattle by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE; 50 genotypes) in contrast to human (9 PFGE genotypes) isolates was observed. The majority of cattle (74.4%) and human (90.6%) isolates were susceptible to the antimicrobials tested. Within resistant cattle isolates, sulfisoxazole-tetracycline resistance was common (62.5%) and was accounted for by the presence of sul1 and sul2, and tet(A) and tet(B) determinants. An association between LSPA-6 and PFGE genotypes but not between geographic location and PFGE genotype for both hosts was evident.