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Much research, especially within the framework of the Fluvial Archives Group, has focused on river response to climate change in mid-latitude non-glaciated areas, but research into the relationships between Quaternary glacial and fluvial dynamics remains sparse. Understanding glacial–fluvial interactions is important because glaciers are able to influence river behaviour significantly, especially during glacial and deglacial periods: (1) when they are located downstream of a pre-existing fluvial system and disrupt its activity, leading to hydrographical, hydrosedimentary and isostatic adjustments, and (2) when they are located upstream, which is a common scenario in mid-latitude mountains that were glaciated during Pleistocene cold periods. In these instances, glaciers are major water and sediment sources. Their role is particularly significant during deglaciation, when meltwater transfer towards the fluvial system is greatly increased while downstream sediment evacuation is influenced by changes to glacial–fluvial connectivity and basin-wide sediment storage. This means that discharge and sediment flux do not always respond simultaneously, which can lead to complex fluvial behaviour involving proglacial erosion and sedimentation and longer-term paraglacial reworking. These processes may vary spatially and temporally according to the position relative to the ice margin (ice-proximal versus ice-distal). With a focus on the catchments of Europe, this paper aims to review our understanding of glacial impacts on riversystem behaviour. We examine the methods used to unravel fluvial response to 'glacial forcing', and propose a synthesis of the behaviour of glacially-fed rivers, opening perspectives for further research.

The River Moselle is one of the main tributaries of the Rhine, connecting the Vosges Massif, the Paris Basin and the Rhenish Massif. Research on fluvial archives preserved along the Moselle and Rhine valleys led to the recognition of well-developed fluvial terrace staircases, whose formation is the result of climate and tectonic forcing. The chronostratigraphical framework of these fluvial terraces was recently improved by applying luminescence dating methods, enabling a more reliable correlation of the Middle and Upper Pleistocene terraces for the River Moselle and the Middle Rhine valley (Rhenish Massif). The Moselle fluvial archives were morphologically, sedimentologically and chronologically studied in the Paris Basin and in the southwestern Rhenish Massif (area of Trier, Germany). They include eight middle and lower fluvial terraces, correlating with the middle and upper Pleistocene cold periods. All these fluvial terraces (except that formed during the Weichselian Early and Middle Pleniglacial) can be correlated with the seven youngest fluvial terraces recognized in the Middle Rhine. Minor differences in the elevation of contemporaneous terraces suggest differential uplift rates in both valleys: while the Neuwied tectonic basin (Middle Rhine area) presents a similar fluvial terrace system as the Moselle for the Middle and Upper Pleistocene, the other parts of the Middle Rhine valley showed greater uplift between 600 and 350 ky, coinciding with the development of intensive volcanic activity in the Eifel, which continued until recently. La Moselle est l’un des principaux affluents du Rhin, reliant le Massif vosgien, le Bassin parisien et le Massif schisteux Rhénan. Les recherches récentes menées sur les archives fluviales des deux cours d’eau ont abouti à la reconnaissance de terrasses alluviales étagées bien préservées, dont la formation résulte à la fois d’un forçage interne et de l’influence climatique. Le calage chronologique des dépôts a été récemment amélioré par le recours à des datations absolues par luminescence, permettant une meilleure corrélation des terrasses alluviales du Pléistocène moyen et supérieur de la Moselle avec celles du Rhin, en particulier dans le Massif schisteux (Rhin moyen). Huit moyennes et basses terrasses alluviales de la Moselle ont été distinguées sur la base d’analyses morphologiques, sédimentologiques et chronologiques, et rapportées aux périodes froides du Pléistocène moyen et supérieur. Ces terrasses alluviales (sauf celle du début et du milieu Pléniglaciaire weichsélien) peuvent être corrélées avec les sept terrasses alluviales les plus récentes préservées dans le Rhin moyen. Des différences dans l’altitude relative de terrasses alluviales contemporaines indiquent que les phases d’incision peuvent être associées à des vitesses de soulèvement inégales d’une vallée à l’autre. Ainsi, alors que le bassin tectonique de Neuwied présente pour le Pléistocène moyen et supérieur un système de terrasses alluviales comparable à celui de la Moselle dans la région de Trèves, les autres sections de la moyenne vallée du Rhin témoignent d’un soulèvement plus marqué entre 600 et 350 ka, c’est-à-dire au moment où le volcanisme de l’Eifel était actif.

