Search

Background: The expression of most genes involved in pathogenesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is controlled and regulated by a gene system called quorum sensing (QS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the quorum quenching of garlic extract in preventing the expression of genes involved in QS system of P. aeruginosa. Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, 12 P. aeruginosa strains were collected from burn wounds, cultured on special media and then confirmed by differential tests. The PCR test was performed to detect the lasI and lasR genes. The expression level of lasI gene was assessed in the presence of garlic extract and tobramycin antibiotic by real-time PCR, and the active ingredient of garlic extract was analyzed by HPLC. Results: Examination of 12 strains cultured on special and differential media showed that all 12 strains were P. aeruginosa. The PCR results indicated that all strains had 100% lasI and lasR genes. The real-time PCR results also revealed that the garlic extract was able to reduce the expression level of lasI gene in P. aeruginosa. It was found that tobramycin has a greater ability to reduce the expression level of this gene compared with garlic extract. Conclusion: This study showed that the garlic extract could reduce the expression of lasI gene in P. aeruginosa isolates, and that the active ingredients of this extract could be used to treat infections as an alternative to antibiotic therapy.

One of the main problems in rice cultivation is the difficulty of controlling bondol bird (Lonchura punctulata) pest attacks. Bird pest is one of the main enemies of farmers that can reduce crop production. Increasing bird populations cause crop yields to decline. So that one way that can be used in repelling bird pests is by giving pesticides from garlic extract. Allicin is a compound that gives garlic its distinctive smell which repels bird pests. This study aims to determine the effect of the provision of plant-based pesticides from garlic extract in repelling rice-eating bird pests. This research was conducted in Tonasa Village, Takalar District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Research implementation methods include the manufacture and testing of pesticides liquid extracts of garlic and application in the field by spraying, this spraying is carried out in the morning, afternoon, and evening before making the observations. Observation parameters use the method of comparing initial observations and final observations observed in the morning, afternoon and evening (comparison method) by conducting initial data collection (without using pesticides) and final data collection (after spraying pesticides), the average number of groups of birds that attack 1 Ha of rice fields. The results obtained on average indicate quite a lot of attacks in a day, especially in the morning. After the use of the automatic repellent method the attacks of bondol bird groups tend to decrease where in the morning ratio of 20 to 33 decreases to 5 to 13 attacks, while the ratio of daytime 8 to 15 decreases to 3 to 7 attacks and the ratio of the evening 19 to 33 decreases to 6 to 12 bird group attacks. So that the administration of garlic extract pesticides is effective in reducing bird pest attacks.

The purpose of the study was to select an environmentally friendly plant biopesticide to protect seed potatoes against phytopathogens. The scope included the evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of 22 plant water extracts, 22 water-glycol extracts, and 3 subcritical carbon dioxide extracts using the agar diffusion method against 10 potato phytopathogens. For the most effective extracts, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), chemical composition analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and in situ assays on seed potatoes were performed. Garlic water extract was finally selected as the most effective in phytopathogen growth inhibition, both in vitro and in situ, with MIC values ranging between 6.3–25 mg/mL. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural was determined to be the main component of this extract (33.24%). Garlic water extract was proposed as a potential biopesticide against potato phytopathogens.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the efficiency of Allium sativum hydro-alcoholic extract (ASE) againstFigure growth, biofilm development, and soluble factor production of more than 200 biodeteriogenic microbial strains isolated from cultural heritage objects and buildings. The plant extract composition and antioxidant activities were determined spectrophotometrically and by HPLC–MS. The bioevaluation consisted of the qualitative (adapted diffusion method) and the quantitative evaluation of the inhibitory effect on planktonic growth (microdilution method), biofilm formation (violet crystal microtiter method), and production of microbial enzymes and organic acids. The garlic extract efficiency was correlated with microbial strain taxonomy and isolation source (the fungal strains isolated from paintings and paper and bacteria from wood, paper, and textiles were the most susceptible). The garlic extract contained thiosulfinate (307.66 ± 0.043 µM/g), flavonoids (64.33 ± 7.69 µg QE/g), and polyphenols (0.95 ± 0.011 mg GAE/g) as major compounds and demonstrated the highest efficiency against the Aspergillus versicolor (MIC 3.12–6.25 mg/mL), A. ochraceus (MIC: 3.12 mg/mL), Penicillium expansum (MIC 6.25–12.5 mg/mL), and A. niger (MIC 3.12–50 mg/mL) strains. The extract inhibited the adherence capacity (IIBG% 95.08–44.62%) and the production of cellulase, organic acids, and esterase. This eco-friendly solution shows promising potential for the conservation and safeguarding of tangible cultural heritage, successfully combating the biodeteriogenic microorganisms without undesirable side effects for the natural ecosystems.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the efficiency of Allium sativum hydro-alcoholic extract (ASE) againstFigure growth, biofilm development, and soluble factor production of more than 200 biodeteriogenic microbial strains isolated from cultural heritage objects and buildings. The plant extract composition and antioxidant activities were determined spectrophotometrically and by HPLC–MS. The bioevaluation consisted of the qualitative (adapted diffusion method) and the quantitative evaluation of the inhibitory effect on planktonic growth (microdilution method), biofilm formation (violet crystal microtiter method), and production of microbial enzymes and organic acids. The garlic extract efficiency was correlated with microbial strain taxonomy and isolation source (the fungal strains isolated from paintings and paper and bacteria from wood, paper, and textiles were the most susceptible). The garlic extract contained thiosulfinate (307.66 ± 0.043 µM/g), flavonoids (64.33 ± 7.69 µg QE/g), and polyphenols (0.95 ± 0.011 mg GAE/g) as major compounds and demonstrated the highest efficiency against the Aspergillus versicolor (MIC 3.12–6.25 mg/mL), A. ochraceus (MIC: 3.12 mg/mL), Penicillium expansum (MIC 6.25–12.5 mg/mL), and A. niger (MIC 3.12–50 mg/mL) strains. The extract inhibited the adherence capacity (IIBG% 95.08–44.62%) and the production of cellulase, organic acids, and esterase. This eco-friendly solution shows promising potential for the conservation and safeguarding of tangible cultural heritage, successfully combating the biodeteriogenic microorganisms without undesirable side effects for the natural ecosystems.

