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Copyright of South China Fisheries Science is the property of South China Fisheries Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of South China Fisheries Science is the property of South China Fisheries Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Artificial reefs can play an important role in marine fisheries management by supplementing or enhancing natural habitats. Despite their increased use in recent years, the choice of structures used at artificial reefs remains largely haphazard due to the lack of information on reef structure performance. Few studies have examined the use of different artificial reef structures by individual fish. From 2021-2022, we acoustically tagged 72 black sea bass (Centropristis striata), 34 gag (Mycteroperca mircrolepis), 27 greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili), nine almaco jack (S. rivoliana), and eight red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) on four artificial reef complexes near Cape Lookout, North Carolina, U.S. Available artificial reef structures consisted of materials of various sizes and heights made of concrete and metal. We tracked tagged fish using a fine-scale positioning system for ~100 days. Black sea bass exhibited high site fidelity to the artificial structure where we caught them, rarely moving away from that structure. The limited movement resulted in low transition probabilities; we conclude that black sea bass do not select for particular artificial structures. Gag and red snapper moved greater distances away from artificial structures and routinely moved between them. Greater amberjack and almaco jack moved the most within the complexes displaying circling behavior around individual structures and were the only species that regularly moved off the artificial reef complexes. Greater amberjack movements away from artificial sites were most commonly directed to surrounding shipwrecks. Whereas gag, red snapper, almaco jack, and greater amberjack used all available structures, they consistently selected for high relief structures, such as vessels, more than other structures. These results will be useful to managers charged with decisions on what types of structures to place at artificial reef complexes to supplement or enhance habitat for economically important fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial reefs have been widely deployed with the intention of increasing fish habitat, enhancing recreational fishery opportunities and providing socio‐economic benefits to surrounding communities. Substantial work has been done to understand the ecology of artificial reefs but the efficacy of artificial reefs as a management tool hinges on socioecological feedbacks that are not well understood. Socioecological feedbacks are difficult to discern because they depend on multiple and complex interactions between fish, fishers, managers and habitats. To better understand the net effects of artificial reefs on recreational fisheries, we conducted a literature review to catalogue effects and feedbacks of artificial reefs. Our global synthesis revealed that artificial reefs may result in a net negative effect on fish populations, at least in the short‐term, as catch‐driven effects bolstering socio‐economic objectives occur more often or at greater intensities than positive biological effects. We have highlighted important effects of artificial reefs and feedbacks that need to be accounted for when considering their deployment in fishery management. There may be unintended consequences if biological benefits from habitat‐to‐fish and fish‐to‐fish feedbacks are outweighed by population losses due to greater socio‐economic benefits from fish‐to‐fisher feedbacks. Taken in concert with their semi‐permanent nature and apparent popularity with stakeholders, a view emerges of artificial reefs possibly functioning as a 'social‐ecological trap'. This work emphasizes the need for robust assessments of the effects of artificial reefs, as well as more formal decision science approaches for implementing of these structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of temporal factors and physiochemical properties on the quantities and biomass of fish in the Thermaikos Gulf and adjacent habitats around the Pieria artificial reef complex in Northern Greece was evaluated. Data were collected from edge habitats of an artificial reef made of submerged concrete blocks located offshore of Kitros. Between 2015 and 2017, sampling excursions took place in the spring, summer, and fall of each year. The artificial reef complex is positioned 11.5 km offshore from Kitros, near the delta of the Aliakmonas River, and is influenced by freshwater from the Axios, Aliakmonas, Ludias, and Gallikos Rivers. To estimate the biomass and numbers of the primary benthopelagic commercial fish in the region, nine experimental samples were taken from 2015 to 2017, employing a bottom trawl with a mesh size of 10 mm. Each trawl sample lasted for 30 min to reduce the environmental impact of fishing in the areas under study. The sampling schedule was aligned with factors like the breeding times of the dominant species and the seasonal changes in the thermocline zone. Analysis showed seasonal differences in average abundance and biomass values across the 3 years of the study. Mullus barbatus, recognized as the most commercially significant species caught, demonstrated the greatest abundance and biomass during the second sampling season. Conversely, Pagellus erythrinus, the second most vital commercial species caught, exhibited its highest abundance in the first season and reached its peak biomass during the third sampling season. Hierarchical cluster analyses showed that the two major resulting clusters of species proliferated in numbers over the 3-year period, while undergoing a concurrent reduction in their individual sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of modern tropical marine ranching is an important means to conserve fishery resources and protect the marine ecological environment in the South China Sea, which has far-reaching significance for the conservation and scientific utilization of fishery resources in the South China Sea. Artificial reefs are one of the important tools to create marine ranching habitats. However,due to the deep water in the South China Sea,conventional reefs are difficult to play a role,whereas floating reefs can make use of the water space in the middle and upper layers,and are the best facilities to create deep water fishing grounds. This study reviews the types,functions,and application scenarios of floating fish reefs,summarizes relevant