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The application of remote sensing in plant breeding is becoming a routine method for fast and non-destructive high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with sensors. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a perennial forage legume grown in more than 30 million hectares worldwide. Breeding alfalfa for herbage accumulation (HA) requires frequent and multiple phenotyping efforts, which is laborious and costly. The objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of UAV-based imagery and spatial analysis in the selection of alfalfa for HA. The alfalfa breeding population was composed of 145 full-sib and 34 half-sib families, and the experimental design was a row-column with augmented representation of controls. The experiment was established in November 2017, and HA was harvested four times between August 2018 and January 2019. A UAV equipped with a multispectral camera was used for HTP before each harvest. Four vegetation indices (VIs) were calculated from the UAVbased images: NDVI, NDRE, GNDVI, and GRVI. All VIs showed a high correlation with HA, and VIs predicted HA with moderate accuracy. HA and NDVI were used for further analyses to calculate the genetic parameters using linear mixed models. The spatial analysis had a significant effect in both dimensions (rows and columns) for HA and NDVI, resulting in improvements in the estimation of genetic parameters. Univariate models for NDVI and HA, and bivariate models, were fit to predict family performance for scenarios with various levels of HA data (simulated in silico by assigning missing values to full dataset). The bivariate models provided higher correlation among predicted values, higher coincidence for selection, and higher genetic gain even for scenarios with only 30% of HA data. Hence, HTP is a reliable and efficient method to aid alfalfa phenotyping to improve HA. Additionally, the use of spatial analysis can also improve the accuracy of selection in breeding trials. Made available in DSpace on 2022-02-04T17:00:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 27295.pdf: 9969121 bytes, checksum: a39e3b5d24979f7eb1de6fb16fd66973 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

Coffee has emerged as an economic alternative culture in the State of Acre, Brazil, but without a clonal variety recommended for the state to overcome the unevenness presented by seed crops. Thus, in order to estimate genetic parameters and indicate progenies of Coffea canephora to compose a clonal variety for the State of Acre, yield, vegetative vigor and plant height were evaluated in five harvests of a randomized complete block experiment with 46 progenies, 4 repetitions and 10 plants per plot by mixed model methodology (REML/BLUP). The harvests were evaluated individually, by the model that considers one harvest, one location and the mean of progenies, and joint analysis (all harvests), by repeatability model with stability and temporal adaptability by the harmonic mean of relative performance of genotypic values method (MHPRVG), with genotypic values of progenies grouped by the Tocher method. There was variability, with possibility of selection, only for grain yield. The yield was strongly affected by production bienniality, with high environmental influence and harvests mean ranging from 14.13±4.60 to 46.20±14.94 bags ha-1 and individual heritabilities from 0.10 to 0.44. Sixteen ?Conilon? coffee progenies with selection gains above 23% were selected. The MHPRVG method allows the refinement of progeny selection throughout the harvests, identifying the most adapted and stable. Made available in DSpace on 2020-06-17T02:05:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 27007.pdf: 559988 bytes, checksum: 9a758784d2097490e48c081c6e755ca4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Atualmente, desenvolvimento da tecnologia de análise genômica de alta resolução e alto rendimento tem a capacidade de gerar informações sobre milhões de pares de bases em um único ensaio, permitindo a detecção de variação em um único nucleotídeo de uma sequência de DNA. Este contexto possibilitou o surgimento de novas abordagens para a seleção assistida por marcadores, dentre elas os estudos de associação genômica ampla (GWAS), que visam o mapeamento genético por meio das associações entre os locos e a característica fenotípica na população e buscam detectar efeitos dos genes sobre os valores genéticos dos indivíduos; e a seleção genômica ampla (GWS), que detecta genótipos favoráveis por meio de informações genotípicas para inferir sobre os valores fenotípicos futuros, ou valores genômicos. Estas técnicas têm sido exploradas por meio de estudos de simulação e aplicação nos programas de melhoramento tradicionais para diversas culturas. Por outro lado, sua aplicação no melhoramento de forrageiras é restrita, especialmente no Brasil, porém com resultados promissores. Neste contexto, este estudo traz uma abordagem conceitual do tema sob a visão da genética quantitativa, buscando evidenciar sua aplicação no melhoramento genético de forrageiras. The development of high-resolution and high-throughput genomic analysis technology now is enable to generate information about millions of base pairs in only one test, allowing detection of single nucleotide variation in a DNA sequence. This context enabled the emergence of new approaches to marker-assisted selection, among them the Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), which aim at genetic mapping through associations between loci and phenotypic characteristics in the population and seek to detect effects of genes on the genetic values of individuals; and Genome-Wide Selection (GWS), which detects favorable genotypes through genotypic information to infer future phenotypic values, or genomic values. These techniques have been explored through simulation studies and application in traditional breeding programs in various cultures. On the other hand, its application in forages breeding is restricted, especially in Brazil, but with promising results. In this context, this study brings a conceptual approach of the subject from the perspective of quantitative genetics, seeking to highlight its application in the forages breeding. Made available in DSpace on 2020-01-07T18:13:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Selecaogenomicaampla2019.pdf: 384998 bytes, checksum: 9def860cdaa0de9e79ab2a7e3a155aa3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