Background & aim: Heart disease is a major cause of mortality in elderly people, and oxidative stress and inflammation lead to changes in myocardium, resulting in apoptosis and cardiac hypertrophy. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of regular aerobic training along with garlic extract consumption on SOD, MDA, CAT, IL-10, and TNF-α levels in the heart tissue of elderly rats with chronic kidney disease. Methods: In the present experimental study, 42 elderly male Wistar rats (48 to 50 weeks old) were selected and randomly assigned to(1) control, (2)Doxorubicin, (3)Doxorubicin-Saline, (4)Doxorubicin-Training, (5) Doxorubicin-Garlic, and (6) Doxorubicin-Garlic-Training (Combination) groups. Chronic kidney disease was induced with a subcutaneous injection of doxorubicin (8.5 mg/kg). The training program included swimming for eight weeks, three days a week, and thirty minutes per day. Doxorubicin-garlic and combination groups were gavaged with garlic extract (2.5 g /kg body weight). One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data(p

More and more cultivated areas are affected by high salt content. Natural extracts such as seaweed extracts or extracts obtained from different plant organs often enhancing growth, and ability to tolerate abiotic stress. Carrot roots extract or garlic extracts are some of the natural biostimulant compounds. Extracts from different kinds of plant material contain vitamins or precursors of vitamins, organic acids, phenolic compounds, hormones, which may be responsible for stimulating growth and increasing stress tolerance. In our work we investigated the response of seeds treated with natural extracts, under salt stress conditions (100 mM NaCl). Depending on the species and the concentration of the extracts, the germination and growth parameters showed significantly improved values, compared to the soaked seeds in the saline solution.

The aim of the present work was the development of antimicrobial films containing garlic extract to be applied as active packaging for preservative-free sliced pan loaf, with the goal of extending its shelf-life. First, the antimicrobial capacity of garlic extract, a compound used as active agent, was tested against Penicillium expansum by the disc diffusion method. The extract showed high antimicrobial activity, 0.1 μL per Petri dish being the minimum inhibitory amount, and 0.25 μL the minimum fungicidal amount. Bread aroma was also used to mask the pungent odour of garlic and it was confirmed to have no antimicrobial activity. Subsequently, polyethylene (PE) aqueous emulsion and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and zein hydroalcoholic solutions containing 0.25 and 0.5% (w/w per dry polymer) of garlic extract and bread aroma were used to coat PE films, producing PE/PE, PE/EVOH and PE/zein active films. The antimicrobial capacity of the films was studied in vitro against Penicillium expansum, and in vivo with natural sliced bread. The results showed that all the films presented some antimicrobial activity, PE film coated with zein containing 0.5% of garlic extract and bread aroma being the film presenting the best results, maintaining bread free of mould infection for 30 days. Sensory tests showed that the addition of 1% of bread aroma improved the sensory experience of consumers and also revealed good purchase intention., The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation, project AGL2015-64595-R, and Juan y Juan S.L., and R. H.-M.'s fellowship

Leucorrhoea is a condition frequently experienced by women. If it is not appropriately treated, it can become a more severe problem. Leucorrhoea is caused by “Candida albicans” fungus infection. Garlic (Allium sativum Linn) has antibacterial and antifungal activity, where garlic can inhibit the growth of the Candida albicans. This study aims to determine the optimal formulation of feminine liquid soap from garlic extract (Allium sativum Linn) with good physical quality; thus, garlic in treating Leucorrhoea can be practically easier. Optimization of liquid soap formulation used carbopol and sodium lauryl sulfate with various concentration variations. The method included organoleptic observation, pH, and specific gravity for one-month storage to obtain a good physical quality of liquid soap. The result showed that the formula with 10% sodium lauryl sulfate met the physical quality test requirements of feminine liquid soap; thus, the formulation of feminine liquid soap with 10% sodium lauryl sulfate was optimal.

Background Garlic extract is a highly nutritive value extract; it contains large number of important enzymes and more than 200 biochemical compounds such as antioxidants and vitamins. Ascorbic acid and nicotinamide are considered as antioxidants and also known as growth-regulating compounds that influence different physiological and biochemical processes in plants. Methodology A field experiment was conducted in sandy soil during two successive seasons of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 at Research and Production Station, National Research Centre, El-Nubaria Province, El-Behera Governorate, Egypt. The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of foliar application of garlic extract (5%), ascorbic acid (200 ppm) and nicotinamide (50 ppm) compared with tap water on growth, some biochemical aspects, yield, yield components and some chemical components of three faba bean cultivars (Vicia faba L, cv., Nubaria-1, Nubaria-2 and Giza-843). Results The obtained results showed that Nubaria-1 was superior to Nubaria-2 and Giza-843 in all growth and yield criteria in the growing seasons except plant height was superior in Nubaria-2. Foliar treatment of garlic extract had the superiority effect in all characters of growth and yield and its components, and consequently increased significantly all yield criteria of Nubaria-1 cultivar. Data clearly showed that the effect of different treatments caused marked increases in photosynthetic pigments, indole acetic acid, phenolics, carbohydrate constituents, free amino acids and proline contents of Nubaria 1 cultivar which was sprayed by garlic extract at 5% followed by nicotinamide and ascorbic acid, respectively. Conclusions In general, the current research suggested that garlic extract at 5% as a foliar application increased the quantity of faba bean cultivars grown under sandy soil conditions. Therefore, garlic extract at the rate of 5% and Nubaria1 encourage the farmers to use of garlic extract to give promising seed yield under reclaimed sandy soil.

