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This study aims to evaluate calcium bioavailability through serum calcium level in pregnant rats treated with two Milk-Based Drinks (MBD) containing Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), i.e Lactobacillus Casei Shirota Strain (LcS) drink, and Four Strains Bacteria (FS) (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subp. bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophiles). It was a completely randomized experimental study using 24 Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were divided into one negative control group with a normal nutritional status (A0) and three undernourished groups. The undernourished groups were divided into one positive control group (A1), one group receiving MBD containing LcS group (A2), and another group receiving MBD containing FS (A3). All rats received high protein diets during pregnancy. The intervention was started in early pregnancy (D0) until 19 days of pregnancy (D19). Blood samples were collected at the D0 and D19. No significant differences in food intake were found among the rats in all groups. Administration of MBD containing LAB in A2 and A3 showed significant (p 0.05). The results suggest that MBDs containing LAB are useful in enhancing calcium bioavailability.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T10:35:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Fluconazole-sensitive (CaS) and -resistant (CaR) C. albicans were grown as single-species and dual-species biofilms with Lactobacillus casei (Lc) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Lr). Single-species Lc and Lr were also evaluated. Biofilm analysis included viable plate counts, the extracellular matrix components, biomass, and structural organization. Lc reduced the viability of CaS, water-soluble polysaccharides, and eDNA in CaS + Lc biofilm. Lc biofilm presented more eDNA than CaS. The total biomass of CaS + Lc biofilm was higher than the single-species biofilms. The viability of Lc and Lr was reduced by CaR dual-species biofilms. The total and insoluble biomass in CaS + Lr was higher than in single-species CaS biofilms. Lc hindered the growth of CaS, and their association hampered matrix components linked to the structural integrity of the biofilm. These findings allow understanding of how the implementation of probiotics influences the growth of C. albicans biofilms and thereby helps with the development of novel approaches to control these biofilms. Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Dentistry Department of Cariology Operative Dentistry & Dental Public Health Indiana University School of Dentistry Department of Surgery and Diagnosis São Paulo State University (Unesp) School of Dentistry Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Dentistry Department of Surgery and Diagnosis São Paulo State University (Unesp) School of Dentistry

Objective(s): The present in vitro study aimed to evaluate whether Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus rhamnosus treatments can induce regulatory phenotype, together with modulating the expression of chemokine receptors (CRs) in dendritic cells (DCs). The CRs of DCs have been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) through directing recruitment and migration of immune cells.Materials and Methods: In brief, monocytes of patients with SLE and healthy donors were isolated and differentiated to regulatory or inflammatory mature DCs through treatment with L. delbrueckii, L. rhamnosus, mixed probiotics, and LPS. Results: FACScan analysis showed that the expression of CRs including CXCR3, CCR5, CCR4, and CCR3, was significantly reduced in all probiotic-treated groups of SLE and healthy (control) donors when compared with the LPS treated group. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that tolerogenic probiotics could prevent or decrease the expression of inflammatory CRs on the surface of tolerogenic DCs during the maturation process.

Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, has been approved as the first-line drug for treatment of angina pectoris, hypertension and supraventricular tachycardia. Lactobacillus rhamnosus, one of the normal strains in human intestinal tract, is very popular in the probiotic market for conferring a health benefit on the host. This report investigated the potential of gut microbiota-drug interactions between lactobacillus rhamnosus and verapamil via using wild type (WT) and Cyp3a1/2 knockout (KO) rats. In WT rats, administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus for 14 days decreased systemic exposure of verapamil and increased its metabolite norverapamil in vivo, and resulted in gut microbiota-drug interactions. In Cyp3a1/2 KO rats, however, this interaction disappeared. Further studies found that Lactobacillus rhamnosus induced CYP3A activity and expression, and changed the composition of gut microbiota, thus changing the pharmacokinetics of verapamil. These results demonstrated the interaction between lactobacillus rhamnosus and verapamil, and indicated that the effect of gut microbiota on metabolic enzymes cannot be ignored.

Goal. To study the fungistatic and antagonistic properties of the complex of probiotic cultures of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus concerning the epizootic topical saprophyte Aspergillus flavus. Methods. Accepted and developed in the laboratory of toxicological monitoring mycological and bacteriological methods of cultivation and identification. Results. When studying the fungistatic properties of probiotic cultures of S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricum and L. rhamnosus against Aspergillus flavus, it was found that the complex of lactic acid bacteria in dilutions of 2·109, 2·108, 2·107, 2·106 and 2·105 bacterial cells under exposure time for 60, 90 and 120 min at a temperature of 20±0.5 and 37±0.5°C did not have effect on the growth retardation of the museum strain and field isolate of A. flavus. Continuous growth was observed of test cultures of micromycetes, compared with its complete absence in negative control with nystatin. When studying the antagonistic properties of probiotic cultures of S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricum, L. rhamnosus in dilutions of 2·109, 2·108, 2·107, 2·106 and 2·105 bacterial cells for 18-20 h of incubation at a temperature of 37,0±0.5°C growth retardation zones of the museum strain and field isolate of A. flavus were not detected, whereas in the negative control, the diameter of the growth retardation zone was 24 and 26 mm, respectively. That is, probiotic cultures of S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricum, L. rhamnosus did not show antagonistic properties against the museum strain and field isolate of A. flavus. Conclusions. The complex of probiotic cultures of S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricum, L. rhamnosus in concentrations of 2·109, 2·108, 2·107, 2·106 and 2·105 in experiments in vitro did not show fungistatic and antagonistic properties. The continuous growth of A. flavus was found in all studied dilutions, compared with its complete absence in negative controls with nystatin.

Background Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the causative agent of stomach diseases such as duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer, in this regard incomplete eradication of this bacterium has become to a serious concern. Probiotics are a group of the beneficial bacteria which increase the cure rate of H. pylori infections through various mechanisms such as competitive inhibition, co-aggregation ability, enhancing mucus production, production of bacteriocins, and modulating immune response. Result In this study, according to the received articles, the anti-H. pylori activities of probiotics were reviewed. Based on studies, administration of standard antibiotic therapy combined with probiotics plays an important role in the effective treatment of H. pylori infection. According to the literature, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, and Saccharomyces boulardii can effectively eradicate H. pylori infection. Our results showed that in addition to decrease gastrointestinal symptoms, probiotics can reduce the side effects of antibiotics (especially diarrhea) by altering the intestinal microbiome. Conclusion Nevertheless, antagonist activities of probiotics are H. pylori strain-specific. In general, these bacteria can be used for therapeutic purposes such as adjuvant therapy, drug-delivery system, as well as enhancing immune system against H. pylori infection.

BACKGROUND: It is a national priority to look for new probiotic bacteria with highly active biological properties to create a new generation of probiotics, ferments, therapeutic, and prophylactic fermented milk products, taking into account ethnocultural and regional characteristics. AIM: The aim of the study is to assess probiotic properties of strains of lactobacilli (antimicrobial and adhesive), which are isolated from national lactic acid products from different districts of the Karaganda region (Kazakhstan). MATERIALS AND METHODS: There were modern microbiological methods applied during the experiment. To determine the morpho-cultural properties, the following methods were used: Gram staining, a catalase test, serial dilutions. The Matrix Supported Laser Desorption/Ionization Flight Time Mass Spectrometry was used for identification, and the deferred-antagonism method was used to determine the antimicrobial activity. The buccal epithelial cells were used for the cell object as a test system to determine the adhesive activity. RESULTS: In this experiment, 26 lactobacillus isolates were isolated from 68 samples of national lactic acid products produced in a traditional homemade way in different districts of the Karaganda region (Kazakhstan). As a result of the studies carried out on the cultural and morphological characteristics and identification by the mass spectrometer, the following lactobacilli were obtained: Lactobacillus acidophilus (two strains), Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricum (two strains), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (seven strains), Lactobacillus plantarum (two strains), Lactobacillus paracasei (11 strains), and Lactobacillus fermentum (two strains). Twenty-six isolates of lactobacilli were tested for antimicrobial activity, 13 isolates of which showed an inhibitory effect, but the degree of antagonism varied among lactobacillus isolates. In general, the inhibitory activity of lactobacillus isolates was shown against the Gram-negative indicator microorganisms Salmonella typhimurium NCTC 12023, Escherichia coli NCTC 12923. The antibacterial activity was shown against the Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 12973 indicator microorganism in nine isolates of lactobacilli. Only six isolates of lactobacilli showed antifungal activity against the test strain of Candida albicans NCPF 3179. Out of 13 isolates of lactobacilli, nine isolates of medium and high activity competed for binding to buccal epithelial cells. CONCLUSION: The obtained isolates from traditional dairy products are considered to be promising candidates and competitive isolates with some probiotic potential. This study calls for further researches to be made in this area.

