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The effects of slaughter age and muscle type on meat quality properties of Eastern Anatolian Red (EAR) bulls (n=46) were investigated in the present study. Forty-six EAR bulls were slaughtered at 15, 17, 19, 25 and 27 months. Meat samples were taken from longissimus dorsi (LD) and gluteus medius (GM) muscles obtained from the carcasses at 24 h post-mortem. Meat color parameters were significantly affected by slaughter age. Older animals (19, 25 and 27 months of age) possessed higher L*, a* and H values than those of younger animals (15 and 17 months of age). LD muscle had higher L* and a* values than those of GM muscles. The influences of slaughter age and muscle type on the proportions of dry matter, ether extract, crude ash and crude protein were not significant in the present study. The influence of slaughter age on the tenderness, acceptability, juiciness, number of chews and Warner–Bratzler shear (WBS) values were found to be significant. Tenderness, juiciness, flavor intensity and acceptability increased until 19 months of age, and then increase in age resulted in lower tenderness, flavor intensity and acceptability scores. Cooking yield significantly increased depending on the increase of age. WBS and cooking yield values from the LD were higher than that of the GM muscle. Textural characteristics such as hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and resilience were not affected by slaughter age, but muscles had a significant influence on hardness, gumminess, chewiness and resilience. In conclusion, most eating quality characteristics and color parameters were positively influenced by slaughter age.

The effects of three finishing systems on carcass composition and other characteristics of meat were studied in 15 young Eastern Anatolian Red bulls in Eastern Turkey. For 93 days, five bulls grazed pasture (P), five grazed the same pasture and were given concentrate supplementation (P + C), and five grazed the same pasture for 93 days, and then for an additional 40 days, they received concentrate in a barn (PF). Carcasses of the P bulls were lighter and leaner than those of the PF animals. Compared with the P carcasses, PF carcasses had a greater percentage of kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (P < 0.05), marbling score (P < 0.05), fat thickness over the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle (P < 0.05), and percentage of ether extractable lipids (P < 0.05). The LD of P carcasses was darker (P < 0.01) in color and the meat was tougher. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids in LD intramuscular fat was higher (P < 0.05) for P bulls than for P + C and PF. P carcasses contained a lower (P < 0.05) proportion of saturated fatty acids than PF carcasses. It is concluded that pasture-based finishing results in a more favorable fatty acid profile of meat and produces a healthier food, but the meat is darker and tougher.

Guler, O. and Yanar, M. 2009. Factors influencing the shape of lactation curve and persistency of Holstein Friesian cows in high altitude of Eastern Turkey. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 35: 39–44. Data on 371 lactation records pertaining to Holstein Friesian cows reared in high altitude and harsh climatic conditions of Eastern Turkey were analyzed to study the effects of different non-genetic factors on the shape of lactation curve and persistency measures. Calving season affected significantly (P

This study was carried out in order to determine the level of knowledge on cattle nutrition and feeding habits of cattle producers in Hınıs district of Erzurum Province. The main material of this study was data obtained by surveys made in 378 cattle producers. The data collected were analyzed statistically by using chi-square test. It was found that 16% of the producers participated in this survey planted forage crop currently. Of the cattle enterprises, 80% produced sainfoin forage crop. Wheat and barley straws (71%) were used mainly as sources of the rough feed, and they were followed by alfalfa hay (14%) and grass hay (11%). Silage, which is one of the significant forages, was used at the lowest level (0.25%). It was also determined that 64% of the cattle enterprises used the concentrate feed manufactured in the local feed plants, and usage of the barley and wheat bran as a feed source was at very low level. In Hınıs district, cattle herds moved into the pasture in April (25%), May (37%) and June (37%), and percentage of the cattle herds moving into the pasture was 99%. It was also revealed that 20% of the cattle producers had a chance to move to the plateau, and they mostly went there in June (58%) and stay in the plateau for 2-3 months. As a result of the assessment of data, it was determined that cattle ranchers in Hinis district had incorrect practices about animal nutrition, such as barley or wheat straw were still the most popular ones among roughage feed sources. The result indicates that cattle ranchers have to be participated in the technical educational programs and enlightened about animal nutrition and forage production., Bu araştırma, Erzurum İli Hınıs İlçesi’ndeki sığır yetiştiricilerinin sığır besleme ve yemleme alışkanlıkları ile ilgili konuya ilişkin bilgi düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın ana materyalini toplam 378 sığır üreticisinden anket yolu ile elde edilen veriler oluşturmuştur. Elde edilen veriler ki-kare testi kullanılarak istatistiksel analize tabii tutulmuştur. Araştırma sonunda ankete katılan işletme sahiplerinin % 16’sının yem bitkisi yetiştiriciliği yaptığı saptanmıştır. Bu işletmelerin % 80’inde korunga tarımı yapılmaktadır. Kaba yem kaynağı olarak buğday veya arpa samanı (% 71) ana yem maddesi olarak kullanılmakta, bunu kuru yonca otu (% 14) ve kuru çayır otu (% 11) takip etmektedir. Önemli bir kaba yem kaynağı olan silaj ise ilçede çok düşük düzeyde (% 0.25) kullanılmaktadır. İşletmelerin % 64’ünde fabrika yemi kullanıldığı, arpa ve kepek kullanımının ise çok düşük düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Hınıs İlçesi'nde sığır sürüleri Nisan (% 25), Mayıs (% 37) ve Haziran (% 37) aylarında meraya çıkmakta olup meraya çıkma oranı % 99 düzeyindedir. Yetiştiricilerin % 20’sinin yaylaya çıkma imkânı olduğu, çoğunlukla Haziran ayında (% 58) yaylaya çıkıp 2-3 ay kaldıkları saptanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular değerlendirildiğinde, Hınıs İlçesi’nde sığır yetiştiricilerinin hayvan besleme konusunda birtakım yanlış uygulamalar yaptıkları, örneğin arpa veya buğday samanının halen en çok tercih edilen yem maddeleri arasında olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu durum ilçedeki sığır yetiştiricilerinin konu ile ilgili olarak eğitim programlarına alınması ve hayvan besleme ile yem bitkileri yetiştiriciliği konusunda aydınlatılması gerekliliğini ortaya koymuştur.