In this study, changes on biochemical and immune parameters of Oscar fish, Astronotus ocellatus under the influence of garlic extract has been studied. A total of 300 Oscar (initial weight 8/37 ± 0/36 g) were distributed in four treatments and each treatment was diet with garlic extract supplement, (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.5% and 2.5%). Period test was 8 weeks. The samples were taken and biochemical parameters such as total protein, albumin, globulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and immune parameters such as C3, C4 and lysozyme activity were measured by standard methods. Total protein and albumin increased in fish fed with the extracts of garlic 1.5%, but no significant difference was observed in globulin in four treatments. Triglycerides, cholesterol, ALP and AST in all treatments fed garlic extract were decreased. Safety parameters include C3 and C4 treated in samples with the extracts of garlic 1.5% and lysozyme activity increased in all treatments. The results of this study showed that garlic extract has positive effects on biochemical and immune indicators in Oscar fish and the best observed was in the treatment with 1.5% garlic extract.

Glycation of various biomolecules contributes to structural changes and formation of several high molecular weight fluorescent and non-fluorescent, advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs and glycation are involved in various health complications. Synthetic medicines, including metformin, have several adverse effects. Natural products and their derivatives are used in the treatment of various diseases due to their significant therapeutic qualities. Allium sativum (garlic) is used in traditional medicines because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic properties. This study aimed to determine the anti-glycating and AGEs inhibitory activities of garlic. Biochemical and biophysical analyses were performed for in vitro incubated human serum albumin (HSA) with 0.05 M of glucose for 1, 5, and 10 weeks. Anti-glycating and AGEs inhibitory effect of garlic was investigated in glycated samples. Increased biochemical and biophysical changes were observed in glycated HSA incubated for 10 weeks (G-HSA-10W) as compared to native HSA (N-HSA) as well as glycated HSA incubated for 1 (G-HSA-1W) and 5 weeks (G-HSA-5W). Garlic extract with a concentration of ≥6.25 µg/mL exhibited significant inhibition in biophysical and biochemical changes of G-HSA-10W. Our findings demonstrated that garlic extract has the ability to inhibit biochemical and biophysical changes in HSA that occurred due to glycation. Thus, garlic extract can be used against glycation and AGE-related health complications linked with chronic diseases in diabetic patients due to its broad therapeutic potential.

According to consumers' desire to consume foods without preservatives or containing a natural preservative, the use of plant extracts as a food preservative instead of chemicals has increased. This study was conducted to determine the antibacterial effect of different concentration of alcoholic extract of garlic (Allium sativum) on standard strains of Salmonella enteritidis, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia entrocolitica. For this purpose, the agar well diffusion method was used. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were measured with microtiter plate method using the rezazurin reagent. The results showed that garlic alcoholic extract had an inhibitory effect on any four tested bacteria. The highest inhibitory effect was observed on B. subtilis;meanwhile,the slightest effect was found on S. enteritidis. The minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.39 mg/ml was observed for B. subtilis, however the highest amount was estimated at 12.5 mg/ml for S. enteritidis. According to the results of recent research it was concluded that alcoholic extract of garlic had appropriate antibacterial impact against bacteria and therefore could be used as a natural preservative in various foods.

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of using garlic extract (Allium sativum) as an alternative to formaldehyde for the disinfection of hatching eggs on hatching traits and growth performance of quails. Four treatments, with 240 hatching eggs each, were evaluated: egg immersion in two different levels (2.5% and 5.0%) of garlic extract (garlic-1, garlic-2), formaldehyde fumigation (positive control), and eggs not submitted to disinfection (negative control). Mid-term and late embryomortality, pipped egg, and culled chick rates were not influenced by the (p>0.05). The highest (p0.05). The results obtained for hatching traits and live performance parameters indicated that the immersion of eggs in garlic extract may be used as an alternative to formaldehyde fumigation for the disinfection of hatching quail eggs.

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of using garlic extract (Allium sativum) as an alternative to formaldehyde for the disinfection of hatching eggs on hatching traits and growth performance of quails. Four treatments, with 240 hatching eggs each, were evaluated: egg immersion in two different levels (2.5% and 5.0%) of garlic extract (garlic-1, garlic-2), formaldehyde fumigation (positive control), and eggs not submitted to disinfection (negative control). Mid-term and late embryomortality, pipped egg, and culled chick rates were not influenced by the (p>0.05). The highest (p0.05). The results obtained for hatching traits and live performance parameters indicated that the immersion of eggs in garlic extract may be used as an alternative to formaldehyde fumigation for the disinfection of hatching quail eggs. © 2018, Fundacao APINCO de Ciencia e Tecnologia Avicolas. All rights reserved.