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea arises when the antibio­tic disrupts the ecology of the intestinal microbiota, by altering the diversity and number of bacteria in the gut. These changes can affect the capacity of the resident microbiota to resist the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms or the overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens species that are endogenously present in the microbiome. Therefore, antibiotic-associated diarrhea may result in prolonged hospitalization, increased health care costs and other complications. Diarrhea is most frequently associated with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Probiotics are “live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health be­nefit on the host”. Numerous clinical researches evaluate the efficacy of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. The aim of our research was to study the efficacy of the probiotic Probiolog Baby in children aged from 4 months to 9 years with antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and to investigate its effect on dysbiotic bowel changes. We observed 28 children aged from 4 months to 9 years (average age 4.6 ± 1.9 years) with antibiotic-associated diarrhea, including 57 % of boys and 43 % of girls. The children received the probiotic Probiolog Baby — 1 stick daily for 10 days. In 10 days, only 2 children (7.2 %) had complaints about diarrhea against 100 % at the beginning of our research. The use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) in children with antibiotic-associated diarrhea helps reduce diarrhea, colic, bloating, nausea, vomiting, anxiety and poor sleep in children. Considering the combined effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG strain, it can be argued that Probiolog Baby increases the levels of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the stool and also reduces the growth of Candida and pathogenic intestinal flora., Антибиотикоассоциированная диарея (ААД) возникает тогда, когда антибиотик нарушает экологию микробиоты кишечника, изменяя разнообразие и количество бактерий в нем. Эти изменения могут повлиять на способность резидентной микробиоты противостоять вторжению патогенных микроорганизмов или росту условно-патогенных видов, которые эндогенно присутствуют в микробиоме. Поэтому AAД может привести к длительной госпитализации, увеличению расходов и ухудшению качества жизни. Диарея чаще всего связана с применением антибиотиков широкого спектра действия. Пробиотики — это «живые микроорганизмы, которые при применении в достаточном количестве приносят пользу здоровью хозяина». Многочисленные клинические исследования изучают эффективность Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG для предотвращения ААД. Целью работы было изучить эффективность применения препарата Пробиолог Бейби у детей в возрасте от 4 мес. до 9 лет жизни с диагнозом антибиотикоассоциированной диареи, а также исследовать его влияние на дисбиотические изменения кишечника. Под нашим наблюдением находилось 28 детей в возрасте от 4 мес. до 9 лет (средний возраст — 4,6 ± 1,9 года) с диагнозом антибиотикоассоциированной диареи, среди них 57 % мальчиков и 43 % девочек. Дети получали Пробиолог Бейби по 1 стику в день в течение 10 дней. Через 10 дней только у 2 детей (7,2 %) были жалобы на диарею против 100 % в начале наблюдения. Применение штамма Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (АТСС 53103) у детей с антибиотикоассоциированной диареей способствует уменьшению диареи, колик, вздутия живота, тошноты, рвоты, беспокойства и плохого сна. Принимая во внимание комплексное воздействие штамма Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, можно утверждать, что Пробиолог Бейби увеличивает уровень бифидобактерий и лактобактерий в кале, а также уменьшает рост грибов рода Candida и патогенной кишечной флоры., Антибіотикоасоційована діарея (ААД) виникає тоді, коли антибіотик порушує екологію мікробіоти кишечника, змінюючи різноманітність і кількість бактерій у ньому. Ці зміни можуть вплинути на здатність резидентної мікробіоти протистояти вторгненню патогенних мікроорганізмів або зростанню умовно-патогенних видів, що ендогенно присутні в мікробіомі. Тому AAД може призвести до тривалої госпіталізації, збільшення витрат і погіршення якості життя. Діарея найчастіше пов’язана із застосуванням антибіотиків широкого спектра дії. Пробіотики — це «живі мікроорганізми, які при застосуванні в достатній кількості дають користь здоров’ю хазяїна». Численні клінічні дослідження вивчають ефективність Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG для запобігання ААД. Метою роботи було вивчити ефективність застосування препарату Пробіолог Бейбі у дітей віком від 4 міс. до 9 років життя з діагнозом антибіотикоасоційованої діареї, а також дослідити його вплив на дисбіотичні зміни кишок. Під нашим спостереженням перебували 28 дітей віком від 4 міс. до 9 років (середній вік 4,6 ± 1,9 року) з діагнозом антибіотикоасоційованої діареї, серед них 57 % хлопчиків і 43 % дівчаток. Діти отримували Пробіолог Бейбі по 1 стіку на день протягом 10 днів. Через 10 днів лише у 2 дітей (7,2 %) були скарги на діарею проти 100 % на початку спостереження. Застосування штаму Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (АТСС 53103) у дітей з антибіотикоасоційованою діареєю сприяє зменшенню діареї, кольок, здуття живота, нудоти, блювання, неспокою і поганого сну. Беручи до уваги комплексний вплив штаму Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, можна стверджувати, що Пробіолог Бейбі збільшує рівень біфідобактерій і лактобактерій у випорожненнях, а також зменшує ріст грибків роду Candida й патогенної кишкової флори.

Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis of the microbial community has been associated with several gastrointestinal symptoms. The impact of repeated administration of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (CNCM-I-4798) (formerly known as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG), Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii (CNCM-I-1079) and their combination (associated in Smebiocta/Smectaflora Protect®) in supporting recovery of gut microbiota functionality and composition during and following amoxicillin:clavulanic acid administration was evaluated in vitro. Antibiotic dosage negatively affected SCFA production, coinciding with detrimental effects on Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Bifidobacterium spp. in the simulated proximal colon, while Akkermansia muciniphila was significantly reduced in the distal colon. L. rhamnosus GG and S. boulardii were able to thrive in both colon regions upon dosing, with S. boulardii even showing protective effects on the survival of L. rhamnosus GG during antibiotic administration. The impact of the probiotic strains on microbiome recovery revealed that supplementation with L. rhamnosus GG and/or S. boulardii resulted in a stimulating effect on the most abundant bacterial groups within the bacterial community of each donor. For one of the donors tested, co-dosing of L. rhamnosus GG and S. boulardii resulted in superior short-chain fatty acid recovery accompanied by a stronger increase in abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae. Overall, the current study provides first evidence that combined supplementation of L. rhamnosus GG and S. boulardii might be an interesting candidate in limiting detrimental effects of amoxicillin:clavulanic acid on the human gut microbiome, though further studies are warranted to confirm these findings.

The most important factor in tooth decay and periodontal disease is the attachment of oral bacteria, especially streptococci, to different levels of the mouth and teeth. Therefore, by changing the microbial ecology in the mouth using probiotic producing bacteria, we can help prevent tooth decay and periodontal infections. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of probiotic producing Lactobacillus against several streptococci that cause tooth decay. Antimicrobial activity and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of probiotic lactobacilli was determined by disk diffusion method and standard broth microdilution, respectively. Antibiofilm activity was assayed by a microtiter-plate screening method. The five isolates of Lactobacillus strains with probiotic properties include Lactobacillus plantarum , Lactobacillus rhamnosus , Lactobacillus reuteri , Lactobacillus fermentum , and Lactobacillus brevis were tested against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis . Most of tested Lactobacillus strain at concentrations above 125 µg/mL showed antibacterial properties. Also, examination of the MICs showed that probiotic bacteria had greater effects on S. sanguinis . While, the tested probiotic bacteria did not show a significant antibiofilm effect. Our results suggest that lactobacilli with potential probiotic properties can be effective used for eliminating oral streptococcal colonization.