research and current status both domestically and internationally,and looks forward to the future of floating fish reefs in the South China Sea,including their role in information-based monitoring of ocean ranching,recreational fishing, conservation of upper-middle level fishery resources,and the construction of offshore ocean ranching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial reefs enhance the biological, physical, and socioeconomic processes associated with natural reefs. Omani fishermen have often used tires and old car frames to create traditional artificial reefs (TARs) that attract fish. The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Wealth, and Water Resources of the Sultanate of Oman (MAFWR) constructed ministry artificial reefs (MARs) throughout the Omani coasts. To assess fishermen's perceptions of whether MARs enhance fisheries productivity and are used effectively, a survey was conducted in North Al-Batinah with 96 fishermen. Most survey questions were answered on a 5-point Likert scale, with some asking about their personal opinions about MARs. Result showed that approximately 55% of the respondents owned TARs and 45% did not. Fishermen did not accept the idea of fishing within MAR sites, both old and new, and preferred fishing within TARs or in open waters. The results also demonstrated that fishermen mostly understood the role of MARs in boosting the yield and diversity of Wilayat fisheries. Approximately 91% of the interviewees thought that TARs were fish aggregation tools, and 88% believed TARs were fishery enhancing tools. Based on these findings, recommendations have been made to improve awareness on the role and locations of MARs. In the future, the use of MARs should be systematically regulated by the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Artificial reefs improve the yield of artisanal fishing grounds by creating habitats with enhanced productivity, similar to those of natural reefs. For an adequate definition of an artificial reef, all its pathways of interaction with the ecosystem must be quantitatively assessed. In this way, the final design will lead to an increase in the production of services. Therefore, this study presents the MEEM tool as well as the AREIT index. Through the former, it is possible to obtain different reef solutions, while the index allows the user to select the best alternative by taking into account the specific situation of the ecosystem to be enhanced. The AREIT index facilitates the decision-making process by means of a three-dimensional graphical representation, based on the three aspects of greatest relevance for the ecosystem: energy, nutrient circulation and the presence of cavities for the shelter of species, in particular those of fishing interest. The definition process ends with the application of a procedure for calculating the stability of the final design under the action of waves and currents. Overfishing and pollution have led to marine habitat degradation, and as a result, marine fisheries are now in decline. Consequently, there is a real need to enhance marine ecosystems while halting the decline of fish stocks and boosting artisanal fishing. Under these circumstances, artificial reefs (ARs) have emerged as a promising option. Nevertheless, their performance is traditionally assessed years after installation, through experimental and field observations. It is now necessary to adopt an alternative approach, adapting the design of artificial reefs to the specific characteristics of the ecosystem to be enhanced. In this way, it will be possible to determine the potential positive impacts of ARs before their installation. This paper presents a general and integrated conceptual framework to assist in the design of AR units by adopting an ecosystem ecology (EE) perspective. It consists of three main parts. In the first one, starting from an initial geometry, EE principles are used to include modifications with the aim of improving autotrophic resource pathways (additional substrata and increased nutrient circulation) and leading to a habitat enhancement (more shelter for individuals). The second part of the framework is a new dimensionless index that allows the user to select the best AR unit design from different alternatives. The potential impacts on the ecosystem in terms of energy, nutrient cycling and shelter are considered for such a purpose. Finally, a general hydrodynamic methodology to study the stability of the selected AR unit design, considering the effect of high waves under severe storms, is proposed. The framework is applied through a case study for Galician estuaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial reefs are deployed for a variety of reasons, often to enhance the productivity of commercial or recreational fisheries. Threatened, endangered or protected (TEP) species are generally not the target of artificial reef programs, but may interact with the structures, raising questions as to whether the reefs might provide resources, or represent a threat due to aggregated fishing pressure. A comprehensive acoustic tagging program of White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) has been running along the east-coast of Australia since 2015. At the same time, monitoring programs, including the installation of acoustic listening stations, were undertaken at seven artificial reefs. This provided the opportunity to monitor interactions between this TEP species and artificial reefs. We recorded 590 interactions from 199 different White Sharks over a four-year period. Most interactions were short, with a mean duration of 14 min and 90% lasting less than 40 min. When the duration of interactions was modelled against a suite of environmental and biological predictor variables, only Chl-a and shark length were influential, but resulted in only very small changes (< 10 min) in the duration of interactions across their range of values. There were temporal trends regarding the frequency of interactions, these were consistent with previously described migration patterns of the eastern Australasian population. Visits were more common at artificial reefs at southern latitudes during summer to autumn, and northern latitudes during winter. There was no evidence of any shark becoming resident at one of the structures, given the short duration of interactions, it is unlikely aggregated fishing pressure at artificial reefs pose a threat to White Sharks. The interactions are likely driven by their inquisitive nature and the timing related to broad scale migratory movements. This study highlights the usefulness of acoustic telemetry networks in monitoring interactions between artificial reefs