The aim of this work was the industrial development of an antifungal film containing garlic extract and bread aroma to be applied as active packaging for preservative-free sliced pan loaf. The material consisted of LDPE coated with ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer. First the coating formulation was optimized to be suitable for flexographic equipment. A 1 μm coating of EVOH containing the agents was applied onto the LDPE film. Garlic extract release provides the antimicrobial capacity while bread aroma masks the inappropriate garlic aroma. The optimized formulation contained 8% of garlic extract and 8% of bread aroma. Bags were prepared and used to pack sliced pan loaves. Mould development was delayed from 6 to 12 days by use of the active bag. Sensory and textural characterization of the food also revealed that the bread maintained its characteristics, and sensory panellists considered the product acceptable and with good purchase intention., The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation, project AGL2015-64595-R and R. H.-M.’s fellowship, and Juan y Juan S.L.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of extracts of cinnamon (12%), garlic (8%), pepper (16%) and tobacco (6%) and viçosa mixture, bordeaux mixture, lime sulfur and sulfur emulsion (all 1%) on five isolates ofStemphylium solaniand their efficiency in disease control of tomato in greenhouse. In testsin vitro,chlorothalonil (1800 mg.L-1) and water were used as controls and the mycelial growth, germination and the production of conidia were evaluated. At greenhouse, the treatments effect on the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and production of fruits was evaluated, altering the fungicide control to mancozebe (3 g.L-1). There was high variability among isolates concerning sensitivity to treatments. Treatments did not affect spore production, except lime sulfur emulsion, which stimulated it in all isolates. Viçosa and bordeaux mixtures inhibited completely the mycelial growth and reduced significantly the conidial germination in most isolates. The extracts and mixtures decreased the AUDPC compared to water control, mainly bordeaux mixture. The treatments did not affect the fruits production., Desenvolveu-se este trabalho com o objectivo de avaliar o efeito de extratos de canela (12%), alho (8%), pimenta (16%), tabaco (6%), e das caldas viçosa, bordalesa, sulfocálcica e sulfocálcica em emulsão (todas a 1%) em cinco isolados deStemphylium solanie a eficácia dos mesmos em controlar a doença no tomateiro em estufa. Nos testesin vitro,utilizaram-se clorotalonil (1800 mg.L-1) e água como testemunhas e avaliaram-se o efeito dos tratamentos no crescimento micelial, germinação e produção de conídios. Em estufa, avaliou-se o efeito dos tratamentos na área abaixo da curva da progressão da doença (AACPD) e na produção de frutos, alterando o fungicida utilizado como testemunha para mancozebe (3 g.L-1). Observou-se grande variabilidade entre os isolados quanto à sensibilidade aos tratamentos. Estes não afetaram a esporulação, excepto a calda sulfocálcica em emulsão que a estimulou em todos os isolados. As caldas bordalesa e viçosa inibiram completamente o crescimento micelial e reduziram significativamente a germinação dos conídios na maioria dos isolados. Os extratos vegetais e as caldas causaram redução da AACPD comparado à testemunha água, especialmente a calda bordalesa, mas não afetaram a produção de frutos.

Context: The potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) induces nephrotoxicity by oxidative stress mechanisms. Aims: To study the potential protection of an aqueous extract of Allium sativum against the K2Cr2O7-induced nephrotoxicity and lipid oxidation in rats. Methods: Twenty four hours after treatment, biomarkers such as proteinuria, creatinine clearance, malondialdehyde production, specific enzyme activity of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and alanine aminopeptidase, and renal clearance of para-aminohippuric acid and inulin were measured. Results: The K2Cr2O7 caused significant renal dysfunction, but A. sativum extract prevented this condition by improving all measured biomarkers. Conclusions: A single injection of K2Cr2O7 induced nephrotoxicity in rats, but the supply of an Allium sativum aqueous extract prevented the disorders caused by this metal.

Free radicals are involved in molecular changes and mutation and if they are not inactivated the resultant lipid peroxidation will damage all types of cellular macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. Natural diet containing antioxidants plays an important role in health, reproduction, performance, safety and growth in poultry. Garlic extract with a high antioxidant effect very useful against free radicals and infective agents. In this study, the effect of concentration of 0.01 and 0.02% of garlic extract in drinking water with periods of 2, 4 and 6 days a week were evaluated on lipid peroxidation. In addition to assessing the best concentration, economic aspects were also considered. So at the end of the third week, the best effect on reducing lipid peroxidation was seen in T3 which had received the concentration of 0.02% of garlic extract, two days a week. After six weeks of trial, Group T7 which had received the concentration of 0.02% garlic extract for 6 days a week, showed the best effect on reducing lipid peroxidation. Our studies also showed that garlic extract improved mass production in all groups compared to the control group. Considering the amount of lipid peroxidation at the end of the sixth week, herd performance in six weeks and calculating the average sale price of mass production, minus the cost of feed consumed per group, it is concluded that group T4 which received garlic extract concentration of 0.01% for 4 days a week (Saturday, Monday, Wednesday, Thursday) showed the best option in view of the economic conditions.

Various extracts from herbs and spices are reported to improve animal performance by stimulating action on gut secretions or by having a direct bactericidal effect on gut micro flora. Furthermore the active principles of the herb in the diets induce the secretion of the digestive enzymes and the growth promoter in herbs induces high protein synthesis. Garlic is an important medicinal herb extensively cultivated in many countries and has played an important dietary function as well as medicinal role for centuries. Several studies have demonstrated the positive effect of garlic inclusion in fish feed on the growth performance of various species. ... Until now, no trial has been conducted to study the effects of dietary garlic extract on growth of grey mullet (M. cephalus) This study was therefore designed to investigate the effects of garlic on growth, feed utilization and carcass composition of M. cephalus larvae with the aim of ascertaining the importance and level of garlic supplementation in fish feeds especially in M. cephalus.

Studies have shown the antidiabetic effect of turmeric and garlic. However their mechanism of action remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of three turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and garlic extracts (Allium sativum L.), that are, hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extract on blood glucose levels with glucose tolerance test. Furthermore the most effective extracts and its active compound (curcuminoid and S-methyl cysteine) tested with insulin tolerance test. Forty Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups that was normal group, group that treated with a high fat emulsion (control group) and remaining groups were treated with a high fat emulsion and turmeric extract 50 mg/kgBW, garlic extract 50 mg/kgBW, curcuminoid 25 mg/kgBW, S-methyl cysteine 25 mg/kgBW, turmeric-garlic extract combination each 25 mg/kgBW and curcuminoid-S-methyl cysteine combination each 12,5 mg/kgBW for 10 days. Insulin resistance was evaluated by insulin tolerance test. This study conducted from August–October 2010 at Sekolah Ilmu dan Teknologi Hayati (SITH) Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB). Results of this study showed that insulin tolerance test constanta (KITT) were bigger in animals that treated with garlic extract (7.2±0.84), curcuminoid (7.14±0.74) and combination of curcuminoid-S-methyl cysteine (7.46±0.64) compared with positive control group (3.2±1.92). In conclusions garlic extract, curcuminoid and combination of curcuminoid and S-methyl cysteine improve insulin sensitivity. [MKB. 2011;43(4):153–9]