The growth of microorganisms in food, one of which is lactic acid bacteria (LAB), can produce metabolites beneficial to health. It is essential to study the results of LAB metabolism to improve the quality of a functional food product. This study aimed to evaluate the isolates Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC 0051 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus R23 to metabolize oligosaccharides as a carbon source so that the final fermentation product can benefit health especially in lowering cholesterol. In vitro testing was carried out on MRS media with or without oligosaccharides, either singly or in a combination consisting of galactooligosaccharides (GOS), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), inulin (IN), inulin hydrolyzate (HI), or their combination as prebiotics by adding 0.3 % oxbile (bile salt) and inoculated with 1% v/v LAB isolate culture and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The results showed that the main product of oligosaccharide metabolism by L. acidophilus FNCC 0051 and L. rhamnosus R23 produced several organic acids (lactic acid), including short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) (acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid). The single and combined carbon sources affected the proportion of lactic acid and acetic acid produced by L. acidophilus FNCC0051 (p

Background Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most serious complications in preterm infants. Probiotics have been used to prevent NEC. Safety is a major concern for this practice. Methods We reported a female preterm infant who received oral Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG but developed sepsis 12 days after the treatment. Cultures of blood and the catheter tip yielded L. rhamnosus. Next-generation sequencing was performed to analyze isolates from blood, stool, catheter, and product capsules. We also determined the capacities of these isolates to form biofilms. A literature review was performed. Results The patient was treated with ampicillin and piperacillin/tazobactam, and she subsequently recovered without complications. The analysis of genome sequences indicated that all the isolates belonged to the clone of L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103), suggesting that sepsis was a catheter-related infection caused by the oral probiotic. L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and the probiotic strain tested formed biofilms under all growth conditions. Isolates from the blood and catheter tip also formed biofilms, but the stool isolate did not. The capacity of intrinsic biofilm formation in L. rhamnosus GG depended on environmental factors and the type of culture medium. Literature review of L. rhamnosus GG sepsis in preterm and young infants found that nearly 60% of the patients had a suspected or confirmed infected catheter. Conclusion The study showed that the capacity of L. rhamnosus GG to form biofilms, especially in the presence of glucose, is a critical factor leading to the probiotic-related sepsis in preterm infants.

Obesity is fast becoming a worldwide health concern and causes a chronic state of oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation, which could be major risk factors for a number of chronic diseases. We investigated the potential of the 61 probiotic candidates isolated from infant feces towards activity of lipid accumulation inhibition, and then we extended the study to evaluate their antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. Seven strains were finally selected based on their ability to inhibit lipid accumulation (>60%) and productivity yield (>1 × 1011 colony forming units [CFU]/g): Lactobacillus acidophilus MG4558; Lactobacillus paracasei MG4592; Lactobacillus plantarum MG4553 and MG4555; and Lactobacillus rhamnosus MG4502, MG4511, and MG4505. Selected strains showed high α-glucosidase-inhibiting activity (> 50%), except for MG4511 (19.8%), and similar antioxidant activities were reflected by the results of DPPH (21.6–27.5%) and ABTS (40.9–44.9%) assays. With respect to their functional properties as probiotics, most of the strains were resistant to simulated gastric (pH 3 and 4) and intestinal (pH 7 and 8) fluids, and possessed various probiotic-related factors, including autoaggregation ability, antibiotic susceptibility, enzyme production, and biochemical profiles, and were non-hemolytic. We conclude that our strains may be good probiotic candidates for functional food ingredients to prevent metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes.

Currently, the interest of the food industry on the use of probiotics in order to provide beneficial effects is increasing. However, one limitation is getting microorganisms to survive in food matrices. In this work, protective effect of exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus NCFB 2772 on Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG survival during semi-ripening of cheese, was analyzed. Ripening was carried out at 14 ° C for 28 days in a controlled RH chamber. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to determine interactions of probiotic with the exopolysaccharide. During ripening process, the proteolytic activity was determined through TNBS, SDS-PAGE and size exclusion-HPLC techniques. Viability of probiotic was measured by plate count. Cheese inoculated with both strains showed an improvement in probiotic survival. Exopolysaccharide was shown to have an effect on protein aggregation and cheese structural uniformity. Micrographs revealed a direct interaction between probiotic and exopolysaccharide. Proteolytic capacity did not decrease, and the generation and decrease of low molecular weight peptides (less than 3 kDa) was verified throughout the ripening process. Thus, using an exopolysaccharide-producing strain during cheese ripening has a positive effect on probiotic survival when they are used as starter cultures.

In this study, jujube polysaccharides (JP) were extracted from Jinsixiaozao, and carboxymethylated jujube polysaccharides (CMJP) were prepared. The optimum carboxymethylation conditions optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were as follows: the reaction temperature was 60°C, the concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution was 2.8 mol/L, and the content of chloroacetic acid was 2.12% with a degree of substitution (DS) of 0.2275 ± 0.0108. Physicochemical characterizations and in vitro antioxidant and prebiotic activities of JP and CMJP were evaluated. Compared with unmodified JP, water solubility and viscosity were improved in CMJP. Chemical analysis revealed that CMJP was composed of Rha: Ara: Xyl: Glc: Gal = 0.18 : 9.09 : 0.45 : 0.36 : 0.98 with a molecular weight of 3.04 × 105 Da. The signals of carboxymethyl were observed at 1600, 1420, and 1328 cm−1 in FT-IR. In addition, CMJP showed obviously strong hydroxyl radical scavenging ability compared with JP and also exhibited stronger abilities than JP on the proliferation growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains. These results indicated that CMJP could be explored as a promising resource for the development of functional foods.

Imaging flow cytometry (IFC) combines microscopy-based capturing of cell images with conventional flow cytometry-based high-throughput analysis. Thus, IFC approach may limit false-positive results and provide more accurate and unambiguous data. This may be particularly important in the case of the single-cell analysis of relatively small biological objects such as bacteria. The microbial quality control of milk samples is of a special interest during milk processing and several methods have been previously developed to address the presence of bacterial species in milk and other economically important dairy products. However, the vast majority of screening assays is time-consuming and cost-ineffective to be used as a routine test. In the present study, we propose combined acridine orange (AO) staining and IFC-based profiling of microbial species as a novel alternative method for the microbial quality control of milk samples. Eight bacterial profiles (Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Sarcina lutea) were characterized using a number of IFC parameters and IFC approach was also validated using commercially available milk samples and probiotic supplement. The obtained results suggest that IFC-based microbial profiling may be considered as a potentially useful method for rapid screening for selected bacterial species in milk samples.

Background: Bacteriocins are heterogeneous inhibitory substances that could affect the bacteria belonging to the same genus. Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria produce bacteriocins. One of the best sources of producing bacteriocins is Lactobacillus. The aim of this study was to isolate and purify bacteriocin from Lactobacillus rhamnosus and assess its effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and synthesis of its lipopolysaccharide. Methods: L. rhamnosus was prepared and cultured at MRS broth and incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours. Then, the medium was centrifuged for the isolation of bacteriocin and the supernatant was considered as bacteriocin. Antibacterial properties of different concentrations of bacteriocin (50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL) against P. aeruginosa were assayed by using agar diffusion and broth micro dilution methods. Also, the effect of bacteriocin against lipopolysaccharide synthesis in P. aeruginosa was analyzed by using one unit of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for bacteriocin. Results: The results showed that all bacteriocin concentrations had antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. The MIC value was 31.25 μg/mL and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 62.5 μg/mL. Also, the synthesis of lipopolysaccharide decreased during P. aeruginosa growth period, and it reached zero after 5 hours. Conclusions: The results of this study showed the antibacterial effect of bacteriocin isolated from L. rhamnosus against P. aeruginosa. In addition, this bacteriocin prevented the lipopolysaccharide synthesis in P. aeruginosa.

More than 6 billion bacteria and other microorganisms live in the adult oral cavity. As a result of any deleterious effect on this community, some microorganisms will survive better than others, which may trigger pathogenic processes like caries, halitosis, gingivitis or periodontitis. Oral dysbiosis is among the most frequent human health hazards globally. Quality of life of patients deteriorates notably, while treatments are often unpleasant, expensive and irreversible, e.g. tooth loss. In the experiments reported here, we investigated the individual interactions between 8 pathogenic and 8 probiotic strains and a commercially available probiotic product. Almost all pathogens, namely Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, Enterococcus faecalis and Prevotella buccae are pathogens frequently occurring in the oral cavity. The used probiotic strains were Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Bifidobacterium thermophilum and two Streptococcus dentisani isolates. Using a modified agar diffusion method, we investigated capability of the probiotic bacteria to prevent the growth of the pathogenic ones in order to identify candidates for future therapeutic treatments. The results indicated successful bacteriocin production, i.e. growth inhibition, against every pathogenic bacterium by at least 5 probiotic strains.