The search for alternatives to increase productivity and sustainability of livestock production in the Amazon region without increasing deforestation is challenging. Mixed pastures of grasses with forage peanut (Arachis pintoi) have shown positive economic impacts. However, gaps in the knowledge of the reproductive biology of A. pintoi have limited the development of new cultivars adapted to the environmental variations in the Brazilian Amazon. Pasture consortiums of Brachiaria humidicola with forage peanuts (cv. Mandobi) resulted in a 42% increase in weight gain productivity. New cultivars better adapted to the Amazon climate should bring even greater gains. We evaluated the mating system in twenty A. pintoi accessions, and approximately 40 offspring per accession genotyped with eight microsatellites (or markers). The parameters of genetic diversity and inbreeding, the outcrossing rate and coancestry were calculated. The observed heterozygosity was significantly higher and the fixation index was significantly lower in adults compared with the offspring. The crossing rate was variable among genotypes (2 to 80%), and the mean outcrossing rate was 36%. These results indicate that pollinator presence in pastures can influence gene flow in A. pintoi more than expected. Arachis pintoi presented a mixed mating system with a predominance of selfing, and families presented inbreeding and different levels of relatedness. New strategies of genotype conservation are needed to avoid pollinator-mediated crossing between accessions. A busca por alternativas para aumentar a produtividade e a sustentabilidade da pecuária na região Amazônica sem aumentar o desmatamento é desafiadora. Pastagens consorciadas de gramíneas com amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi) têm mostrado impactos econômicos positivos. Porém, lacunas no conhecimento da biologia reprodutiva do amendoim forrageiro tem limitado o desenvolvimento de novas cultivares adaptadas as variações ambientais na Amazônia brasileira. Pastos consorciados de Brachiaria humidicola com amendoim forrageiro (cv. Mandobi) apresentaram cerca de 42% de aumento na produtividade do ganho de peso. Novas cultivares mais adaptadas ao clima amazônico, poderão trazer ganhos ainda maiores. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o sistema reprodutivo em vinte acessos de A. pintoi e aproximadamente 40 progênies por acesso, genotipadas com oito microssatélites (ou marcadores). Os parâmetros de diversidade genética e endogamia, taxa de cruzamento e coancestria foram calculados. A heterozigosidade observada foi significativamente maior e o índice de fixação foi significativamente menor nos adultos comparado às progênies. A taxa de cruzamento foi variável entre os genótipos (2 a 80%) e a média da taxa de cruzamento foi 36%. Esses resultados indicam que a presença de polinizadores em pastagens pode influenciar o fluxo gênico em A. pintoi mais do que o esperado. Arachis pintoi apresentou um sistema de cruzamento misto com predominância de autofecundação e as famílias apresentaram endogamia e diferentes níveis de parentesco. Novas estratégias de conservação de genótipos são necessárias para evitar polinizadores mediadores de cruzamento entre os acessos. Made available in DSpace on 2019-11-06T18:09:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 26897.pdf: 214750 bytes, checksum: 955aa8b15739eeb5195664af46e1b0d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

The objectives of this study were to detect genetic variability among genotypes of Brachiara humidicola, study the genetic diversity and identify redundant variables in the discrimination of hybrids. Fifteen genotypes were evaluated for morphological, agronomic and nutritive characteristics in a randomized block design with six replications, in Rio Branco, Acre. Analysis of variance was performed, followed by the Scott-Knott test. Different techniques of multivariate analysis were used to study genetic diversity. Significant differences in plant performance were observed for agronomic and morphological characteristics, but not for nutritive value. There was consistency between the different clustering techniques. Four redundant characteristics were identified hat can be discarded. The existence of divergent and superior hybrids that can be used in recurrent selection (sexual) programs or can be released as new (apomictic) cultivars after testing for animal response was confirmed. The lack of genetic variability in bromatological traits indicates the need for differentiated selection strategies.