The effect of thiosulphinates contained in garlic extract (GE) on endogenous growth, growth in the presence of either indoleacetic acid (IAA) or fusicoccin (FC), and proton extrusion in maize coleoptile segments were studied. In addition, membrane potential changes at some GE dilutions and the protective effect of dithiothreitol (DTT) against GE toxicity were also determined. It was found that GE at almost all dilutions studied, when added to the incubation medium inhibited endogenous growth as well as growth in the presence of either IAA or FC. Simultaneous measurements of growth and external pH indicated that the administration of GE resulted in a complex change in the pH of the external medium; after an initial transient acidification, pH increased and reached the maximal value followed by a gradual decrease of medium pH. When IAA or FC was added after preincubation of the segments in the presence of GE the changes in medium pH were not significantly different from these obtained with GE only. If the coleoptile segments were first preincubated with GE and subsequently GE was removed, the addition of IAA induced strong growth and medium acidification. Dithiothreitol added together with GE neutralized the toxic effect of GE on growth of coleoptile segments incubated in the presence of IAA. The addition of GE to the control medium caused a depolarization of the membrane potential, the value of witch depended on GE dilution. These results indicate that the toxic effect of GE on growth of plant cells might be caused by disruption of the catalytic function of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase on formation of the disulfide bonds.

O alho é um alimento funcional que contém inulina, um polissacarídeo de reserva, que auxilia no controle das bactérias patogênicas e putrefativas existentes no intestino. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar uma metodologia simples de extração de carboidratos do alho, qualificar e quantificar a composição desse extrato empregando a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e a espectroscopia na região do infravermelho utilizando para isso um padrão de inulina. Os bulbos de alho foram submetidos à extração aquosa a quente por 4 horas; posteriormente o líquido resultante foi separado e a ele foram adicionados 300 mL de acetona. O extrato isolado foi avaliado quanto aos seus produtos de hidrólise alcalina e os resultados indicaram a presença de um oligossacarídeo como o observado para a inulina padrão. As principais bandas características dos carboidratos foram visualizadas entre 3600 a 3000 e 1200 a 900 cm-1. A técnica utilizada neste trabalho pode ser utilizada para extração da inulina, pois agrega valor a produtos naturais, gerando alternativas do ponto de vista econômico. Garlic is a functional food that contains inulin, a reserve polysaccharide, which helps in the control of pathogenic and putrefactive bacterial present in the intestine. The aim of this work was to evaluate a simple method for the extraction of garlic carbohydrates and to qualify and quantify the composition of the extract using high performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy using the standard inulin. The bulbs of garlic were submitted to a four-hour water extraction and the remaining liquid was separated by centrifugation and added to 300 mL of acetone. The isolated extract was evaluated in relation to its products of alkaline hydrolysis and the results indicate the presence of an oligosaccharide as observed for the standard inulin. The main characteristic bands of carbohydrate were identified in the range of 3600 - 3000 cm-1 and 1200 - 900cm-1. The technique used in this work can be applied for the inulin extraction since it aggregates value to the natural products generating alternatives from the economical point of view.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of garlic (Allium sativum L.) for controlling gastroin?testinal parasites in adult female Boer goats. The impact of garlic treatment in goats naturally infected with Haemonchus contortus and Coccidia was evaluated by measuring fecal egg counts, packed cell volume, FAMACHA scores, and body weight. Goats were exposed to four dosage levels of concentrated (99.3%) garlic juice (2.5 ml, 5 ml, and 10 ml) during four weeks. There was a significant decrease in fecal counts of Coccidia eggs in goats treated with 10 ml of garlic juice (group 4; p0.05). However, at the intermediate dose of garlic (5 ml), goat body weight was significantly increased (group 3; p

Garlic ( Allium sativum ) extract has been known to have inhibitory activity on various pathogenic bacteria, viruses and fungi. The objective of present investigation was to study in vitro inhibitory activity of garlic extract on multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Streptococcus mutans isolated from human carious teeth. Filter sterilized aqueous extract of garlic was prepared and used in the present study. For isolation of S. mutans , extracted human carious teeth were cultured in Todd-Hewit broth and Mitis-Salivarius-Bacitracin agar. S. mutans was characterized by colony morphology, biochemical tests and other conventional bacteriological procedures. Disk sensitivity tests and broth dilution methods were used to determine antibiotic sensitivity profile and inhibitory activity of garlic extract on S. mutans isolated from carious teeth. Of 105 carious teeth tested, 92 (87.6%) isolates of S. mutans were recovered, among which 28 (30.4%) were MDR since they were resistant to four or more antibiotics. The highest rate of resistance was observed for tetracycline (30.4%) and least resistance (0%) to teichoplanin and vancomycin while 22.8% and 23.9% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin and amoxicillin, respectively. Chlorhexidine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for MDR and non-MDR S. mutans varied from 2 to 16 µg ml−1 and from 0.25 to 1 µg ml−1 , respectively ( P < 0.05). All isolates, MDR and non-MDR of S. mutans were sensitive to garlic extract with the MIC ranging from 4 to 32 mg ml−1 . Considering in vitro data obtained in the present study, mouthwashes or toothpaste containing optimum concentration of garlic extract could be used for prevention of dental caries.