This paper reviews the diversity of relationships between river evolution and karstogenesis. It also underlines the fundamental role of numerical dating methods (e.g. cosmogenic nuclides) applied to sedimentary sequences in tiered cave passages as they have provided new insights into these complex interactions. Although karst terrain is widespread worldwide, we focus on European karst catchments, where the sedimentary records are especially well preserved. We review the recent dating of fluvial sediments and speleothems, to examine the timing of karstification, incision and deposition in cave levels. The most complete alluvial records occur in tectonically uplifted high mountains where some of the oldest sediment fills date to the Miocene. Evidence indicates that not only uplift, but also climatic conditions and fluvial dynamics (e.g. knickpoint retreat, increased channel flow and/or sediment load, and stream piracies) can play a major role in speleogenesis and geomorphological evolution. In evaporite rocks, speleogenesis is characterized by rapid dissolution and subsidence. In European catchments, gypsum cave development largely occurred during cold climate periods, while limestone caves formed during warm interglacial or interstadial phases. Our synthesis is used to propose four models of fluvial and karst evolution, and highlight perspectives for further research.

This paper focuses upon the youngest terraces of the Moselle and its tributary the Meurthe (NE France and SW Germany). It includes research on several sections, in particular the key sections of Golbey-Pre Droue and Thornich-Hochrech (located in the vicinity of the Vosges Massif and in the Rhenish Massif, respectively), and the use of the Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating method. Our investigations made it possible to obtain a more robust chronostratigraphical framework and to update the previous model of fluvial response to climate change. The results demonstrate that the Moselle terrace M3 (first terrace formed after the capture of the Upper Moselle by the Palaeo-Meurthe) has the same age from the Vosges to the Rhenish Massif. The formation of this terrace included two main periods of sedimentation attributed to the Late Saalian (MIS 6) and the Early Weichselian (MIS 5), respectively. They were separated by a major episode of fluvial erosion that may be allocated to the MIS 6–5 transition on the basis of chronological and sedimentological evidence. This erosion led to the removal of most of the MIS 6 deposits, whereas the MIS 5 deposits have been widely preserved following the subsequent (MIS 5–4) terrace incision. This evolution somewhat contrasts with that observed in the Sarre valley, the main tributary of the Moselle, and with many fluvial systems in western Europe, which show better preservation of deposits from cold periods. This atypical behaviour is explained by the relationship between the fluvial evolution and the glaciers covering the upper Moselle catchment (Vosges Massif) during the Pleistocene cold periods.

The aim of this paper is to study a low energy fluvial system response to natural and anthropogenic forcing during the last two millennia. In contrast with longer timescales (Holocene to Quaternary), historical sedimentary archives are sparse in such systems which are typically characterized by the predominance of erosion compared with aggradation. We studied three main sections in the Moselle valley (northeastern France) by a multi-proxy approach combining morphology, sedimentology, archaeological evidence, historical archives, and dating. The geochronological framework was based on Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) and validated by independent age control. The exposed sediments were allocated to different historical periods from Roman period to present. The first results show that, in contrast with many other fluvial systems, the Moselle and its tributaries did not experience major changes during historical periods. Climatic changes such as the Little Ice Age had a minor influence on floodplain aggradation (e.g. in grain size or sedimentation rates) in the Moselle valley and were only able to affect the fluvial style. This provides evidence that the reworking of sediments is the main fluvial process at short timescales in the valley floors of the Moselle catchment. In contrast, anthropogenic forcing seems important not only during recent centuries but also since Roman times. This is suggested by the case-study of the Metz-Mazelle section where significant headward erosion and sedimentation were recognized, and may be related to human occupation. The results therefore point to a need for increasing geoarchaeological and geochronological research in the Moselle catchment and similar low energy fluvial systems. Such research is actually essential to improve the knowledge of the fluvial response to environmental changes during the historical periods and to recognize the respective influence of natural variability and human forcing. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This paper focuses upon the Pleistocene terraces of the Sarre River, a right bank tributary of the Moselle River (NE France and SW Germany) flowing through the Vosges Massif, the eastern Paris Basin and the Rhenish Massif. Recent research has allowed the recognition of 12 well preserved alluvial terraces (Sa1 youngest to Sa12 oldest) between the present floodplain Sa0 and + 120 m relative height. The youngest terraces were dated using Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL). A first chronological framework was also provided for older terraces by Electron-Spin-Resonance (ESR) dating. The ages range between the end of the Early Pleistocene and the last glacial–interglacial cycle of the Late Pleistocene (ca. 1.1 Ma to 50 ka). Age ranges are consistent with the terrace elevation and stratigraphy, allowing correlation of the youngest terraces with established global climate cycles and with the younger terraces in the Moselle valley. In particular, an erosional period was recognised at the end of the Saalian, (end of MIS 6) suggesting that the terrace incision occurred at the cold-to-warm transition. This result contrasts with those obtained for the Moselle and Meurthe Rivers, where previous studies suggest that major incision took place at the beginning of the cold periods. The differences are attributed to a variable fluvial response to climate change which could relate to the presence or absence of glaciers in the upper catchment.