Surface active compounds (SACs) of bacterial origin are amphiphilic heteropolymers that may alter the interaction of gas-liquid, solid-liquid, and immiscible liquids surfaces, decrease the surface and interfacial tensions of liquids, and form stable emulsions. SACs are divided in two main groups: low molecular weight, the biosurfactants, and high molecular weight, the bioemulsifiers. Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in determined levels, provide benefits to the host. They can produce SACs with several properties, such as the emulsification and solubilization of substrates and antimicrobial activity. Here we show that the cell-free supernatant of commercial probiotic strains of Bacillus clausii (formerly Bacillus subtilis), a spore-forming species that can tolerate biliary salts and survive at acid gastric conditions, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, a lactic acid facultative heterofermentative bacterial species, are able to emulsify apolar fluids including gasoline fuel, suggesting the presence of biomolecules that could be explored for bioremediation. L. rhamnosus also presented antimicrobial activity, whereas Bacillus clausii did not.

The shelf life of sour milk dessert has been substantiated based on the results of this study into the indicators of active acidity, water activity, enthalpy, and organoleptic properties. In addition, the content analysis of lactic acid bacteria and microbiological indicators in the finished product during storage was performed. It was found that the introduction of sublimated fruits together with whey protein concentrate reduces the water activity index from 0.984 to 0.972 by increasing the concentration of solids and product viscosity. The active acidity indicator acts in combination with the water activity on the shelf life of food products. Active acidity during the study period was in the range of 5.4‒4.2 pH units. The biological and physiological value of the fermented milk product will increase due to the use of a starter culture containing microorganisms of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, which include Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. Bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus paracasei, Bifidobacterium infantis. When storing sour milk dessert for more than 3days, the number of bacteria came down and was 1.0×108CFU/g on day 9, which meets the regulatory requirements. Based on the results of microbiological indicators, the shelf life of the sour milk dessert was established, which should not exceed 5 days at a temperature of 4±2°С. The development and improvement of sour milk desserts using secondary milk raw materials is a promising area of scientific research. This would allow the development of waste-free technologies with the maximum use of useful components that are included in the secondary milk raw materials

The demand for "preservative-free" food products is rising, and biopreservation seems to be a potential alternative to replace or reduce the use of chemical preservatives. This study's objective was to assess the antifungal activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (n = 98) and the efficacy and applicability of the chosen bioprotective cultures against fungal spoilers in dairy products. First, 14 strains of antifungal strains were preliminarily screened by in vitro tests against Pichia pastoris D3, Aspergillus niger D1, Geotrichum candidum N1, Kluyveromyces marxianus W1, and Penicillium chrysogenum B1 and validated by challenge tests in yogurts, indicating that the fungal-inhibiting activity of LAB was species specific and yogurts fermented with antifungal LAB cultures were more effective in extending the shelf life. Secondly, the chosen 14 LAB strains were identified by the 16SrDNA sequence analysis and carbohydrate fermentation test. The results were as follows: 9 strains were Lactobacillus plantarum , 3 were Lactobacillus paracasei , 1 was Enterococus faecium , and 1 was Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Among them, active L. plantarum N7 was the chosen and studied factor that affects the antifungal activity using the response surface methodology (RSM). Finally, in situ tests were conducted to validate the activity of L. plantarum N7 in actual dairy products (whey beverage). Physicochemical and microbial indices of whey beverage during storage period exhibited that antifungal L. plantarum N7 could slow the fungal growth and be candidates of interest for industrial applications.

This study aimed to microencapsulate Lactobacillus rhamnosus ( L. rhamnosus) ATCC 7469 with whey protein concentrate (WPC), maltodextrin and trehalose by spray drying and to assess the impact of microencapsulation on cell viability and the properties of the dried powders. Spray-drying conditions, including inlet air temperature, air flow rate and feed pump, were fixed as independent variables, while probiotic survival, moisture content, water activity and effective yield were established as dependent variables. The survival of encapsulated L. rhamnosus by spray drying was optimized with response surface methodology, and the stability of the powder was assessed. The optimum spray-drying conditions were an inlet air temperature, air flow rate and feed pump rate of 169 °C, 33 m3/h and 16 mL/h, respectively, survival of 70%, air aspiration of 84% and outlet air temperature of 52 °C, achieving an overall desirability of 0.96. The physicochemical and structural characteristics of the produced powder were acceptable for application with regard to residual water content, hygroscopicity, water activity, and particle size. The results indicated that a protein-trehalose-maltodextrin mixture is a good wall material to encapsulate L. rhamnosus, showing important thermal protection during the drying process and increasing survival. However, a decrease in this capacity is observed at an air outlet temperature of approximately 101 °C. The possible effects of the wall materials and the drying conditions on survival are also discussed.

Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and hence, reducing serum cholesterol levels could reduce the incidence. In this study, we ascertained the cholesterol-reducing potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from Korean fermented soybean paste. Live, resting, and dead cells of all the bacteria reduced cholesterol in liquid media in a strain-dependent manner. Live cells of Weissella cibaria SCCB2306, Pediococcus acidilactici SDL1402, P. acidilactici SDL1406, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus JDFM6 reduced the most cholesterol in liquid media by 78 ± 3%, 72 ± 3%, 76 ± 3%, 75 ± 5%, and 79 ± 2%, respectively. As the cholesterol levels in the media reduced, cell membrane lipids of P. acidilactici SDL1402, P. acidilactici SDL1406, and L. rhamnosus JDFM6 increased by 23.36 mg/mL, 6.53 mg/mL, and 8.14 mg/mL, respectively, indicating that cholesterol was incorporated into the bacteria cell membranes. All the bacteria displayed bile salt hydrolase activities in a strain-dependent manner. Though all four LAB significantly reduced cholesterol levels in Caenorhabditis elegans irrespective of the order of feeding, L. rhamnosus JDFM6 reduced the most cholesterol in vivo (up to 40% of ingested cholesterol). None of the four LAB hydrolyzed mucin or gelatin and none was toxic to C. elegans. The concentrations of phenylethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, and tyramine produced by the LAB were below the toxic limits of biogenic amines set by the European Food Safety Authority. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Weissella cibaria SCCB2306, P. acidilactici SDL1402, P. acidilactici SDL1405, and L. rhamnosus JDFM6 could be safe cholesterol-reducing probiotic candidates for preventing or managing hypercholesterolemia.

Background: IgE-mediated reactions constitute 70% of cow's milk-induced allergic reactions (AR). There is no established treatment. Recent evidence suggests that immunomodulation with probiotics represents a safe novel strategy, influencing immunity and inducing tolerance to milk protein antigens by action on human gut microbiota. Current evidence focuses most on the infant population. Objective: We will study the impact of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), compared to placebo, as an effective agent to improve ARs upon exposure to cow's milk in children from 5 to 10 years of age. Methods: This will be a phase II, single-center, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, where a total of 200 participants will be treated for 12 months, with either; LGG or placebo, randomly allocated at 1:1. A double-blinded placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) with cow's milk will be used before and after the intervention. Results will be graded using the PRACTALL scoring system. The primary outcome will be binary – 'passing' by the absence of any AR, or a decrease from the baseline results or 'not passing' the DBPCFC after treatment. Secondary outcomes will include covariate adjustment and subgroup analysis by affected body systems and severity of ARs. Secondary analyses will include a comparison of the proportions of the taxonomic composition of gut microbiota, and quality of life, with baseline measurements. Conclusion: This trial will contribute to filling knowledge gaps about cow's milk allergy management using LGG in this specific population as an affordable and accessible non-pharmacological agent with few recorded side effects. If proven to be efficacious, it has the potential to decrease the worldwide prevalence of CMA and the resulting systemic, familial, and personal burdens.