A produtividade em bananeira é um caráter complexo que resulta da associação de diferentes fatores, influenciados pelo ambiente. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar os efeitos diretos e indiretos de características vegetativas sobre a produção de bananeira em três ciclos. O trabalho foi conduzido no campo experimental da Embrapa Acre, em Rio Branco, Acre, entre os anos de 2003 e 2006. Foram avaliados 13 genótipos de bananeira (Preciosa, Japira, Pacovan-Ken, Pacovan, BRS Platina, Prata-Anã, ST12-31, Nanicão, Grande Naine, Calipso, Ambrosia, Bucaneiro e FHIA-02), no espaçamento de 3 m x 2 m, no esquema de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. Determinaram-se a altura de plantas, diâmetro do pseudocaule, número de folhas na floração e na colheita, peso do cacho e número de pencas no cacho. Realizou-se a análise de variância para cada ciclo e estimaram-se os coeficientes de correlação fenotípicos e os coeficientes de trilha. Adotou-se como variável básica o peso do cacho, e as demais, como variáveis explicativas. O estudo dos efeitos diretos e indiretos evidenciou que o caráter produção é bastante influenciado pelo ambiente no primeiro ciclo, e, nos ciclos seguintes, a produção é muito influenciada pelas características vegetativas, principalmente número de folhas na colheita.

The objective of this study was to verify the existence of genetic variability among accessions of Arachis repens based on vegetative morphological characters, identifying those which contribute least for distinction of those accessions. Nineteen accessions were evaluated in a completely randomized design with ten replicates, established in 4-m2 plots. The traits evaluated were: basal leaflet length, basal leaflet width, apical leaflet length, apical leaflet width, petiole length, internode average length and internode diameter. The data obtained were submitted to univariate statistical analysis and accessions were grouped by the Scott-Knott test, at 1% of probability. The analysis of canonical variables and Tocher method were used to study the genetic divergence among accessions. Six heterogeneous groups were formed by Tocher method and eight groups were formed by technique of canonical variables, in which a consistency among grouping set by the different techniques used was observed. There is genetic divergence among accessions of A. repens on the basis of vegetative morphology traits, but there is the need to extend variability in Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Amendoim Forrageiro (Active Germplasm Bank of Forage Peanut). Apical leaflet length is the trait that contributes least to the accessions' distinctions, but it is important to maintain the standard cluster, and it should not be discarded.

Although alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a leguminous herbage widely used in temperate regions as animal feed, there is not much research in tropical regions to develop cultivars adapted to these environmental conditions. The utilization of adapted cultivars with adequate management practices is important to improve productivity, quality and persistence of cultivated pastures. The objectives of this study were to verify the genetic variability among alfalfa cultivars and to rank them using mixed model methodology. A total of 35 alfalfa cultivars were evaluated in the rainy and dry seasons, from 1996 to 2000, in plots of 2.8 m2 in Sertãozinho, São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. Longitudinal data of dry matter yield were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS® System. Several covariance structures were tested and the spherical spatial structure was selected. The results show that the genetic variability was statistically significant only for the dry season. Moreover, the interaction among cultivars and harvests variance was highly significant for both seasons. The empirical best linear unbiased predictions of cultivar effects were obtained, allowing for the selection of the superior cultivars MH 15, 5715, SW 8210, Rio, High, 5888, Monarca, Victoria, Florida 77 and Falcon. Crioula, the most common cultivar in Brazil, showed low forage potential in Sertãozinho. Results indicate potential for use of more productive cultivars of alfalfa to produce animal feed in tropical environments.

Objetivou-se estimar parâmetros genéticos e selecionar genótipos de amendoim forrageiro para maior cobertura do solo e produção de biomassa aérea durante o período de estabelecimento nas condições ambientais do Acre. A área experimental foi estabelecida em dezembro de 2005. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições utilizando-se 21 genótipos de amendoim forrageiro, incluindo três cultivares (Amarillo, Alqueire 1 e Belmonte). A seleção dos genótipos foi realizada considerando a cobertura do solo e a produção de matéria seca. As avaliações de cobertura do solo foram realizadas entre janeiro e outubro de 2006, em intervalos de quatro semanas. A produção de matéria seca foi mensurada 304 dias após o plantio. Os componentes de variância foram estimados pelo Método da Máxima Verossimilhança Restrita (REML) e os valores genotípicos foram preditos pelo método da Melhor Predição Linear Não-Viesada (BLUP), conforme metodologia dos modelos mistos. Verificou-se a presença de variabilidade genética para ambas as características. As herdabilidades individuais foram de magnitude mediana, com valores de 0,36 a 0,58 para as características cobertura do solo e produção de matéria seca, respectivamente. A maior variabilidade entre os genótipos para cobertura do solo ocorreu entre a 12ª e a 16ª semana após o plantio, indicando que esse intervalo é o mais adequado para a seleção de genótipos de cobertura mais rápida do solo. Os valores genotípicos para produção de matéria seca variaram de 1.609 a 4.132 kg/ha para os genótipos BRA 015083 e BRA 040550, respectivamente. Os genótipos selecionados para maior cobertura do solo e produção de biomassa aérea durante o período de estabelecimento foram Belmonte, Amarillo, BRA 040550, BRA 039187, Alqueire 1, BRA 039799 e BRA 035033.