Fifteen young Holstein Friesian bulls (18 mo of age) were divided into three groups of five. All groups were fed a diet consisting of 60% concentrate and 40% roughage. The control (C) group received a mixture of dry meadow hay, dry lucerne and wheat straw as roughage. The second and third treatment groups were fed a similar mixture of roughage partially substituting wheat straw with wet sugar beet pulp (SBP) at levels of 4% and 8% on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively. Dry matter intake and feed efficiency ratio (kg DM intake/kg weight gain) of the C group were significantly higher than those of the 4% SBP and 8% SBP groups. Slaughter and carcass traits indicated that there were no significant differences between dietary treatments. The inclusion of 8% SBP significantly improved panel ratings for tenderness, juiciness, beef flavour intensity and general acceptance, as well as number of chews before swallowing and the Warner Bratzler Shear value. Proximate analysis of the meat did not demonstrate differences between meat from the bulls fed C and the SBP diets. It was concluded that wheat straw could be replaced by 8% SBP in the finishing diet for young Holstein Friesian bulls in order to improve feed efficiency and sensory quality characteristics of their meat.Keywords: Sugar beet pulp, finishing, Holstein Friesian bulls, carcass, meat quality

The possibility of using Turkish Defatted Soy Flour (DSF) to replace part of the meat in Turkish style frankfurters was studied and the technological, physical, chemical, nutritional, sensory and quality characteristics of these sausages produced under Turkish conditions were determined. No significant difference in physical and sensory properties between the control group (all meat) and treatment groups (5, 10 and 20% soy flour) was found. DSF up to the level used significantly (P > 0·01) increased moisture and protein and decreased fat levels of the sausages. The amino acid and PER results also indicated that replacing meat with DSF in sausages did not significantly alter the nutritional value of the sausages.

Comparisons were made among calves sired by Charolais (C), Simmental (S) and Eastern Anatolian Red (EAR) breeds of bulls for fattening, carcass and meat quality traits when mated to EAR dams. C- and S-sired calves had 43.1% and 36.4% higher daily weight gain, 44.5% and 43.9% heavier final weight in fattening, respectively. Calves produced by C sires had best feed efficiency value (6.51 vs. 7.44 and 7.22) compared to the S and EAR sire breed groups. Carcasses of C- and S-sired calves had heavier weight, higher dressing percentage and greater Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle area than those of EAR-sired calves. USDA yield grades were lower (P

Physical, chemical and organoleptic characteristics of 20 ram lambs representing four fat-tailed genotypes Awassi, Red Karaman, Tushin and Awassi × Tushin were compared. After slaughter, carcasses were chilled at 5°C for 24 h, graded and evaluated. Then, the carcasses were dissected into wholesale cuts and longissimus dorsi (LD) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles were excised. The muscles were subjected to moisture, protein, fat and ash analyses and they were cooked to evaluate palatability. Cold carcass weight of RK and A × T lambs were heavier (P < 0.01) than those of A and T lambs. A × T crossbreds had higher (P < 0.05) cold dressing percentage and larger LD area than T lambs. However, the influence of genotype on the proportion of boneless retail cuts and marbling were not significant. Most of the proportions of wholesale cuts except for sirloin and flank were not affected by the genotype. The sensory panel found the meat from all genotypes acceptable (tenderness, juiciness, flavor and acceptability). Chemical composition of meat from the different genotype was not significantly different. The study reveals generally insignificant differences in chemical, physical and organoleptic properties between fat-tailed lambs with different genetic backgrounds. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.