The terrace systems of the River Meurthe (Me), and the River Moselle (M) downstream from the present Moselle-Meurthe confluence are composed of eight stepped alluvial terraces (Me8-M8 to Me1-M1), situated at less than 90 m above the modern floodplain Me0-M0. Morphological, mineralogical and petrographical studies evidence that the oldest five terraces (Me8-M8 to Me4-M4) were formed by the "Palaeo-Meurthe", while the Upper Moselle flowed towards the Meuse valley. Downstream from the confluence, the three youngest alluvial terraces (Me3-M3 to Me1-M1) contain crystalline sediments from the Upper Moselle basin; they have been formed since the Upper Moselle capture, dated about 250-270 ka before present. IRSL and radiocarbon datings provide independent absolute age control for these post-capture terraces, which respectively correlate with the end of the Saalian (Me3-M3) and the Weichselian (Me2-M2 and Me1-M1).The constant relative height of the terraces between France, Luxemburg and Germany gives evidences that there was no differenciated tectonic movements along the valley since at least the capture.A cyclic evolution scheme for the formation of the terraces is presented. The main gravel sedimentation occurred during cold periods (pleniglacial and late glacial phases), with a minor erosive period at the beginning of late glacial periods. Major incision occurs at the warm-to-cold transition. Les vallées de la Meurthe (Me), et de la Moselle en aval de la confluence avec la Meurthe (M), présentent, à travers le Bassin parisien et le Massif schisteux rhénan, huit terrasses alluviales (Me8-M8 à Me1-M1) étagées à moins de 90 m au-dessus du fond de vallée Me0-M0. Les analyses morphologiques et sédimentologiques (minéralogie et pétrographie) indiquent que les terrasses alluviales les plus anciennes (Me8-M8 à Me4-M4) ont été déposées par la Paléo-Meurthe alors que la Haute-Moselle s'écoulait vers la Meuse. En revanche, les terrasses alluviales plus récentes (Me3-M3 à Me0-M0) contiennent, en aval de la confluence Moselle-Meurthe, de nombreux éléments cristallins provenant du bassin supérieur de la Moselle ; elles ont été mises en place après la capture de la Haute-Moselle survenue vers 250-270 ka (OIS 8). Les datations IRSL et 14C montrent que ces terrasses datent respectivement de la fin du Saalien (Me3-M3) et du Weichselien (Me2-M2 et Me1-M1).Le parallélisme des terrasses (et en particulier des terrasses encadrant la capture Me4-M4 et Me3-M3) en France, au Luxembourg et en Allemagne montre qu'aucun soulèvement tectonique différenciel n'est survenu le long de la vallée depuis au moins la capture.La genèse des terrasses alluviales semble s'effectuer de manière cyclique ; la sédimentation aurait lieu principalement lors des phases pléniglaciaires et tardiglaciaires du cycle climatique, avec une phase érosive mineure en début de phase tardiglaciaire ; l'incision majeure responsable de l'étagement des terrasses surviendrait durant la transition interglaciaire-pléniglaciaire.