and TEP species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gray triggerfish (Balistes capriscus) is a common resident of reef habitats in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is targeted by fishermen and recently considered not overfished. However, stock status is highly dependent on indirect mortality estimates from sport and commercial fishery landings that may have errors. To enhance management efforts, we used acoustic telemetry to directly estimate fishing mortality (F), natural mortality (M), and total mortality (Z) for gray triggerfish on artificial reefs in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Over the study period, 30 fish emigrated, 4 fish were caught by fishermen, 4 fish died of natural causes, 8 fish were active when their transmitter battery expired, and 3 fish were still active at the end of the study. Annual F was 0.23 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.07-0.50) and was lower than in past stock assessments. This rate indicates that earlier management efforts were successful. However, our F estimate is possibly greater than a recent management goal of 0.17 based on a 30% spawning potential ratio. Therefore, gray triggerfish stocks may still be experiencing overfishing. Annual M was 0.25 (95% CI: 0.07-0.57) and supports the management applied M of 0.28. Annual Z was 0.48 (95% CI: 0.18-0.85), which was not considered sustainable under the most recent stock assessment and supports the management decision to increase fishery restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about artificial reefs in the Canary Islands from 1983 to 2021. These reefs are used to improve fishing and protect areas of ecological and fishing interest. However, if not properly managed, they can promote overexploitation of aggregated species. In the Canary Islands, there are six areas of artificial reefs located in La Palma, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, and Fuerteventura. These reefs are composed of attraction-aggregation modules and some structures to prevent trawling. It is suggested to implement strict regulation of fishing fleet access to the reefs and raise awareness among fishermen about their importance. [Extracted from the article]

Fisheries and urban marine ecology meet within the world's densely populated estuaries and coasts, where the imperative of dredging, construction and catchment modification occurs alongside the socio-economic characteristics of urban communities. Estuarine fisheries in urban areas have often shifted away from commercial harvest towards recreational fishing, fuelled by a diverse range of motivational factors. These systems are thus often dominated by recreational and subsistence fisheries, with the fisheries system variously impacted by eutrophication, contamination and pollution, altered trophic structure, habitat loss and hard structure. Urban marine ecosystems may be distinguished by the absence of spawning by exploited finfish, coupled with the gradual loss of environmental signals for recruitment, reduced larval supply and loss of nursery habitats for juveniles, but alongside an abundance of hard structure habitats for adults. The shift from commercial fishing to preferential harvest of more predatory "sportfish" means that the historical trophic structure has shifted towards lower trophic levels (e.g. prawns, detritivores, planktivores). We outline urban estuarine fisheries ecology as a developing paradigm defined by the unique ecological attributes of urbanised estuaries, the socio-economic objectives of fishers therein, and bottlenecks to productivity of the species they exploit. We identify goals for future research and management and illustrate these concepts through discussion of stock enhancement with a large estuarine predatory fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial reefs (ARs) are one of the most popular means of supporting marine ecosystem conservation and coastal fisheries, particularly in developing countries. However, ARs generate complex socio-bio-economic interactions that require careful evaluation. This is particularly the case for ARs outside no-take zones, where fish might be subject to enhanced exploitation due to easier catchability. Here, we conducted an interdisciplinary study on how ARs impact fish and fishing yields, combining mathematical and sociological approaches. Both approaches converge to confirm that fishery yields decline when ARs are exploited as if they were open access areas. This situation typically occurs in areas with weak governance and/or high levels of illegal fishing activity, both of which are common in many developing countries. To avoid these adverse effects and their associated ecological consequences, we recommend prioritizing the onset of a long-term surveillance system against illegal fishing activities, and adapting design and location of the ARs based on both and local and academic knowledge, before the deployment of ARs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine restoration using artificial reef modules can contribute to fisheries sustainability but needs community support. We used contingent valuation to assess the acceptance of a marine restoration project involving artificial reef modules among the fishing community of Veraval in the state of Gujarat in Western India. We surveyed 205 fisherfolk, assessing both willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to commit time (WTCT) to support the restoration project. We found that more respondents were willing to commit time to the project than money and the monetized value of time was 4–14 times more than the stated value in cash. We recorded 33% protest responses, primarily from higher income, experienced boat owners who argued that the government should bear the costs of such a project. Conversely, the program found greater support among younger fishers and owners of mechanized crafts. Results suggested that WTP and WTCT were related to experience, perception of fishing providing enough income, the outlook of prioritizing needs of future generations over current needs, and the perception of people outside the fishing industry. By assessing both time and money contributions, managers can fully explore the factors driving support for conservation programs, identify target groups, and increase community engagement. • Contingent valuation of reef modules to assess preferences towards marine restoration among fisherfolk in Gujarat, India. • More fisherfolk were willing to contribute time (WTCT) than willing to pay (WTP) for the restoration project. • Younger fishers and owners of mechanized crafts supported the project the most. • WTP and WTCT were