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The effect of genotype (G), growing environment (E), and their interaction (G×E) on the antioxidant properties and chemical compositions were investigated using the flour samples of 10 wheat varieties grown in four different locations in Maryland. Lutein content of wheat flour ranged from 0.10 to 0.69 μg/g, and α-tocopherol ranged from 0.12 to 0.83 μg/g. Total carotenoids were primarily affected by E (45.7%), while G×E interaction had a larger effect on the level of total tocopherols (71.6%). E had the largest effect on antioxidant activity against oxygen, hydroxyl, and ABTS(·+) radicals. G had the least influence on the measured phytochemicals and antioxidant activity assays. Total carotenoids had a significant correlation with average low air temperature (r=0.359, p<0.01) as well as precipitation level (r=0.214, p<0.01). ABTS(·+) radical scavenging capacity had a positive correlation with average air temperature (r=0.705, p<0.01), while hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity had a negative correlation with temperature (r=-0.269. p<0.01). These results show that environment, genotype, and their interaction could influence the levels of lipophilic antioxidants and antioxidant activities of wheat flour., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Ten soft wheat varieties grown in Maryland were compared for their phytochemical compositions, antioxidant properties and antiproliferative activities. Free radical scavenging capacities were examined against DPPH(·), oxygen, hydroxyl and ABTS(·+) radicals. Significant radical scavenging capacities were detected in all wheat flour extracts. Total phenolic content ranged from 1.66 to 2.01 mg of GAE/g wheat flour. The wheat flours contained 172.91-297.55 μg/g insoluble bound ferulic acid, contributing 89.74-94.29% of total ferulic acid on a per weight basis. The concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin were 0.27-0.46 and 0.08-0.13 μg/g, respectively. In addition, the wheat flours had 0.30-0.59 and 0.07-0.29 μg/g α- and δ-tocopherols, respectively. Four wheat flour extracts were further examined for their antiproliferative activities. The Jamestown wheat flour showed significant antiproliferative activity against both HT-29 and Caco-2 colon cancer cells at the initial treatment concentration of 50 mg flour equivalents/ml, while USG3555 flour showed inhibitive effect only in HT-29 cancer cells, suggesting the different and possible selective antiproliferative property of the wheat flours. These results may be used to direct the breeding effects to produce soft winter wheat varieties with improved health properties., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Phytochemical profile (phenolic acids, carotenoids, and tocopherols) and antiproliferative properties of bread processing fractions, including the dough, crumb, and upper crust made from refined wheat and whole wheat flours were analyzed for two wheat cultivars. Ferulic acid, lutein, and α‐tocopherol were the predominant phenolic acid, carotenoid, and tocopherol, respectively, extracted from all fractions. The levels of all phytochemicals in whole wheat samples were over eightfold higher than their corresponding refined wheat samples. The concentrations of total phenolic acids (soluble and insoluble bound) were higher in the upper crust of refined (∼60–90%) and whole wheat (∼15–40%) breads than their corresponding dough fractions. However, the dough of whole wheat had higher levels of tocopherols and carotenoids compared with the crumb and upper crust, suggesting that phenolic acids were relatively stable during baking, whereas tocopherols (∼25–80%) and carotenoids (∼20–80%), were partially degraded. The antiproliferative activity of whole wheat bread extracts against HT‐29 cancer cells was weakly correlated with total phenolic acids but showed no correlations with total carotenoid and total tocopherol contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]