Anthracnose is an important disease of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) in Brazil and worldwide. This research investigated the efficacy of plant extracts for control of this disease in bell pepper fruits caused by Colletotrichum acutatum under controlled conditions and analyzed the best treatments in relation to different extract and inoculum concentrations, pathogen isolates, and temperatures. In the preliminary screening, among aqueous or ethanolic extracts of 16 plant species evaluated, the best were 6% aqueous garlic, mallow, and ginger extracts, which reduced disease severity by more than 97%. Garlic extract required the highest concentrations to reduce severity by 75% (CL75) when compared to ginger and mallow extracts, but exhibited the best efficacy in relation to different inoculum concentrations and isolates of C. acutatum. It was also able to maintain greater than 90% efficacy at 20-30oC. The garlic aqueous extract effectively controlled anthracnose caused by C. acutatum in bell pepper fruits under controlled conditions. A antracnose é uma importante doença do pimentão (Capsicum annuum) no Brasil e no mundo. Esta pesquisa investigou a eficácia de extratos de plantas no controle dessa doença em frutos de pimentão causada por Colletotrichum acutatum sob condições controladas e analisou os melhores tratamentos em relação a diferentes concentrações de extrato e inóculo, isolados do patógeno e temperaturas. Na seleção preliminar, entre os extratos aquosos ou etanólicos de 16 espécies de plantas avaliadas, os melhores foram extratos aquosos a 6% de alho, gengibre e malva, que reduziram a severidade da doença em mais de 97%. O extrato de alho necessitou a maior concentração para reduzir a severidade em 75% (CL75) quando comparado aos extratos de gengibre e malva, mas exibiu a maior eficácia em relação a diferentes concentrações de inoculo e isolados de C. acutatum. Esse também manteve mais de 90% de eficácia a 20-30C. O extrato aquoso de alho controlou eficazmente a antracnose causada por C. acutatum em frutos de pimentão sob condições controladas.

Today, regarding the development of sturgeon rearing and importance of the aquatic health, it is necessary to apply natural material to combat pathogenic factors. Therefore, using medicinal plants is an excellent alternative instead of chemical material to control pathogenic factors. As, protozoan ectoparasites are one of the most important factors which have threatened sturgeon life, so this study carried out to determine lethal concentration of garlic (Allium sativum) and Zataria multiflora hydroalchoholic extracts on fingerlings of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) that the efficiency and the effective dose of theses extracts determined for controlling protozoan parasite naming Trichodina. Study on lethal concentration (LC50) of Zataria multiflora hydroalchoholic extract on fingerlings of Persian sturgeon showed that during 96h and 1h, the LC50 was 766.65 and 9933.44 mg/L, respectively. Also, LC50 of garlic extract during 96h and 1h was 1279.97 and 12624.08 mg/L, respectively. During experiments, all of physicochemical factors such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, electric conductivity and hardness measured in different treatments. Study on the pictures taken out from sections of gill, liver and skin of Persian sturgeon fingerlings (Acipenser persicus) showed that in different doses of garlic (Allium sativum) and Zataria multiflora hydroalchoholic extracts the LC50 was examined and some microscopic damages observed. They are hyperemia, adhesion in the gill filaments, cell necrosis, melanin pigments in gill primary filaments, cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, liver necrosis, hyperemia and increase in melanin pigments and melano macrophage centers in liver, moreover raise in melanofor and melanin, increase in mucous cells and lymphocyte also necrosis in epidermis observed in skin. Investigation on white blood cells (WBC) showed significant difference in lymphocyte and neutrophil numbers in different treatments (P0.05). During the experiments of LC50 for garlic and Zataria multiflora extracts, some abnormal behaviors such as increased irritability, abnormal swimming, severe contraction of muscles and scoliosis observed in high concentrations. Then, considering the results of the mentioned experiments, the study conducted on effective concentrations (EC50) of these extracts to combat Trichodina protozoan parasite. In this study the concentration of Zataria multiflora hydroalchoholic extract for final experiments was 200 to 600 mg/L. Therefore, it was determined for the first time that Zataria multiflora extract can be effective to combat Trichodina. The EC50 of Zataria multiflora extract for 1h bath is 437.62mg/L. Moreover, the concentration of garlic hydroalchoholic extract for final experiments set at 50 to 400 mg/L and the EC50 of garlic extract is 172.58 mg/L for 1h. In experiments of EC50, the differential counts of white blood cells (WBC) showed no significant difference in numbers of lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils in different treatments (P>0.05). But there is significant difference in numbers of eosinophils in different treatments (P

Today, regarding the development of sturgeon rearing and importance of the aquatic health, it is necessary to apply natural material to combat pathogenic factors. Therefore, using medicinal plants is an excellent alternative instead of chemical material to control pathogenic factors. As, protozoan ectoparasites are one of the most important factors which have threatened sturgeon life, so this study carried out to determine lethal concentration of garlic (Allium sativum) and Zataria multiflora hydroalchoholic extracts on fingerlings of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) that the efficiency and the effective dose of theses extracts determined for controlling protozoan parasite naming Trichodina. Study on lethal concentration (LC_50) of Zataria multiflora hydroalchoholic extract on fingerlings of Persian sturgeon showed that during 96h and 1h, the LC_50 was 766.65 and 9933.44 mg/L, respectively. Also, LC_50 of garlic extract during 96h and 1h was 1279.97 and 12624.08 mg/L, respectively. During experiments, all of physicochemical factors such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, electric conductivity and hardness measured in different treatments. Study on the pictures taken out from sections of gill, liver and skin of Persian sturgeon fingerlings (Acipenser persicus) showed that in different doses of garlic (Allium sativum) and Zataria multiflora hydroalchoholic extracts the LC_50 was examined and some microscopic damages observed. They are hyperemia, adhesion in the gill filaments, cell necrosis, melanin pigments in gill primary filaments, cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, liver necrosis, hyperemia and increase in melanin pigments and melano macrophage centers in liver, moreover raise in melanofor and melanin, increase in mucous cells and lymphocyte also necrosis in epidermis observed in skin. Investigation on white blood cells (WBC) showed significant difference in lymphocyte and neutrophil numbers in different treatments (P0.05). During the experiments of LC_50 for garlic and Zataria multiflora extracts, some abnormal behaviors such as increased irritability, abnormal swimming, severe contraction of muscles and scoliosis observed in high concentrations. Then, considering the results of the mentioned experiments, the study conducted on effective concentrations (EC_50) of these extracts to combat Trichodina protozoan parasite. In this study the concentration of Zataria multiflora hydroalchoholic extract for final experiments was 200 to 600 mg/L. Therefore, it was determined for the first time that Zataria multiflora extract can be effective to combat Trichodina. The EC50 of Zataria multiflora extract for 1h bath is 437.62mg/L. Moreover, the concentration of garlic hydroalchoholic extract for final experiments set at 50 to 400 mg/L and the EC_50 of garlic extract is 172.58 mg/L for 1h. In experiments of EC_50, the differential counts of white blood cells (WBC) showed no significant difference in numbers of lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils in different treatments (P>0.05). But there is significant difference in numbers of eosinophils in different treatments (P