related to respondents' economics, fisheries outlook, values, governance perceptions and social norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial reefs (ARs) are submerged breakwaters that serve several purposes. They consist mainly of prefabricated concrete blocks of cubic or cylindrical shapes with holes of varying diameter and depth, placed on the seabed and aiming to enrich the marine life of a given area. They provide shelter and facilitate the attraction of several species, thus increasing the commercial and non-commercial fisheries resources in the surrounding area. They also protect the local coastline and increase the environmental value of the area where they are situated. The suitability of the area of installation is carefully determined and depends on the substrate type, type inclination wave action, a number of physiochemical water column parameters, and the vicinity of natural reefs and Posidonia oceanica meadows. Limited research has been done on the influence of the submergence and the length of the reef slope on the breaker type, even though this is important for the design of the reef in terms of surfability. A preliminary design was achieved step by step, making use of the theory and state of the art of multi-functional ARs (Voorde et al. 2009a, 2009b). This paper describes the numerical study conducted to analyze the influences of three main relevant parameters in the vertical plane, namely the following: the submergence, the length of the crest of the reef, and the porosity of the reef. The investigation was conducted using the COBRAS numerical wave model, Liu et al. (1999), Liu et al. (2000), Garcia et al. (2004), Koutandos (2006a), Koutandos (2006b), and Koutandos (2017) in the vertical plane, and the main results and conclusions are described and presented herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes to fisheries that result from offshore wind farm (OWF) installations may be considered good or bad depending on various stakeholders' perspectives. OWFs can act as artificial reefs that may benefit secondary fish production, but such effects may also have ecological consequences. The fisheries exclusion effect that turns some OWFs into no-go areas, hence effectively no-take zones, could provide resource enhancements or redistribution. However, the displacement of fishing effort may have consequences to fisheries elsewhere. Changes in the sensory environment related to sound, as well as electromagnetic fields and physical alterations of current and wind wakes, may have as yet unknown impacts on fisheries resources. Understanding the interactions among effect type, OWF development phase, and spatiotemporal population dynamics of commercial and recreational species remains challenging, exemplified by the commercial fishery lobster genus Homarus in European and North American waters. While knowledge of the interactions between resource species and OWFs is improving, there remain questions on the wider interaction between and consequences of OWFs and fisheries. Studies of this wider relevance should aim to improve understanding of the economic and societal impacts of OWFs linked to ecosystem services that support fisheries. Furthermore, assisting fisheries management and providing advice requires monitoring and survey data collection at appropriate spatiotemporal scales. This information will help to determine whether OWFs have any meaningful impact on regional fisheries, and increased investments will be needed to target scientifically appropriate monitoring of OWFs and fisheries, which is supported by better integrated policy and regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particulate organic matters (POMs) are small (<1 mm in diameter) and disperse or accumulate along water flow. Their interaction with an artificial reef (AR) is important because it characterises POM accumulation around an AR, where high productivity can be expected. We therefore investigated the spatial distribution characteristics of POMs for three types of ARs (box-type, cylindrical-type, and hemispherical-type), using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). As a result, the distribution patterns of POM particles were clearly distinguished according to the shape of the ARs. The accumulation of POM particles on the analysis plane was highest in the cylindrical-type AR, followed by the box-type and hemispherical-type ARs. Many POM particles were distributed in regions where the turbulence energy was strong. The larger the diameter and density of the POM particles were, the closer they tended to be in regions with strong vorticity. Based on the distribution and behavioural characteristics of the POM particles, e.g., thick region, empty region, transport limit line, main layer, and column, it is possible to determine the placement model for marine fisheries, such as ARs. Therefore, it is possible to create a POM pool that can form the basis of the marine ecosystem by using marine fishing facilities. [Display omitted] • We investigated particulate organic matter (POM) particles around artificial reefs. • POM particle accumulation differed according to the shape of artificial reef (AR). • POM particles could not pass through the z-vorticity made by a cylindrical-type AR. • POM particles were concentrated in regions where the turbulence energy was strong. • Those characteristics of POM particles can be useful to create an AR placement model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current expansion in offshore wind farm (OWF) development is resulting in increased spatial conflicts with other uses. In the North Sea, marine spatial planning (MSP) processes include co-existence strategies, with co-location between fisheries and offshore wind farms often discussed. However, current legal regulations and the lack of adequate scientific evidence to document economic viability of proposed passive gears, coupled with uncertainties regarding the implementation approach, continue to limit progress in developing co-location solutions. We synthesized current regulations and practices relevant to offshore wind farms and fisheries and conducted spatial-temporal overlap analysis of pot and trap fisheries targeting crustaceans in offshore wind farms to understand their potential for co-location. Our results showed the largest potential for co-location of pot and trap fisheries targeting crustaceans is located in OWFs that already exist or will be constructed until 2030. We also identified 1) gaps in fisheries and (OWF) regulations and 2) sector challenges that hindered the successful implementation of fisheries and offshore wind farm co-location. We discuss and recommend enabling conditions, including more science-based evidence on socio-economic and ecological viability of passive fisheries in offshore areas. Experiments on pot and trap gear safety and spillover evidence of artificial reef effects (AREs) are needed to inform the implementation of new safety distances and economically beneficial passive fisheries. Finally, we highlight needs for new insurance regimes and straightforward funding provision to support transitions to co-location and absorb the shocks from mobile fisheries displacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yoon, J.