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Floods in India are recurring natural disasters resulting from extreme precipitation during the summer monsoon season (June–September). The recent flood in North India in July 2023 caused substantial damage to lives, agriculture, and infrastructure. However, what led to the 2023 North India flood and the role of atmospheric and land drivers still need to be examined. Using in situ observations, satellite data, and ERA5 reanalysis combined with hydrological and hydrodynamical modeling, we examine the role of land and atmospheric drivers in flood occurrence and its impacts. Extreme precipitation in a large region during 7–10 July 2023 created favorable conditions for the flood in the hilly terrains and plains of north India. More than 300 mm of precipitation fell in just 4 days, which was eight times higher than the long‐term average (2001–2022). Anomalously high moisture transport over northern India was recorded on 7 July 2023, making atmospheric conditions favorable for intense landfall. Increased column water vapor and specific humidity at different pressure levels confirmed the continuous moisture presence before the extreme rainfall that caused floods in northern India from 7 to 12 July 2023. Atmospheric and land (high antecedent soil moisture) conditions contributed to a more than 200% rise in streamflow at several gauge stations. Satellite‐based flood extent shows a considerable flood inundation that caused damage in the Sutlej and Yamuna River basins. Our findings highlight the crucial role of the favorable land and atmospheric conditions that caused floods and flash floods in north India in July 2023. Plain Language Summary: In July 2023, North India experienced a severe flood that caused significant damage to lives, agriculture, and infrastructure. However, the exact causes of this flood have yet to be examined. Using in situ, satellite, and reanalysis data, we examined the drivers of the flood. Favorable atmospheric and land conditions created a unique situation that led to a significant flood in north India. For instance, extreme precipitation during 7–10 July enhanced antecedent soil moisture conditions in the hilly and plain regions. Anomalously high moisture transport caused intense rainfall, which, combined with high soil moisture, produced high runoff and streamflow conditions. Flood inundation caused damage to the Sutlaj and Yamuna river basins. Our findings show the need to monitor soil moisture and atmospheric processes for early warning of floods in hilly regions. Key Points: The flood in North India in July 2023 caused substantial damage to lives, agriculture, and infrastructureAnomalously high moisture transport over northern India created atmospheric conditions favorable for intense landfallHigh antecedent soil moisture and extreme precipitation caused the north India flood in 2023 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of floods has increased in South Asia due to high vulnerability and exposure. The August 2022 Pakistan flood shows a glimpse of the enormity and devastation that can further rise under the warming climate. The deluge caused by the floods in 2022, which badly hit the country's southern provinces, is incomparable to any recent events in terms of the vast spatial and temporal scale. The flood event is ranked second in human mortality, while this was the top event that displaced about 33 million people in Pakistan. Using observations and climate projections, we examine the causes and implications of the 2022 flood in Pakistan. Multiday (∼15 days) extreme precipitation on wet antecedent soil moisture conditions was the primary driver of the flood in August 2022. The extreme precipitation in August was caused by two atmospheric rivers that passed over southern Pakistan. Streamflow simulations from the multiple hydrological models show that multiday extreme precipitation was the primary driver of floods. Several flood‐affected stations experienced anomalously higher flow than the upstream stations. The 2022 Pakistan flood highlights the adaptation challenges South Asia is facing along with the substantial need for climate mitigation to reduce the risk of such events. Plain Language Summary: The Pakistan flood of 2022 received a considerable attention. However, the causes and implications of the events have not been examined. Using observations, satellite data, and reanalysis products, we show that the event was caused by multiday extreme rainfall on wet antecedent conditions. The extreme rainfall was associated with the two atmospheric rivers that transported significant moisture from the Arabian Sea. The flood was primarily driven by the extreme precipitation and other factors (glacier‐melt) played a secondary role. Extreme precipitation is projected to increase in a warming climate, which highlight the strong need of adaptation and mitigation. Key Points: The southern provinces of Pakistan received more than 350% of average precipitation in July and August based on the 2001–2021 meanExtreme precipitation event in August is associated with atmospheric riversMultiday extreme precipitation was the primary driver of floods [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]