The effects of dietary supplementation of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on the growth and disease resistance of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus was evaluated. Also in-vitro evaluation of susceptibility of fish-borne multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria to aqueous extract of garlic was done. Aqueous garlic extract exhibited inhibitory activity against MDR bacteria and the degree of inhibition increased significantly with increasing concentration of garlic extract. The garlic supplementation at the rate of 10g/kg feed improved the food conversion ratio, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio of C. gariepinus significantly (p0.05). No significant difference was observed between plasma protein and glucose levels of the control treatment and garlic supplemented treatment during the 56 days of the experiment. Additionally significant differences in plasma protein and glucose levels of control and garlic supplemented treatments in 2 days and/or 15 days post-challenge. The varying levels of plasma glucose and protein suggested that the stress posed by the bacterial infection persisted in fish even after 15 days of challenge. The results demonstrated that bacterial infection can negatively alter blood biochemical profile of C. gariepinus, and dietary supplementation of garlic extract would help improve the resistance of fish to E. tarda infection in culture condition.

Background and Objective: Garlic is one of the oldest plants that has been used for prevention and treatment of different diseases. Also, pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most important form of human pathogens that is resistant to many different antibiotics and makes some problems in treatment. This study was done to evaluate the effect of garlic and its extract on pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: The standard strain of pseudomonas aeruginosa was prepared and after providing cloves of garlic with different weights (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 gr) as raw, frozen and cooked and also preparing microbial suspension from samples equal with McFarland solution (0.5), bacteria was cultured on MH agar and cloves of garlic was put on that and then incubated. Garlic extract with different concentrations (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 mg/ml) were affected by Nathan agar well diffusion method. Disk-diffusion method was done for determining the sensitivity and resistance of bacteria. Findings: Garlic extract with 40 and 35 mg/ml concentration had bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects on the standard strain of pseudomonas aeruginosa. Also, cloves of garlic with different weight cause the growth inhibition of bacteria but cooked cloves had the least effect on bacteria. Conclusion: Garlic extract with 50 mg/ml concentration cause zone of growth inhibition that is equivalent to the disk of gentamicin (10 microgram). Since, cloves of garlic especially frozen one cause to growth inhibition of bacteria, it is recommended to do more researches about the effective concentration of allicin on pathogens and use of soap, cream and ointment for disinfection of wounds.

In this study, it was investigated that the inhibition effect of some lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus NCC68, Lactobacillus casei Shirota, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Ezal, commercial starter cultures)) which possessed with probiotic characteristics, against Bacillus cereus, Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli 0157:H7 ATCC 35150 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Besides, the inhibitory effect of probiotic cultures which used with meat and meat product additives that garlic extract over the antagonistic effects of sensitive pathogens were investigated in vitro. Consequently, the whole of lactic acid bacteria and garlic extract which were used in this study, showed inhibition effects against all selected pathogenic bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was determined as the most sensitive pathogenic bacteria while Bacillus cereus was the most resistant bacteria against lactic acid bacteria and garlic extract. There was a distinctive increase in inhibition effects were observed by used of a combination with lactic acid bacteria and garlic extract. In this study, it was investigated that the inhibition effect of some lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus NCC68, Lactobacillus casei Shirota, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Ezal, commercial starter cultures)) which possessed with probiotic characteristics, against Bacillus cereus, Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli 0157:H7 ATCC 35150 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Besides, the inhibitory effect of probiotic cultures which used with meat and meat product additives that garlic extract over the antagonistic effects of sensitive pathogens were investigated in vitro. Consequently, the whole of lactic acid bacteria and garlic extract which were used in this study, showed inhibition effects against all selected pathogenic bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was determined as the most sensitive pathogenic bacteria while Bacillus cereus was the most resistant bacteria against lactic acid bacteria and garlic extract. There was a distinctive increase in inhibition effects were observed by used of a combination with lactic acid bacteria and garlic extract.

Background: Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic, exhibits antibacterial effects against a wide range of bacteria. Aim: The objective of this in vitro study was to assess the antibacterial effect of different concentrations of garlic extract against human dental plaque microbiota. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activities of four different concentrations of garlic extract (5%, 10%, 20%, and 100%) were evaluated against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and lactobacillus spp. using the disk diffusion method. Papers soaked in 0.2% concentration chlorhexidine gluconate and saline were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and the Tukey multiple comparisons test at a 5% significance level. Results: All bacterial strains were inhibited by all test materials. The inhibition zones of the different concentrations of garlic extract were not significantly different for S. mutans, S. sanguis, and S. salivarius. For P. aeruginosa and lactobacillus spp. the inhibition zones of 5%, 10% and 20% concentrations were not significantly different from one another, but they were significantly more than that of the 100% extract. Conclusion: The 5%, 10%, 20%, and 100% concentrations of garlic extract had similar effects, so further studies seem to be indicated on the usefulness of the 5% extract.