-S.; Lee, B.W.; Ko, D.; Lee, U.-J.; Lee, D., and Ha, T., 2023. Using local scour around artificial reefs to prevent illegal fishing on the northwestern coast of South Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 66-70. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Artificial reefs have been proven to be effective in preventing illegal fishing by unspecified and unapproved fishing vessels, and resulted in protecting Korean coastal fisheries resources, and improving the income of local fishermen. When artificial reefs are installed on real topography, however, local scour occurring near the reefs affects the structural stability of the reefs. Therefore, it is required to analyze flow characteristics and probable erosion around the reefs using appropriate methods such as numerical modeling and physical experiments before the installation. In this study, a series of hydraulic model tests were performed to identify the local scour characteristics of three-types of artificial reefs planning to be installed in the vicinity of Yeonpyeong-Do and Daecheong-Do located on the northwestern coast of South Korea. For the hydraulic model tests, a 3-dimensional design was conducted with a scale of 1:50, and the local scour occurring around the artificial reefs was observed under different irregular wave conditions in the wave flume. As a result, the characteristics of local scour for 50-year and 100-year design waves in Yeonpyeong-Do and Daecheong-Do were analyzed using the maximum scour depth that occurred around the different artificial reefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish are the part of marine ecosystem and play an important role as contributors of nutrients and dependent on the ecosystem which is affected by the parameters to provide the right conditions for reproduction. Artificial reefs were being applied as an approach to sustain food security. Food security is a major concern for all countries in the face of population increase and diminishing water supplies including in the fisheries sector. Hence, artificial reefs become one of the methods to improve the preservation of fish supplies. Suitable environment for fish ground breeding area need to be identified in order to place the artificial reef. Therefore, this study is proposed to locate the potential fish ground breeding area in Terengganu, Malaysia based on localized criteria which is suitable to place the artificial reefs by examining the parameters in the area. Parameters that have been studied were water temperature, water salinity, water acidity, chlorophyll concentration and dissolve oxygen. Those parameters have their own criteria that represent the suitability for fish population. Localized data have been applied in order to analyse and support localized criteria for this study area. To locate the potential fish ground breeding area, Geographic Information System (GIS), Multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), Spatial Interpolation and Weighted Analysis have been applied. For MCDA, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been used to get the weightage of the parameters by running Pairwise Comparisons between the selected parameters using AHP software, Expert Choice. Then, those parameters weightage were applied in weighted analysis to identify the potential ground breeding area. At the end of this study, final map showing the location for fish ground breeding area. The final output resulted potential location for fish ground breeding area in four classes which are very high, high, medium and low potential area. This study may facilitate the decision makers to place the artificial reefs in potential area to increase fish population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to describe the ethnoecological aspects, valorization, and commercialization of target species caught by artisanal fishers on the northern coast of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. The data were obtained through semi-structured interviews conducted with 60 fishers from the fishing community of Guaxindiba (21°29'S, 41°00'W), which is associated with the Z-1 fishers' colony. Eighty-nine species were cited by the fishers and 44.1% are important commercial fish in the region. The fishers cited five distinct zones used to fish: border zone (68 species), estuary (41 spp.), artificial reef (27 spp.), "malacacheta" (24 spp.), and open ocean (10 spp.). The fishery resources were classified according to their gastronomic and economic characteristics: primary fish (35 spp.), secondary fish (32 spp.), mixed fish (10 spp.), discarded fish (7 spp.), and fish used as bait (5 spp.). The price of the target species increases along the production chain due to the greater number of people involved, processing costs, and improvement of the product. The data from this study can contribute to local fisheries management and point out to the use of artificial reefs in the maintenance of fishery resources in northern Rio de Janeiro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Artificial reefs, a common management tool for stock enhancement of recreational fisheries and marine habitat restoration, have been deployed all over the world. However, little is known about the attractiveness of artificial compared to natural reefs to reef fishes. Here we investigated the habitat preferences of three reef fish species: Trachinops caudimaculatus, Vincentia conspersa and Trinorfoklia clarkei through the observation of recruitment patterns to three study habitats: Reef Ball reefs, custom-designed artificial reefs, and natural reefs in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Additionally, we examined habitat preferences of new recruits of T. caudimaculatus and V. conspersa using laboratory-based habitat choice experiments. In general, T. caudimaculatus recruitment was at least twice as high on natural reefs compared to both artificial reefs, whereas V. conspersa recruitment was almost three times greater on Reef Ball reefs compared to the other two habitats. T. clarkei recruited in equal numbers across all habitats. However, in