Fil: Tarifa, María Clara. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, CIT Río Negro. Río Negro, Argentina Fil: Piqueras, Cristian Martín. Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (UNS-CONICET). Departamento de Ingeniería Química (UNS). Buenos Aires, Argentina Fil: Genovese, Diego Bautista. Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (UNS-CONICET). Departamento de Ingeniería Química (UNS). Buenos Aires, Argentina. Fil: Brugnoni, Lorena Inés. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (UNS-CONICET). Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (UNS). Buenos Aires, Argentina The main objective of the research was to evaluate the performance of synbiotic delivery systems using pectin microgels on the protection of two probiotic strains (Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG [ATCC 53103]) to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (GD) and storage conditions (4 ± 1 °C) in a 42 days trial. Microgel particles were prepared by ionotropic gelation method and three variables were evaluated: incubation time (24 and 48 h), free vs encapsulated cells, and presence or absence of prebiotic (commercial and Jerusalem artichoke inulin). Results demonstrated an encapsulation efficiency of 96±4% into particles with a mean diameter between 56 and 118 μm. The viability of encapsulated cells after 42 days storage stayed above 7 log units, being encapsulated cells in pectin-inulin microgels more resistant to GD compared to non-encapsulated cells or without prebiotics. In all cases incubation time influenced the strains' survival. El objetivo principal de la investigación fue evaluar el rendimiento de sistemas simbióticos utilizando microgeles de pectina para la protección de dos cepas probióticas (Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 y Lactobacillus rhamnosus cepa GG [ATCC 53103]) frente a dos situaciones: simulación de condiciones de digestión gastrointestinal (DG) y bajo almacenamiento (4 ± 1 ° C) a lo largo de 42 días. Las partículas de microgel se prepararon mediante el método de gelificación ionotrópica y se evaluaron tres variables: tiempo de incubación (24 y 48 h), células libres vs encapsuladas y presencia o ausencia de prebióticos (inulina comercial e inulina de topinambur). Los resultados demostraron una eficiencia de encapsulación de los probióticas del 96 ± 4% en partículas con un diámetro medio entre 56 y 118 μm. La viabilidad de las células encapsuladas al termino de los 42 días de almacenamiento se mantuvo por encima de 7 unidades logarítmicas, siendo las células encapsuladas en los sistemas de microgeles pectina-inulina más resistentes a la DG en comparación con las células no encapsuladas o sin prebióticos. En todos los casos, el tiempo de incubación influyó en la supervivencia de las cepas.

This study aimed to analyze the effect of milk fermented with Lactobacillus curvatus SMFM2016-NK on periodontal diseases and gut health in a rat model. To improve the effect of Lb. curvatus SMFM2016-NK-fermented milk administration for relieving periodontitis, the periodontitis rat models were treated with the following for 4 wk: 10% skim milk (normal), periodontitis + 10% skim milk (negative control), periodontitis + Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-fermented milk (positive control), and periodontitis + Lb. curvatus SMFM2016-NK-fermented milk (PD+LCFM). Transcriptional analysis of inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10] was performed via quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. The changes in the oral and gut microbiomes after administering Lb. curvatus SMFM2016-NK-fermented milk were analyzed with metagenomics sequencing using DNA extracted from the oral gingival tissues and feces from the cecum of the rat models. After treatment with Lb. curvatus SMFM2016-NK-fermented milk, the relative gene expression levels of TNFA and IL1B in the gingiva decreased in the PD+LCFM group compared with those in the negative control group. In the oral microbiome, the proportion of the phylum Proteobacteria in the PD+LCFM group was lower than that in the negative control after treatment with Lb. curvatus SMFM2016-NK-fermented milk. For the effect in the gut, the relative gene expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in the colon between the normal and negative control groups were not different; however, the expression levels of TNFA and IL1B in the PD+LCFM and positive control groups, respectively, were lower than those in the negative control group. The composition and diversity of the gut microbiome differed among normal, periodontitis, and Lb. curvatus SMFM2016-NK-fermented milk treatment groups. These results indicate that Lb. curvatus SMFM2016-NK-fermented milk could alleviate periodontal and gut inflammation and change oral and gut microbiota.

Producing metabolic complexes of probiotic microorganisms with significant antimicrobial properties The aim of the work – to produce metabolic complexes with significant antibacterial properties using a new proprietary method and to substantiate the prospects of their use for designing of antimicrobial polyfunctional drugs. Materials and methods. Metabolic complexes of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces boulardii, Enterococcus faecium were obtained by culturing the producers in ultrasonic disintegrates of other probiotic microorganisms. Sensitivity of antibiotic-resistant strains of Escherichia coli PR and Staphylococcus haemolyticus PR was determined by qualitative method. The suspension of test-cultures (optical density of 1.0 units on the McFarland scale) after incubation with metabolites (2, 24 and 48 hours at 37 °C) was inoculated into Mueller–Hinton agar. The absence of growth was indicative of the metabolic complexes antibacterial activity against the microorganism. Results. Cultivation of S. boulardii in the S. boulardii / L. rhamnosus / L. plantarum / E. faecium disintegrates, L. plantarum – in the L. rhamnosus / E. faecium disintegrates and L. rhamnosus – in the L. plantarum disintegrates was accompanied by an increase in the biomass of isolated microorganisms (P ≤ 0.03) and production of metabolites. Along with a similar increase in S. boulardii cells in the S. boulardii / L. rhamnosus / L. plantarum / E. faecium disintegrates, the metabolic products of lactobacterial and enterococcal disintegrates exhibited more active inhibitory effects against E. coli PR and S. haemolyticus PR. The increased antibacterial activity indicates the advantage of the new method. Another improvement is the extended spectrum of metabolic complexes owing to producer cultivation in the other probiotic disintegrates to obtain original biologically active substances with high antibacterial properties against pathogens. Among the strength of the method is that all the stages are unified into a single process avoiding multiphase procedure for the separate preparation of one probiotic microorganism disintegrate and the metabolic products of another. Conclusions. Disintegrates as a nutrient medium can be used not only for their own producers, but also for other strains/species and various probiotic microorganisms (fungi and bacteria). The increase in antibacterial activity of metabolic complexes has been found using the new method of production. The prospects of antimicrobial polyfunctional drugs designing on this basis have been proved. metabolites, antibacterial activity, saccharomycetales lactobacillaceae, multiresistant strains

Haben Fesseha,1 Tigabu Demlie,2 Mesfin Mathewos,3 Eyob Eshetu4 1Department of Veterinary Surgery and Diagnostic Imaging, Wolaita Sodo University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; 2Department of Veterinary Clinical Laboratory Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; 3Department of Veterinary Pathology, Wolaita Sodo University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; 4Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Wolaita Sodo University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Haben Fesseha Email haben.senbetu@wsu.edu.etIntroduction: In-feed probiotics are becoming attractive alternatives to antibiotics in the poultry industry due to the ever-growing strict prohibitions on antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in animal production.Methods: The study was conducted to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus paracaseis sparacasei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on the growth performance of 120 day-olds randomly selected Sasso dual-purpose chicken. They were divided into four groups with two replicates per group and 15 chicks per replicate. The treatments were T1 (control), T2 (supplement diet with 4g probiotic), T3 (supplement diet with 2g probiotic), T4 (supplement diet with 1g probiotic). The experimental feeding trials were conducted after two weeks adaptation period.Results: The present findings revealed that the chickens supplemented with Lactobacillus species probiotics during the first week of age have shown higher body weight than control (p < 0.05). The feed intake of week one of T2 and T3 were significantly higher (p< 0.05) than the T1 (control). However, there was no significant difference (p> 0.05) in feed intake in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th weeks of all treatment groups. The present result showed that there was a significant body weight gain (p< 0.05) in all probiotic fed groups than the control group. The highest body weight gain was observed in chickens found in the T4 treatment group. Whereas the body weight gains significantly higher and improved the feed conversion (p< 0.05) in the T2 and T4 than the T1 (control). However, the feed conversion ratio was significantly influenced by probiotic inclusion in T3 as compared to the control group.Conclusion: Overall, the results suggest that Lactobacillus paracaseis sparacasei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus have a positive effect on the growth performance of broilers.Keywords: Body weight gain, Broiler, Chicken, Lactobacillus species, Probiotics

Defatted Antarctic krill powder is the main by-product in the manufacturing of krill oil. Exploring a high value-added approach for utilizing this protein-rich material has received much attention in research and industry. Given this, the preparation and primary characterization of antifreeze peptides from defatted Antarctic krill (AKAPs) were carried out in this study. The cryoprotective effect of AKAPs on Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC7469 was also investigated. The results showed that Protamex was the optimum protease for AKAP preparation from defatted Antarctic krill. AKAPs were found to be rich in short peptides, with the MW ranging from 600 to 2000 Da (69.2%). An amino acid composition analysis showed that AKAPs were rich in glutamic acid (18.71%), aspartic acid (12.19%), leucine (7.87%), and lysine (7.61%). After freezing, the relative survival rate of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in the 1.0 mg/mL AKAP-treated group (96.83%) was significantly higher than in the saline group (24.12%) (p < 0.05). AKAPs also retarded the loss of acidifying activity of L. rhamnosus after freezing. AKAPs showed even better cryoprotective activity than three commercial cryoprotectants (sucrose, skim milk, and glycerol). In addition, AKAPs significantly alleviated the decrease in β-galactosidase and lactic dehydrogenase activities of L. rhamnosus (p < 0.05). Furthermore, AKAPs effectively protected the integrity of L. rhamnosus cell membranes from freezing damage and alleviated the leakage of intracellular substances. These findings demonstrate that AKAPs can be a potential cryoprotectant for preserving L. rhamnosus, providing a new way to use defatted Antarctic krill.