In vitro studies were carried out to investigate the inhibitory effect of allicin in garlic juice on hyphal growth and spore germination of Drechslera tritici-repetis, Bipolaris sorokiniana and Septoria tritici. The purpose was to investigate the possibility of developing an organic agriculture compatible garlic/allicin-based management strategy for the wheat fungal spotting complex. Allicin in garlic juice inhibited radial colony growth of all three pathogens on agar plates. Spore germination of all three pathogens was inhibited by allicin in garlic juice in seeded agar plates and in conidial suspensions. At high concentrations of allicin (>80 µg/ml) in garlic juice and pure (synthetic) allicin, conidia lysed. The minimum inhibitory amount of pure synthetic allicin which inhibited spore germination completely ranged between 80-120 µg/ml depending on fungal species. At 10 µg/ml Allicin caused morphological abnormalities in hyphae and conidia of D. tritici-repentis and B. sorokiniana. Allicin-treated hyphae were either collapsed, damaged or thinner when compared with the control. These results suggest that use of garlic juice is a promising, effective and environmentally friendly management measure against fungal pathogens that could be used in the production of an organically grown wheat crop., Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales

Objective: Garlic is a plant has been used as a flavor, and anti-microbial and anti-diarrheal agent. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a coronavirus. The available vaccines against IBV cannot cover new variants. This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of garlic extract on IBV. Materials and Methods: The constituents of garlic extract were detected by gas chromatography. This study was done in four groups of embryonic SPF eggs; first group was used for virus titration; second group received the mixture of different virus titration and constant amount of garlic extract; third group received 10-3 titration of virus and after 8 hr received garlic extract and the last group received different dilutions of garlic extract. Results: Based on our results, in the second group, IBV vaccine strain (4/91) at all titration and M41 in 10-2 and 10-3 titration and in the third group both variants of virus the embryonic Index (EI) was significantly increased. Conclusion: The garlic extract had inhibitory effects on IBV in the chickens embryo.

Background and aim: Tissue transglutaminase contributes to liver damage in the development of hepatic fibrosis. In a model of neurodegeneration, the therapeutic benefit of cystamine has been partly attributed to its inhibition of transglutaminase activity. Garlic extract contains many compounds structurally related to cystamine. We investigated the anti-fibrotic effect of garlic extract and cystamine as specific tissue transglutaminase inhibitors. Methods: Rat liver fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for 7 weeks. Cystamine or garlic extract was administrated by daily intraperitoneal injection, starting from the day after the first administration of CCl4. Hepatic function, histology, tissue transglutaminase immunostaining and image analysis to quantify Red Sirius stained collagen deposition were examined. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to detect alpha-SMA, IL-1 and tissue transglutaminase expression and Western blot for tissue transglutaminase protein amount were performed. Transglutaminase activity was assayed on liver homogenates by a radio-enzymatic method. Results: Transglutaminase activity was increased in CCl4 group and reduced by cystamine and garlic extract (p < 0.05). Treatment with cystamine and garlic extract reduced the liver fibrosis and collagen deposition, particularly in the garlic extract group (p < 0.01). Moreover, the liver damage improved and serum alanine aminotransferase was decreased (p < 0.05). Tissue transglutaminase immunolocalised with collagen fibres and is mainly found in the ECM of damaged liver. Alpha-SMA, IL-1, tissue transglutaminase mRNA and tissue transglutaminase protein were down-regulated in the cystamine and garlic extract groups compared to controls. Conclusion: These findings concurrently suggest that transglutaminase may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and may identify garlic cystamine-like molecules as a potential therapeutic strategy in the treatment of liver injury.

The garlic has been extensively studied throughout the last years because its potential to influence the cardiovascular system. It causes reduction of serum lipids, blood pressure and plasma viscosity. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of garlic on serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol in 12 sexually mature ducks which were fattened with a crop containing 30 mL lard and then were given garlic extract for 21 days. Reduced levels of cholesterol (9%), triglycerides (19.5%), LDL-cholesterol (27%), VLDLcholesterol (10.6%) were observed, but levels of HDL-cholesterol remained high.

An inhibiting effect of fresh garlic extract (GE) on jack bean urease has been investigated in order to elucidate the kinetics and mechanism of inhibition. The system: jack bean urease-garlic extract-urea, can be treated as a model system in the studies on the utility of garlic in the therapy of diseases caused by Helicobacter pylori and other bacteria producing urease. The influence of fresh aqueous garlic extract on the activity of jack bean urease at 22 °C in 20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7 was investigated. The loss of urease activity was found to be directly proportional to alk(en)yl thiosulfinates (TS) content in the garlic extract. The inhibitory activity of GE was compared with the activity of synthetic allicin. The results indicate that the inhibition of urease by GE is irreversible and incubation time-dependent. The kinetics of the inhibition was found to be biphasic; each phase obeyed first-order kinetics. Thiol reagents (L-cysteine, 2-mercaptoethanol, glutathione, dithiothreithol) strongly protect the enzyme from the loss of enzymatic activity, while urea and boric acid show weaker protection. GE-modified urease could be reactivated with dithiothreitol. This study demonstrates, that the inhibition of urease by GE should be atrributed to the reaction of TS with the SH-group (Cys 592 ) found in the active site of urease.

Dear Editor-in-Chief, Diabetes causes significant changes in urine and serum constituents such as albumin, creatinine, urea nitrogen, and glycated hemoglobin. Garlic extract, however, has been shown to restore all of these biochemicals, and cause histopathological changes. Administration of garlic extract or metformin, or their combinations has also been demonstrated to have both curative and protective effects against gentamicin nephrotoxicity. These findings can potentiate the clinical use of combinations of metformin and garlic extract in the prevention of diabetic nephropathy.