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Abstract: The effect of the molar ratio of hydroxide and fluoride ions to Al(III) ions ( and ) on coagulation and electrocoagulation (EC) was studied to solve the problem of the over addition of acid or base. The efficiency of defluoridation was approximately 100% when the sum of and () was close to 3. This finding reveals that the fluoride ions and the hydroxide ions can co-precipitate with Al(III) ions and the formula of the precipitate is AlnFm(OH)3n-m. However, when was less than 2.4, the defluoridation efficiency, given that , dropped as fell, because the amount of aluminum polymer formed dropped. The efficiency of defluoridation of EC exceeded that of coagulation for equal and , when , proving the existence of an electrocondensation effect. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This work employs an anodic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), to improve the flotation performance of the electrocoagulation–flotation (ECF) process to treated fluoride containing semiconductor wastewater following calcium precipitation. The dissolved fluoride ions and CaF2 particles in the wastewater after calcium precipitation were effectively removed in the ECF process simultaneously. The dosage of SDS required for ECF was much less than those for dispersed air flotation (DiAF) or dissolved air flotation (DAF) processes because the CaF2 particles can be collected by hydro–fluoro–aluminum flocs in ECF. Thus, SDS only served as a frother to make the bubbles tiny and stable in the ECF defluoridation process. The interference of co-existing anions can be overcome by increasing the dosage of calcium ions and SDS. The optimum initial acidity for ECF is close to the initial fluoride concentration after calcium precipitation; the amount of SS removed dropped rapidly if the initial acidity exceeded the optimal value because the surface charge of the hydro–fluoro–aluminum particles increased. The initial acidity of the wastewater after calcium precipitation can be modified by changing the [Ca(OH)2]/[Ca2+]T ratio and the appropriate ratio is approximately given by the acid dissociation constant of hydrofluoric acid and the initial pH of the wastewater before calcium precipitation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Batch experiments with bipolar aluminum electrodes and potentiodynamic polarization tests with monopolar systems were conducted to investigate the effects of the type and concentration of co-existing anions on defluoridation in electrocoagulation (EC) process. The results demonstrate that the type of the dominant anion directs the EC defluoridation reaction. The defluoridation efficiency was almost 100% and most of the fluoride removal reaction occurred on the surface of the anode in the solution without the co-existing anions, due to the electro-condensation effect. In the solutions with co-existing anions, most of the defluoridation took place in bulk solution. The residual fluoride concentration is a function of the total mass of Al(III) liberation from anodes and the types of the functions in the solutions with and without co-existing anions are different. The existence of sulfate ions inhibits the localized corrosion of aluminum electrodes, leading to lower defluoridation efficiency because of lower current efficiency. The presence of chloride or nitrate ions prevented the inhibition of sulfate ions, and the chloride ions were more efficient. Different corrosion types occurred in different anion-containing solutions and the form of corrosion affected the kinetic over-potential. The bypass flow causes the decrease of current efficiency and the proportion of the bypass flow of current increased due to a rise of the kinetic over potential and the conductivity of the solution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]