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Purpose: Drug addiction is characterised by overvaluation of drug-related rewards and undervaluation of "natural", non-drug-related rewards. Methamphetamine (MA) is the second largest illegally abused drug in the world. Studies have shown that acute aerobic exercise can reduce the incidence of MA-dependent individuals' craving for drug-related cues, but the impact of exercise on food reward in this population has yet to be established. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of moderate and high-intensity acute aerobic exercise on food reward and subjective feelings of appetite in MA-dependent populations., Methods: Forty-four men, who met the DSM-V criteria for MA dependence, with BMI of 24.7 ± 3.1 kg/m 2 and age of 31.9 ± 3.8 years, were randomly assigned to two exercise training groups: moderate- (n = 22; 65%~75% HRmax) or high- (n = 22; ≥ 85% HRmax) intensity. Each group performed a resting control or exercise session for 35 min, 1wk apart, in a counterbalanced order. Food reward (explicit liking, implicit wanting and relative preference) for high or low fat and sweet or savoury food images was assessed by the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire and subjective feelings of appetite were measured by VAS., Results: Greater relative preference (high: P = .018; moderate: P = .034) and implicit wanting (high: P = .018; moderate: P = .034) for high-fat savoury foods was noted following acute aerobic exercise compared to the control session. Exercise also increased subjective sensations of hunger (F (1,42) =8.28, P = .006)., Conclusions: The current study provides the first evidence that acute aerobic exercise can increase reward for high fat savoury foods and stimulate appetite in MA-dependent individuals. In the context of exercise as a therapeutic option for MA dependence, these changes suggest an improvement in responsiveness to natural, non-drug rewards., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Capsaicinoids, whose basic chemical structure is the vanilla amide of n-nonanoic acid, are responsible for chili pepper fruits' spicy flavor (pungency) and multiple pharmacological actions. Capsaicinoids are widely used to produce intense flavor food additives due to their sensory attributes of pungency, aroma, and color. To ensure strict quality control for capsaicinoids and maximize their positive effects, valid and sensitive pretreatment and determination methods are urgently needed. Consequently, this review provides a comprehensive summary of capsaicinoids' preparation and analytical technologies in food samples. Pretreatment techniques mainly include liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, and dispersive solid-phase microextraction, among others. Detection methods include liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors, gas chromatography, electrochemical sensor methods, capillary electrophoresis, etc. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of various pretreatment and analytical methods are compared and discussed. Thus, the present paper has attempted to shed light on novel and traditionalpretreatment methods and determination approaches and provided proper comments about their new developments and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycotoxins pollution is a global concern, and can pose a serious threat to human health. People and livestock eating contaminated food will encounter acute and chronic poisoning symptoms, such as carcinogenicity, acute hepatitis, and a weakened immune system. In order to prevent or reduce the exposure of human beings and livestock to mycotoxins, it is necessary to screen mycotoxins in different foods efficiently, sensitively, and selectively. Proper sample preparation is very important for the separation, purification, and enrichment of mycotoxins from complex matrices. This review provides a comprehensive summary of mycotoxins pretreatment methods since 2017, including traditionally used methods, solid-phase extraction (SPE)-based methods, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE)-based methods, matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD), QuEChERS, and so on. The novel materials and cutting-edge technologies are systematically and comprehensively summarized. Moreover, we discuss and compare the pros and cons of different pretreatment methods and suggest a prospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as a group of carcinogenic and mutagenic substances, have raised intense concern among the global community due to their ubiquitous occurrence. It has been reported that food is also a key source of human exposure to PAHs because they can enter the food chain in different ways. Therefore, it is necessary to develop accurate analysis methods for such compounds in food samples to ensure food safety and human health. This paper aims to review the state-of-the-art purification techniques and determination methodologies for PAHs in comprehensive food samples. Different extraction methodologies and analytical approaches are updated, elaborated upon and discussed, particularly innovative, rapid, efficient and ecofriendly ones. In addition, this review discusses the latest results about the sources and interventions of PAHs contamination in food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acids (FAs) are a class of lipids found in everyday foods that are closely related to human health. These chemicals are involved in many physiological functions. The establishment of methods for the analysis of FAs in different foods is necessary. In this review, an updated overview of the pretreatment and analysis methods that have been reported since 2012 is given. Sample