A total of 130 strains of lactic acid bacteria (starter lactic acid bacteria -SLAB- and non-starter lactic acid bacteria -NSLAB-) were isolated from milk, whey and cheese. Anti-clostridial activity was detected in 56 isolates against Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755. Seven strains with the highest inhibitory activity were selected to determine their inhibitory mechanisms. Anti-clostridial activity of strains Streptococcus macedonicus 23, S. macedonicus 24, Lactobacillus casei/paracasei 29 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus 104 was due to organic acids production. Inhibitory mechanisms of strains L. casei 26 and 95 were acid production, bacteriocin and hydrogen peroxide. While anti-clostridial activity of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 76 was due to acid and hydrogen peroxide production. Cell-free supernatants obtained from strains 26, 95 and 76 conserved their anti-clostridial activity after thermal treatments at 70 and 100 °C. Supernatants obtained from bacteriogenic strains 26 and 95 were analyzed by RP-HPLC. RP-HPLC fractions with anti-clostridial activity were analyzed by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). A peptide with molecular weight of 1162.54 Da was detected in HPLC fraction of L. casei 95. No results were obtained for MALDI-TOF analysis of another HPLC fractions. Based on the thermostability and low molecular weight, L. casei 95 anti-clostridial peptide would belong to a class I or II bacteriocin according to Gram-positive bacteria antimicrobial peptides classification.

Salicylic acid, widely distributed in the whole plant kingdom, is a benzoic acid derivative acting as a signal substance in plants, but could be related to differences in cancer incidence, as many herbs and spices contain high amounts. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is one of the best-known lactic acid bacteria that has been studied for over 30 years. Probiotic and/or commensal bacteria of the human microbiota are known to respond to diet constituents. Therefore, the present study aims at investigating the possible effects of salicylic acid on the probiotic properties of LGG, and in vitro cytotoxic effects of combination of salicylic acid and LGG on human colon and prostate cancer cells. Salicylic acid significantly (p

An isolated Lactobacillus from several various sources were identified depending on morphological, microscopically and biochemical tests in vitro analysis of probiotic properties that included: an ability to tolerate in different concentration of bile salt, survival in acidic conditions, their antimicrobial activity, and S-layer characterizations were carried out. It was noticed that isolates of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and L. delbrueckii have a broad activity of antimicrobial and found the isolate L. rhamnosus represented with a survival percentage 6.9% at pH 4.5 and 5.1% at pH 2.0) also L. rhamnosus (5.7% at pH 4.5 and 4.9% at pH 2.0) tolerated acidic media, Lactobacillus spp. has antimicrobial activity against all gram-positive and negative tested isolates. 70 kDa of S-layer protein bands were detected with whole-cell SDS-PAGE analysis, and it's predominant in cells of isolates which grown in MRS broth anaerobically. It was noticed that the collected Lactobacillus isolates could be used as probiotic.

Although human clinical studies have suggested probiotic effects on blood glucose levels, knowledge about molecular mechanisms is still scarce. To test the hypothesis that selected Lactobacillus probiotic bacteria could regulate the activity of enterocyte glucose transporters, we aimed to measure in vitro effects of selected Lactobacillus probiotic bacteria on transcription and translation of intestinal glucose transporters sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) as well as transepithelial glucose transport. Lactobacillus plantarum strains (PCS20 and PCS26), Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) (ATCC 53103) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (L acidophilus) (ATCC 4356) were co-cultivated with noncarcinogenic porcine enterocytes (CLAB) and human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) (ATCC HTB-37). Changes in transcription and expression of SGLT1 and GLUT2 were strain and cell line-specific. In CLAB, LGG was the most potent SGLT1 up-regulator, and PCS26 the most potent down-regulator of GLUT2 transcription, which was also reflected on the protein level. In Caco-2, all tested strains tended to downregulate GLUT2 gene expression, while L acidophilus most effectively reduced GLUT2 protein levels. Statistically significant effect of PCS26 and L acidophilus on GLUT2 molecular and protein levels in CLAB and Caco-2 cell lines, respectively, was also followed by a decreased rate of transepithelial glucose transport. Careful selection of specific Lactobacillus probiotic strains could be used to downregulate glucose absorption in intestinal epithelial cells and thereby could be beneficial as a support treatment of pathologies related to glucose homeostasis.

Recent reports suggest that obesity is caused by dysbiosis of gut microbiota and that it could be prevented or treated through improvement in the composition and diversity of gut microbiota. In this study, high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice were orally administered with Lactobacillus plantarum K50 (K50) isolated from kimchi and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) as a positive control for 12 weeks. Body weight and weights of epididymal, mesenteric, and subcutaneous adipose tissues and the liver were significantly reduced in K50-treated HFD-fed mice compared with HFD-fed mice. The serum triglyceride level was decreased and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was increased in K50-treated HFD-fed mice. The gut microbiota analysis showed that the L. plantarum K50 treatment reduced the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and improved the gut microbiota composition. In addition, the level of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in K50-treated HFD-fed mice was higher than that in HFD-fed mice. A remarkable reduction in the fat content of adipose tissue and liver was also observed in K50-treated HFD-fed mice, accompanied by improvements in gene expression related to lipid metabolism, adipogenesis, and SCFA receptors. K50-treated mice had downregulated expression levels of genes and proteins such as TNFα and IL-1β. Our findings confirm that L. plantarum K50 could be a good candidate for ameliorating fat accumulation and low-grade inflammation in metabolic tissues through gut microbiota improvement.• Lactobacillus plantarum and L. rhamnosus GG were fed to HFD-induced obese mice.• L. plantarum K50 had dramatic ameliorating effects on obesity and related diseases.• These effects may be associated with the restoration of gut microbiota dysbiosis.

The influence of two autochthonous lactobacilli strains with probiotic potential (Lactobacillus mucosae CNPC007 and Lactobacillus plantarum CNPC020) in comparison to a commercially available probiotic strain (Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR32) in non-fermented dairy desserts added with ingredients (syrup and hydroethanolic extract) derived from jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) peels was investigated. L. mucosae showed the best survivability and stability of the studied lactobacilli after processing and during storage, respectively, and also remarkably influenced the texture and sensory features of desserts in comparison to the other strains; L. plantarum achieved viability comparable with the commercial probiotic, above 6 log cfu/g up to the 21st day of the products refrigerated storage. The hydroethanolic extract and syrup from the jabuticaba peel contributed to the phenolic content of the dairy desserts (around 30 mg GAE/100 g) that showed to be able to scavenge DPPH radicals (around 300 g dessert/g DPPH). The different lactobacilli strains did not significantly influence the antioxidant capacity parameters of the desserts (p > 0.05), although the desserts’ color was not stable during storage and tended to reduce the acceptability scores of the three trials. Non-fermented dairy desserts with jabuticaba peel ingredients showed to be good sources of phenolic compounds with an antioxidant capacity, offering suitable conditions for the viability maintenance of the autochthonous lactobacilli cultures.

Metabolic syndrome, which includes a series of metabolic disorders such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance and obesity, has become a catastrophic disease worldwide. Accordingly, probiotic intervention is a new strategy to alleviate metabolic syndrome, which can adjust the gut microbiota to a certain extent. The aim of the current work was to explore the alleviation of metabolic syndrome by Lactobacillus reuteri and L. rhamnosus. Two L. reuteri and two L. rhamnosus strains were administered to mice with a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. All Lactobacillus strains tested significantly slowed weight gain in the mice. Among four strains, L. reuteri FGSZY33L6 and L. rhamnosus FJSYC4-1 showed the strongest ability to relieve blood glucose disorders, blood lipid disorders, tissue damage, and particularly gut microbiota disorders. Thus, our findings indicate that these strains can regulate the gut microbiota and produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which can induce satiety hormones, inhibit food intake and increase satiety, and thus improve metabolic syndrome.