the laboratory experiments T. caudimaculatus recruits selected the Reef Ball reef almost three times as often as the other two habitats, while V. conspersa exhibited no habitat preference. Little is known about the growth, condition, survival or reproduction of individuals that occupy artificial reefs. In areas where habitat is not limiting, the higher preference or equal attractiveness of some artificial habitats may negatively influence fish populations, if larvae are redirected to poorer quality artificial reef habitat, that lead to lower fitness advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • We observed the fish distribution around an artificial reef field from 930 camera deployments. • We modelled the distribution of fish in both the pelagic and epi-benthic zone. • Fish had a close association with the reef, but the structure still created a biological footprint three times the size of the artificial reef. Abstract The deployment of artificial reef systems is rapidly increasing, typically using modules constructed from concrete or steel in a "reef-field" configuration. Such reefs provide habitat for a range of pelagic and benthic reef-associated fish species, yet little is understood of how the configuration of reef fields may affect the distribution of fish. Observations of fish from 930 camera deployments were used to model the assemblage distribution over a distance of 500 m from the reef field. Differences existed between fish assemblages within the water column to those observed near the bottom. Modelled distributions showed a clear effect of distance from the reef for fish both in the water column and the bottom, where there was generally a close association with the reef. Clusters of modules were spaced 50 m apart which appears to have created a contiguous fish assemblage across the reef field, yet there was evidence some species favoured certain regions of the reef, which may be related to feeding on allochthonous food sources. Based upon a threshold of 10% of maximum modelled spatial abundance, the reef layout created a biological footprint of 17,500 m2, three times the size of the reef itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of aquaculture–environment interactions is essential for the development of a sustainable aquaculture industry and efficient marine spatial planning. The effects of fish and shellfish farming on sessile wild populations, particularly infauna, have been studied intensively. Mobile fauna, including crustaceans, fish, birds and marine mammals, also interact with aquaculture operations, but the interactions are more complex and these animals may be attracted to (attraction) or show an aversion to (repulsion) farm operations with various degrees of effects. This review outlines the main mechanisms and effects of attraction and repulsion of wild animals to/from marine finfish cage and bivalve aquaculture, with a focus on effects on fisheries‐related species. Effects considered in this review include those related to the provision of physical structure (farm infrastructure acting as fish aggregating devices (FADs) or artificial reefs (ARs), the provision of food (e.g. farmed animals, waste feed and faeces, fouling organisms associated with farm structures) and some farm activities (e.g. boating, cleaning). The reviews show that the distribution of mobile organisms associated with farming structures varies over various spatial (vertical and horizontal) and temporal scales (season, feeding time, day/night period). Attraction/repulsion mechanisms have a variety of direct and indirect effects on wild organisms at the level of individuals and populations and may have implication for the management of fisheries species and the ecosystem in the context of marine spatial planning. This review revealed considerable uncertainties regarding the long‐term and ecosystem‐wide consequences of these interactions. The use of modelling may help better understand consequences, but long‐term studies are necessary to better elucidate effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After successful invasions in the Caribbean and Mediterranean, lionfish (Pterois spp.) have recently invaded another important biogeographical region —the Brazilian Province. In this article, we discuss this new invasion, focusing on a roadmap for urgent mitigation of the problem, as well as focused research and management strategies. The invasion in Brazil is already in the consolidation stage, with 352 individuals recorded so far (2020–2023) along 2766 km of coastline. This includes both juveniles and adults, including egg-bearing females, ranging in length from 9.1 to 38.5 cm. Until now, most of the records in the Brazilian coast occurred in the equatorial southwestern Atlantic (99%), mainly on the Amazon mesophotic reefs (15% of the records), northeastern coast of Brazil (45%), and the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (41%; an UNESCO World Heritage Site with high endemism rate). These records cover a broad depth range (1–110 m depth), twelve protected areas, eight Brazilian states (Amapá, Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, and Pernambuco) and multiple habitats (i.e., mangrove estuaries, shallow-water and mesophotic reefs, seagrass beds, artificial reefs, and sandbanks), indicating a rapid and successful invasion process in Brazilian waters. In addition, the lack of local knowledge of rare and/or cryptic native species that are potentially vulnerable to lionfish predation raises concerns regarding the potential overlooked ecological impacts. Thus, we call for an urgent integrated approach with multiple stakeholders and solution-based ecological research, real-time inventories, update of environmental and fishery legislation, participatory monitoring supported by citizen science, and a national and unified plan aimed at decreasing the impact of lionfish invasion. The experience acquired by understanding the invasion process in the Caribbean and Mediterranean will help to establish and prioritize goals for Brazil. [Display omitted] • Records from 2020 to 2023 (at least 352 animals) show that the lionfish invasion is accelerating. • Lionfish was reported in eight Brazilian states, multiple habitats, and 11 marine protected areas. • Records comprise mature and large lionfish individuals (∼38 cm) never previously detected. • The slow and ineffective actions contribute to a fast uncontrolled scenario and escalation of impacts. • A management plan is needed for controlling the spread of lionfish in the Brazilian coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract This work aims to analyse the contribution of artificial reefs (ARs) to marine