U/Th ages of speleothems from the stepped-karst systems of Poissons, Cousances, and Rupt du Puits, are decreasing to the north Such a dia- chronous karstification is linked to the erosional retreat of the Infra-Cretaceous cover of clay and sand, and to the incision of the rivers in Tithonian limestones Fluvial paleoforms and alluvial formations record 7, 10 and 1 1 incision stages, respectively in the valleys of the Marne, Saulx and Ornain rivers These stages are grouped into 4 major incision episodes, which occurred either before (very old episode D and old episode C), or after (intermediate episode B and recent episode A) the capture of the Ornain-Saulx paleonver towards the Marne The karstic system of Poissons, older than 400 000 years, was reactivated during the D-incision episode, when wide but shallow valleys were encased into the Infra-Cretaceous exhumed surface of the Barrois Plateau The oldest karstic features of Cousances ("viailles") occurred during incision- episode C, when narrow Pleistocene valleys were deeply entrenched into the previous valley system Later shafts of the karst system of Cousances were shaped before circa 100 000 years, the approximate age of the first alluvial sediment of the Marne River deposited after the piracy of the Ornain-Saulx (B episode) U/Th and 14C ages of the active karst system of a tributary of the Saulx nver, the Rupt du Puits, range within the Ocean Oxygen Isotope stages 2 and 1 (A-episode) From these data, the capture of the Ornain-Saulx paleonver occurred probably during Ocean Oxygen Isotope stage 6 Incision rates after this capture reach about 20-25 cm/ka in the clay of the Gault Formation near the elbow of the captured nver (Perthois), and only 7,5 cm/ka in the Tithonian limestones of the Barrois region, Les études du groupe de géoprospective de l'Andra (Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets RadioActifs) apportent de nouvelles données sur le creusement des vallées de la Marne, de la Saulx et de l'Ornain et la karstification des calcaires tithoniens du Barrois. Les datations U/Th sur spéléothèmes obtenues dans les trois systèmes karstiques étages de Poissons, de Cousances et du Rupt du Puits, indiquent des âges de plus en plus récents vers le nord, témoignant d'une karstification diachrone, en fonction du recul de la couverture sablo-argileuse du Crétacé inférieur et de l'incision des cours d'eau dans les calcaires tithoniens. Dans les vallées de la Marne, de la Saulx et de l'Ornain, les paléoformes fluviatiles du Barrois et des formations alluviales ont permis de reconstituer respectivement 7, 10 et 11 stades d' incision, regroupés en 4 episodes principaux anterieurs (épisodes très ancien D et ancien C) et postérieurs (épisodes intermédiaire B et récent A) a la capture de l'Ornain/Saulx vers la Marne. Le karst de Poissons (Marne), antérieur à 400 000 ans, a été réactivé pendant l'épisode D, lors du façonnement des larges paléovallées peu encaissées situées en contrebas de la surface infracrétacée exhumée et conservée sur le plateau du Barrois. Les structures les plus anciennes du karst de la Cousances (Marne) sont contemporaines des stades d'incision de l'épisode C, marqué par un important creusement pléistocène effectué dans des vallées encaissées. Les puits du karst de la Cousances, plus récents, sont structurés avant 100 000 ans, âge approximatif de la première formation alluviale post-capture de la vallée de la Marne (episode B). Dans le karst actif du Rupt du Puits (bassin de la Saulx, episode A), les âges U/Th et I4C se situent dans les stades isotopiques 1 et 2. Ainsi, la capture de l'Ornain-Saulx s'est vraisemblablement effectuée pendant le stade isotopique 6. Par conséquent, les taux d'incision postcapture atteignent environ de 20 à 25 cm/ka sur le site de capture (Perthois) dans les argiles du Gault, et 7,5 cm/ka dans les calcaires tithoniens du Barrois, Harmand Dominique, Lejeune Olivier, Jaillet Stéphane, Allouc Jacques, Occhietti Serge, Brulhet Jacques, Fauvel Pierre Jean, Hamelin Bruno, Laurain Michel, Le Roux Jacques, Marre Alain, Pons-Branchu Edwige, Quinif Yves, Devos Alain. Dynamique de l'érosion dans le Barrois et le Perthois (Est du Bassin de Paris) : incision et karstification dans les bassins-versants de la Marne, de la Saulx et de l'Ornain. [Dynamics of erosion in the Barrois and the Perthois regions (East of the Paris Basin) : incision and karstification in the watersheds of the Marne, Saulx and Ornain rivers.]. In: Quaternaire, vol. 15, n°4, 2004. pp. 305-318.