The present study was designed to bio-fortify the soymilk (per se a B12-free plant food matrix). The PCR-based screening characterized the human fecal samples (4 out of 15 tested) and correspondingly identified novel lactobacilli isolates (n = 4) for their B12 production potential and rest (n = 62) as negative for this attribute. Further, 3 out of the 4 selected strains showed ability for extracellular vitamin production. The most prolific strain, Lactobacillus reuteri F2, secreted B12 (132.2 ± 1.9 μg/L) in cobalamin-free-medium with the highest ratio ever reported (0.97:1.00; extra-: intra-cellular). In next stage, the soymilk was biofortified in situ with B12 during un-optimized (2.8 ± 0.3 μg/L) and optimized (156.2 ± 3.6 μg/L) fermentations with a ∼54-fold increase at Artificial Neuro Fuzzy Inference System based R value of >0.99. The added-nutrients, temperature and initial-pH were observed to be the most important fermentation variables for maximal B12 biofortification. We report Lactobacillus rhamnosus F5 as the first B12 producing (101.7 ± 3.4 μg/L) strain from this species. The cyanocobalamin was extracted, purified and separated on UFLC as nutritionally-relevant B12. Besides, the vitamin was bioavailable in an auxotrophic-mutant. The lactobacilli fermentation is suggested, therefore, as an effective approach for B12 biofortification of soymilk.

Alcohol consumption leads to acetaldehyde accumulation, especially in people with mutant aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene (ALDH2). Novel strategies to promote acetaldehyde detoxification are required to prevent alcohol-related toxicity. Probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) were shown to have in vitro capacity to detoxify acetaldehyde. This randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over trial investigated the effect of LGG fermented milk in people with ALDH2 polymorphisms after moderate alcohol intake. Ten healthy wild-type and ten heterozygous mutant ALDH2 Thai men were block randomized into two groups. Each group consumed a different sequence of 150 mL fermented milk containing 108 CFU mL-1 LGG and lactic-acidified milk (placebo), followed by five glasses of beer (0.4 g ethanol per kg body weight), with a one-week wash-out. Consuming LGG fermented milk before alcohol reduced areas under the response curves of blood and salivary acetaldehyde in wild-type and heterozygous mutant ALDH2 individuals (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Interestingly, participants with mutant ALDH2 responded better than wild-type participants for salivary acetaldehyde (90% vs. 70%, p < 0.001). Their durations of flushing were reduced when consuming LGG milk. Regardless of ALDH2 status, 105 CFU mL-1 LGG was retained in saliva at least 3.5 h after milk consumption. In conclusion, intake of LGG fermented milk before drinking alcohol reduces blood and salivary acetaldehyde levels and duration of flushing in drinkers with wild-type and heterozygous mutant ALDH2. The addition of exogenous capacity to detoxify acetaldehyde using the probiotic product could be a potential strategy to promote the alleviation of exposure to reactive and carcinogenic acetaldehyde associated with alcohol drinking in individuals with defective ALDH2 enzyme.

This research was conducted to evaluate the potential use of saturated monoglyceride (MG)-based gels in the protection of probiotics upon in vitro digestion. For this purpose, a Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain was inoculated into binary and ternary systems, containing MGs, a water phase composed of an aqueous solution at controlled pH or UHT skimmed milk, and in ternary gels, sunflower oil. Gel structure characterization was initially performed just after preparation and after 14 days of storage at 4 °C by rheological, mechanical, thermal, and microscopy analyses. Afterwards, probiotic viability upon in vitro digestion was evaluated. The results highlighted that all freshly prepared samples showed good capability to protect L. rhamnosus with the exception of the binary system containing milk. However, the digestion of samples after 14 days of storage showed that the ternary system containing skimmed milk exhibited the best protection performance ensuring a L. rhamnosus viability of almost 106 CFU g-1 at the end of the gastrointestinal passage. Confocal microscopy results demonstrated that bacterial cells were located prevalently within the aqueous domain near the monoglycerides and protein aggregates. Under these conditions, they can simultaneously achieve physical protection and find nutrients to survive environmental stresses. These findings suggest that MG-based gels can be proposed as efficient carriers of probiotic bacteria not only during food processing and storage but also upon digestion.

Four ice milk samples were produced, one of them served as control (C, no added sweet cherry pulp (SCP), and containing free cells of L. rhamnosus) and the other three treatments containing 30 % SCP and free cells (T1), encapsulated cells using sodium alginate-skim milk (T2), or encapsulated cells using sodium alginate-denaturated whey protein (T3). The fresh ice milks were subjected to sensory evaluation, physicochemical properties (overrun, and meltdown tests) while the changes in pH, L. rhamnosus viability, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (AOA) have been monitored at 1, 15, and 30 days of frozen storage. SCP had higher TSS (17.5%), total sugar (13.24%), higher TPC (112 mg GAE/100g), and AOA (84.16%) while it had a lower pH value (4.14). Unlike the effect of having probiotic bacteria, adding SCP increased overrun, and decreased pH and melting rate of ice milks. Also, pH decreased over time, and the lowest value was observed for T3. L. rhamnosus was strongly protected (had the highest survival rate of 95.94% for T3) using alginate-denaturated whey protein followed by alginate-skim milk (90.04% for T2). Adding SCP increased TPC and AOA of ice milks and their values were decreased during storage. Regarding sensory properties, all samples were acceptable. It could be concluded that encapsulation using sodium alginate blended with skim milk or denaturated whey protein improved the viability of L. rhamnosus in ice milk.

Globally, the incidence of hyperuricaemia is steadily increasing. The evidence increasingly suggests an association between hyperuricaemia and the gut microbiota, which may enable the development of a novel therapeutic approach. We studied the effects of treatment with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on hyperuricaemia and their potential underlying mechanisms. A mouse model of hyperuricaemia was generated by oral gavage with hypoxanthine and intraperitoneal injections of potassium oxonate for 2 weeks. The anti-hyperuricaemic activities of 10 LAB strains relative to allopurinol as a positive drug control were investigated in the mouse model. Lactobacillus rhamnosus R31, L. rhamnosus R28-1 and L. reuteri L20M3 effectively reduced the uric acid (UA) concentrations in serum and urine and the xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity levels in serum and hepatic tissue in mice with hyperuricaemia. These strains also reversed the elevated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration, hepatic inflammation and slight renal injury associated with hyperuricaemia. A correlation analysis revealed that UA-reducing LAB strains promoted short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production to suppress serum and hepatic XOD activity by increasing the abundances of SCFA production-related gut bacterial taxa. However, the UA-reducing effects of LAB strains might not be mediated by purine degradation. In summary, L. rhamnosus R31, L. rhamnosus R28-1 and L. reuteri L20M3 relieved hyperuricaemia in our mouse model by promoting SCFA production in a purine degradation-independent manner. Our findings suggest a novel therapeutic approach involving LAB strains for hyperuricaemia.

Uapaca kirkiana is an underutilised indigenous fruit tree (IFT) found in the miombo ecological zone in sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, sub-Saharan Africa is home to many nutritionally insecure people who suffer from micronutrient deficiency. The incorporation of probiotic strains in jams as a possible way of enhancing mineral accessibility, food quality, and health is limited in Africa. This study monitored the probiotic potential, bioaccessible iron and zinc, and organoleptic properties of U. kirkiana fruit jam fermented with L. rhamnosus yoba. U. kirkiana fruits were collected from semiarid rural areas of Zimbabwe. The L. rhamnosus yoba strain was obtained from the Yoba for Life Foundation, Netherlands. Mineral and biochemical properties of the probiotic jam were analysed using AOAC standard methods. The U. kirkiana fruit tree was ranked first as a food resource by most rural populations in Zimbabwe. The probiotic jam formulation had 55% (wt/vol) U. kirkiana fruit pulp, 43% (wt/vol) sugar, 1.25% (wt/vol) pectin, 0.5% (wt/vol) citric acid, and 0.25% (wt/vol) L. rhamnosus yoba strain. The probiotic jam had6.2±0.2log CFU/mL viable L. rhamnosus yoba cells. Iron and zinc content (mg/100 g w.b.) was4.13±0.22and0.68±0.02with pH3.45±0.11, respectively. Nutrient content was g/100 g w.b., carbohydrate66±4.1, fat0.1±0.01, crude protein0.2±0.01, ash0.7±0.02, and crude fiber0.3±0.01. Bioaccessible iron and zinc were6.55±0.36%and16.1±0.50%and increased by 4% and 2% in the probiotic jam, respectively. Mineral bioaccessibility and nutrient content were significantly different (p<0.05) in jam with 0.25% L. rhamnosus yoba. Jam acceptance rating was 83%. The probiotic jam can be used as a sustainable food containing probiotic with potential nutritional and health benefits.