preparation methods involve extraction, fractionation and derivatization, while analysis methods involve chromatographic, spectral, and electrophoretic methods, as well as several other methods. Different pretreatment and determination methods are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layer-by-layer (LBL) technique is a well-established method for the formation of nanocapsules, which could encapsulate nanoparticles by polyelectrolyte and has received great interest in some areas of research. In this study, colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used as a vehicle for loading horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and AuNPs-HRP was encapsulated by using LBL technique to form a signal amplification nanocapsule probe. Based on the probe, an immunoassay was developed for the detection of imidacloprid in agricultural food samples (rice, pear and cabbage). The IC50 value of the assay was 0.11 ng mL−1 which was 8-9954 times lower than those of traditional ELISAs and well below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) permitted by the European Union (EU). The recoveries of imidacloprid from three different samples were 80.34–120.84% that had a good correlation (R2 = 0.9739) with those obtained by the commercial kit. The developed assay could provide a sensitive method for detection of imidacloprid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAnthocyanins (ANCs), a kind of natural pigments, are widely present in food substrates. Evidence has shown that ANCs can promote health in terms of anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammation. However, the oxidative stability of ANCs limits accurate quantitation and analysis. Therefore, faster, more accurate, and highly sensitive extraction and determination methods are necessary for understanding the role of ANCs in medicine and food. This review presents an updated overview of pretreatment and detection techniques for ANCs in various food substrates since 2015. Liquid-liquid extraction and various green solvent extraction methods, such as accelerated solvents extraction, deep eutectic solvents extraction, ionic liquids extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction, are commonly used pretreatment methods for extraction and purification of ANCs. Liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors (tandem mass spectrometry and UV detectors) and spectrophotometry methods are some of the determination methods for ANC. This study has updated, compared, and discussed different pretreatment and analysis methods. Moreover, the advanced methods and development prospects in this field are comprehensively summarized, which can provide references for further utilization of ANCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Advanced pretreatment and detection methods of organic acids in food were critically reviewed. • Microextraction technology was one of the trends of organic acid pretreatment in the future. • Two-dimensional chromatography was accurate and sensitive with great potential. • Applications of novel nanomaterials, ionic liquid and supercritical fluid were highlighted. Organic acids, as an important component of food, have great influence on the flavor, texture, freshness of food. By lowering the pH of food to bacteriostatic acidity, organic acids are also used as additives and preservatives. Because organic acids are crucial to predict and evaluate food maturity, production and quality control, the rapid and sensitive determination methods of organic acids are necessary. This review aims to summarize and update the progress of the determination of organic acids in food samples. Pretreatment methods include simple steps (e.g., "dilute and shoot," protein precipitation, filtration, and centrifugation) and advanced microextraction methods (e.g., hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction and dispersive micro-solid phase extraction). Advances in novel materials (nanomaterial), solvents (ionic liquids and supercritical fluids) and hybrid methods are clearly displayed in detail. Continuous progress which has been made in electrochemical method, two-dimensional chromatography, high resolution mass is thoroughly illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Progress in microextraction technology and online technology are introduced. • The evolution and advance of HRMS analyzers are in detailed. • Advantages and applications of electrochemical methods are presented. • The future perspective for newly emerged eco-friendly methods are discussed. Macrolides are versatile broad-spectrum antibiotics whose activity stems from the presence of a macrolide ring. They are widely used in veterinary medicine to prevent and treat disease. However, because of their improper use and the absence of effective regulation, these compounds pose a threat to human health and the environment. Consequently, simple, quick, economical, and effective techniques are required to analyze macrolides in animal-derived foods, biological samples, and environmental samples. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the pretreatment and analytical methods used for macrolides in various sample matrices, focusing on the developments since 2010. Pretreatment methods mainly include liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, matrix solid-phase dispersion, and microextraction methods. Detection and quantification methods mainly include liquid chromatography (coupled to mass spectrometry or other detectors), electrochemical methods, capillary electrophoresis, and immunoassays. Furthermore, a comparison between the pros and cons of these methods and prospects for future developments are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]