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is a crucial factor that leads to skin photoaging and results in increased DNA damage, oxidative stress, and collagen degradation. Jasmine flowers have been utilized as a traditional medicine in Asia to treat various diseases, including dermatitis, diarrhea, and fever. Furthermore, the fermented broth of Lactobacillus rhamnosus has been reported to exert protective effects on the skin. In the present study, jasmine flower extract was fermented with L. rhamnosus. We investigated the antioxidant and collagen-promoting effects on UVB/H2 O2 -induced HS68 dermal fibroblast cell damage. The results indicated that treatment with the fermented flower extracts of Jasminum sambac (F-FEJS) could enhance the viability of HS68 cells. Furthermore, the UVB/H2 O2 -induced excessive production of reactive oxygen species, degradation of collagen, activation of MAPKs, including P38, ERK, and JNK, and premature senescence were remarkably attenuated by F-FEJS in dermal fibroblast cells. The nuclear accumulation of p-c-jun, which is downstream of MAPK, and the inactivation of p-smad2/3, which is one of the crucial transcription factors that enhance collagen synthesis, were reversed in response to F-FEJS treatment in UVB/H2 O2 -exposed cells. Notably, the expression of antioxidant genes, such as HO-1, and the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 were further enhanced by F-FEJS in UVB/H2 O2 -treated cells. Interestingly, the F-FEJS-induced increase in ARE luciferase activity indicated the activation of Nrf2/ARE signaling. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that F-FEJS can effectively ameliorate UVB/H2 O2 -induced dermal cell aging and may be considered a promising ingredient in skin aging therapy.

Bacteriocins are a subclass of antibacterial peptides considered to be the most promising alternative to antibiotics. A large number of unknown bacteriocins are hidden in lactic acid bacteria. In this study, by combining the genome with LC-MS/MS, 14 novel bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus rhamnosus LS-8 were detected. Moreover, these bacteriocins were successfully cloned via plasmid pET-28a(+) and pET-30a(+) and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. Escherichia coli ATCC25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 were used to confirm their antibacterial activity. Subsequently, the four bacteriocins (pH 25, S68, S81, and S137) with the strongest antibacterial ability were selected, and their expression conditions were optimized. Purification was performed by cation exchange chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, and the active parts were collected and analyzed by mass spectrometry. The mass spectrometry analysis revealed that peptide coverage was >71.39%. The MICs of the four bacteriocins against four pathogenic bacteria ranged from 5.38 to 19.84 μg/mL. In addition, these bacteriocins significantly inhibited the growth of four standard pathogenic bacteria. They also exhibited broad-spectrum bacteriostasis on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, these new bacteriocins have great potential in the study of alternative antibiotics.

This study was aimed to assess effects of three strains of probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001, and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bi-07 on the intestin...

Candidiasis caused by multidrug-resistant Candida species continues to be difficult to eradicate. The use of live probiotic bacteria has gained a lot of interest in the treatment of candidiasis; however, whole-cell probiotic use can often be associated with a high risk of sepsis. Strategies manipulating cell-free methods using probiotic strains could lead to the development of novel antifungal solutions. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of three probiotic cell-free extracts (CFEs) on the growth, virulence traits, and drug efflux pumps in C. albicans. On the basis of its minimum inhibitory concentration, Lactobacillus rhamnosus was selected and assessed against various virulence traits and drug resistance mechanisms. The results showed that L. rhamnosus CFE significantly inhibited hyphae formation and reduced secretion of proteinases and phospholipases. Moreover, L. rhamnosus inhibited the drug efflux proteins in resistant C. albicans strains thus reversing drug resistance. Gene expression data confirmed downregulation of genes associated with microbial virulence and drug resistance following treatment of C. albicans with L. rhamnosus CFE. Through gas chromatography – mass spectrometry chemical characterization, high contents of oleic acid (24.82%) and myristic acid (13.11%) were observed in this CFE. Collectively, our findings indicate that L. rhamnosus may potentially be used for therapeutic purposes to inhibit C. albicans infections.

Autophagy plays a dual role in the responses to the gut microflora. The present study aimed to examine the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) on Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum)-induced intestinal dysfunction and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, with particular focus on autophagy. Inflammatory models were established by treatment with L. rhamnosus following F. nucleatum intervention using cells or a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis. Autophagosomes were visualized by confocal microscopy following transfection with a tandem GFP-mCherry-LC3 construct and also by transmission electron microscopy. Autophagy-associated protein levels were examined by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. It was observed that F. nucleatum induced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in Caco-2 cells and aggravated DSS-induced acute colitis. The autophagic flux was impaired following infection with F. nucleatum. L. rhamnosus treatment attenuated the inflammation induced by F. nucleatum infection and effectively recovered the impaired autophagic flux. In addition, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by F. nucleatum was enhanced with autophagy inhibitors or the RNA interference of autophagy-related gene 16 like 1 (Atg16L1) in Caco-2 cells. Notably, this inhibition of autophagy weakened the effects of L. rhamnosus. Finally, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was found to be involved in this process. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that the mediation of autophagy by L. rhamnosus may be involved in the protective effects against F. nucleatum-related intestinal inflammation. Thus, L. rhamnosus treatment may prove to be a novel therapeutic strategy for F. nucleatum-realated gut disorders.

Fermented dairy products have become attractive functional foods for the delivery of probiotics and their biologically active metabolites. The aim of this study was to examine the immunomodulatory activity of milk fermented with the probiotic lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 (LrF) on macrophages challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent pro-inflammatory stimulus. To this end, human THP-1 or U937 monocytes were differentiated into resting macrophages then stimulated with LPS and co-incubated with the LrF or with milk controls. Levels of pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Culturing of LPS-stimulated U937 macrophages with either the whole or filtered LrF resulted in an increase in Interleukin (IL)-1Ra production relative to the negative control. THP-1 macrophages cultured with the LrF demonstrated an increase in LPS-induced IL-10 and IL-1β production, while production of LPS-induced IL-6, sCD54, IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-12p70 and Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) was unaffected. Further, the LrF induced the expression of DC-SIGN and CD206, markers of immunoregulatory M2 macrophage polarization, in LPS-challenged THP-1 macrophages. Taken together, milk fermented with L. rhamnosus R0011 increased regulatory cytokine production from LPS-challenged U937 and THP-1 macrophages, while simultaneously up-regulating the production of IL-1β and expression of DC-SIGN and CD206, a profile characteristic of polarization into the immunoregulatory M2 macrophage phenotype., Graphical abstract Image created with Biorender.Image 1, Highlights • Milk fermented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 (Lrf) induces a regulatory macrophage phenotype. • Modulation of cytokine profiles induced by lipopolysaccharide challenge consistent with an alternatively activated (M2) macrophage phenotype. • Fermented milk conditioning induced macrophage expression of genes characteristic of M2 macrophage polarization (DC-SIGN and CD206).

This study aimed to investigate the effects of glycated milk casein (Gc) fermented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus 4B15 (FGc) on the intestinal microbiota and physiological and behavioral properties in mice under chronic stress. Mice were administered Gc or FGc for 10 weeks and then exposed to unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) for 7 weeks. FGc administration restored alterations of gut microbiota induced by UCMS. Moreover, FGc significantly reduced the stress-induced increase in serum corticosterone and decrease in serotonin levels. Anxiety-like behaviors induced by UCMS were also significantly decreased in the FGc group. UCMS-induced dysregulation of gene and protein expression related to neuroendocrine function, neuronal development, and inflammation, and gut-blood-brain barrier function was controlled by FGc pre-treatment. These results strongly suggest the protective effects of FGc targeting of intestinal microbiota for abnormal brain activity, which is consistent with the view that FGc plays an important role in regulating stress-related gut-brain axis disorders.

This study determined the anti-listerial activity of indigenous probiotics from traditional fermented foods of Western Himalaya against meat borne Listera monocytogens isolates from Himachal Pradesh. One hundred samples of meat and meat products like chicken (n = 25), chevon (goat meat, n = 20), fish (n = 20) and pork (n = 30) were collected and were analyzed for the presence of Listeria spp. by recommended culture and biochemical methods. L. monocytogens isolates were confirmed by PCR targeting the virulence gene hlyA (haemolysin A) and by16S rRNA sequencing. Anti-listerial activity of probiotic bacteria isolated from indigenous fermented foods of Himachal Pradesh was determined by well diffusion method using Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) as the reference strain. Five percent of tested samples were found positive for L. monocytogens with incidence of 8.0% in chicken (2/25), 10.0% in fish (2/20) and 4.0% in chevon meat (1/25). None of the tested pork samples were found contaminated with L. monocytogenes. Among 11 indigenous probiotics used in this study, highest antagonistic activity was exhibited by Lactobacillus plantarum (ADF 10) and Enterococcus faecium (ADF1) which was equivalent to the reference strain.