biota based on fishers' local ecological knowledge (LEK) of the species associated with ARs. Data were collected from November 2016 to May 2017 through 60 ethnographic interviews with artisanal fishers at the northern coast of Rio de Janeiro. Local fishers use seven methods to catch fish, with trawl nets being the most frequent (32.5%, n = 41). Some fishers use more than one gear of fish equipment, allowing the capture of several species throughout the year and to alternate the target species. The fishers reported 25 species associated with the ARs, although 15 species appeared after the installation of the artificial complex. The most frequent were the sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus 43.3%, n = 26), black margate (Anisotremus surinamensis 41.7%, n = 25), spiny lobster (Panulirus sp. 33.3%, n = 20), caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus 31.7%, n = 19), and smooth puffer (Lagocephalus laevigatus , 31.7%, n = 19). The fishers described several ecological functions of the ARs, acting as a species reproduction site (25.93%, n = 21), increasing fish weight (18.5%, n = 15), attracting fish (16.0%, n = 13) and reducing industrial fishery (8.6%, n = 7). The interviewees had consistent LEK about local marine biota, especially species associated with the ARs. They maintained a positive perception of the ARs and pointed to the need for public policies when installing new artificial structures that can increase fish stocks in the region. Highlights • ARs contribution to marine biota was based on fishers' local ecological knowledge. • Artisanal fishermen attributed the species richness increase to the ARs. • Artisanal fishers described several ecological functions of ARs. • Ethnographic interview with artisanal fishers showed a positive perception of the ARs. • Fishermen: ARs can contribute to the sustainable management of fishery resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Fisheries enhancement initiatives are a potentially useful tool for managers to supplement traditional approaches. Habitat‐based enhancements often deploy artificial reefs with the aim to increase the available structure to augment local production, yet current assessment approaches make it difficult to assess whether these reefs achieve pre‐deployment goals. This makes it hard for managers to determine whether artificial reefs could improve their fishery outputs, potentially leading to missed opportunities and reduced production. We reviewed 270 research articles to determine whether existing monitoring studies identify whether artificial reefs meet their pre‐deployment goals, thereby providing some evidence of their suitability for certain fisheries. We found only 62% of these studies clearly articulated the original goals of the reef. Goals were qualitative, and most studies were conducted over insufficient time frames to allow for ecological communities to stabilize and mature. It is therefore difficult to determine the success or failure of many artificial reefs in addressing the management issues for which they were deployed. In the light of these findings, we think the setting of explicit quantitative goals (which may be biological, social or economic), and monitoring the performance of reefs against these goals, could stimulate the broader application of artificial reefs in fisheries management strategies. Such an approach has been successfully adopted in aquaculture‐based fisheries enhancement, and we explain how current evaluation methods such as harvest strategies can be easily adapted to quantitatively monitor artificial reef performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial reefs are often formed by reef balls, oil rigs, either toppled or partially removed, and sunken vessels. Data gathered from observations made in the Gulf of Mexico off the Texas coast were statistically analyzed to investigate the impact of type of structure on fish presence, abundance and species observed. Environmental variables were controlled, and crosstabulations between various structure material-type categories were conducted for the most frequently observed species. Based on Chi-square tests of significance, a fuzzy interval-valued evidence model was developed such that different types of artificial reef structures were compared to determine to what extent each structure was likely to impact fish presence and abundance of species. Results indicate that all materials have been at least somewhat impactful, but the most impact on the presence of individual species has been the oil and gas jackets. A fuzzy goal-driven extension found that potential costs associated with each material may affect reef material selection decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This literature review encompasses more than one-hundred and sixty worldwide studies on artificial reefs (ARs) in terms of their design, application, performance and management. Over the past three decades, research on ARs has increased remarkably, suggesting an increase in social and economic aspects of ARs. The scope of AR research has largely expanded from early AR design and deployment to improve fisheries to various additional purposes. In particular, recent research on ARs has had a tendency to focus on variations in the community structure or composition of ARs, suggesting that the purpose of AR research has shifted from improving fisheries as a resource to rehabilitation of marine ecosystems. Most countries are expected to make active use of AR functions, even if the objective of deployment might be different for each case. Consequently, AR research will most likely expand and evolve to span multiple purposes in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) are an important fishery resource in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and are found in abundance around artificial (e.g. oil and gas platforms) and natural habitats (e.g. coral reefs, outcroppings). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are a small but toxic component of crude oil released into GoM waters through both anthropogenic (e.g., oil and gas activities) and natural (e.g., hydrocarbon seeps) sources. The objectives of this study were to measure and compare PAH concentrations between tissue matrices (liver, gonad, muscle, and bile), by sex and location (e.g., artificial oil and gas infrastructure vs. natural reefs), of Red Snapper collected in the northwestern GoM. In 2016, Red Snapper (n = 88) were collected from natural and artificial reefs to evaluate potential differences in PAH exposures and body burdens. There were no significant results from the biometric analysis or their association with PAH's. Average PAH concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in livers than in gonads and muscle tissue. No significant differences were found in PAH concentrations between sexes or between structure type for both biliary, liver, or, muscle PAH concentrations, likely due to the close proximity of the natural and anthropogenic sites sampled (within 97 km radius). However, biliary PAH concentrations in fish collected outside of the densely populated oil and gas infrastructure fields had significantly lower PAH levels (p < 0.001). Thus, the scale at which samples are collected and compared is critical to understanding the cumulative impacts of oil and gas activities and underscores the need for further research at multiple scales across the GoM. • Average PAH concentrations were significantly higher in livers than in other tissues in Red Snapper. • Biliary PAH concentrations in Red Snapper collected outside of the oil fields were much lower than those inside the field. • Sample sizes and the scale is important when examining possible PAH concentration trends in Red Snapper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

M. J. Lawrence, K. M. Jeffries, S. J. Cooke, E. C. Enders, C. T. Hasler, C. M. Somers, C. D. Suski, and M. J. Louison I Transactions of the American Fisheries Society i Catch-and-release (C&R) ice fishing is a popular form of recreational angling. We employed eDNA to monitor multiple reefs in the northern Gulf of Mexico and generated snapshots of the fish assemblages of artificial reefs in the inshore areas of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Population dynamics are not as clear for Snowy Grouper within the Gulf of Mexico however, though regional patterns in otolith chemistry parallel expected patterns in regional environmental chemistry. [Extracted from the article]

The deployment of offshore structures for renewable energy generation (wind/wave/tidal) will lead to the alteration of access to the area of installation for several users of the sea including: shipping, fishing, tourism and recreational users. Arguably, the largest impact will be upon the fishing industry where access loss may lead to displacement and reduced catch per unit effort in turn leading to conflict. To prevent conflict, it is important to understand mitigating factors. Marine renewable energy devices (MREDs) and associated infrastructure will be placed on the seabed, affecting benthic infauna and epifauna, important sources of food for many species including those of commercial importance, potentially providing benefits to the fishing industry and mitigating the causes of conflict. Two key plausible benefits of MREDs are the ‘artificial reef effect’ and the ‘exclusion zone effect’. This study investigated the utility of the Ecopath with Ecosim and Ecospace modelling software to address the implications of these ‘effects’. Two case study models were developed, one at the whole west coast of Scotland shelf scale and one at a smaller single installation scale. Our results suggested that the Ecospace model could potentially predict the effects of MRED installations, but revealed that there are a number of considerations which should be taken into account before attempting to do this. Key considerations include data availability (an issue in all modelling), spatial scale and resolution. Other limitations to this particular study such as the ability to make changes over time are currently being addressed by ongoing developments of the software. Despite the considerations and limitations, these case studies reveal the usefulness of spatial ecosystem modelling, particularly Ecospace, to investigate this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used a mixed-mode approach (mail and online) to survey licensed private boat owners (26 ft [8 m] and larger) from Texas on the use, choice and management of artificial reefs in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) offshore from Texas. Results showed that reef users (n= 569) had a mean age of 55 years, were mostly white males, and over half of the respondents reported household incomes exceeding US$160,000 annually. The highest percentage of boat owners took one to five trips to the GOM in the last 12 months, enjoyed going to standing rigs and oil production structures, and preferred reefs to be over 30 mi (48.3 km) from shore. Fishing and the presence of fish were important factors for visiting artificial reefs. Boat owners believed artificial reefs bring tourism to local economies, provide new areas in which to recreate, and do not degrade the environment. In managing the reefs, boat owners would like to see more artificial reefs in the GOM and be able to place their own structures offshore in safe locations. Future research recommendations are suggested for filling the gaps in the human dimensions of artificial reefs focusing on other recreation groups, diverse users, communication, and education. Received August 14, 2015; accepted November 18, 2015 Published online March 30, 2016 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial reefs (ARs) have been deployed in France primarily to sustain artisanal fishery; however, based on their perceptions of these coastal management tools they can also be frequented by other sea users. In this work, the perceptions of AR professional and recreational users (direct users only) were studied by focusing on three AR sites located along the Gulf of Lion coastline (northwestern Mediterranean Sea, France) to determine whether they were becoming multi-use sites or were negatively perceived. Between 2011 and 2012, semi-directed interviews with artisanal fishermen, recreational fishermen, recreational spear fishermen and SCUBA divers were conducted to characterize their profiles, levels of knowledge, and expectations regarding ARs and how well these expectations were satisfied. The results showed although ARs were designed for use by artisanal fishermen that they were also frequented by others, mainly the local populations. The enhancement of fish at AR locations to maintain target species (e.g. Sparus aurata, Mullus sp.) for fishing activities was a common expectation. There were also expectations specific to AR usage, which varied among the different sites and users. Several factors influenced user satisfaction, such as AR design and communications by local authorities regarding this coastal tool. The results of this study indicate that AR users have either neutral or positive perceptions regarding ARs. In addition to their ecological objectives, ARs have socio-economic potential; therefore effective strategies for their management should be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the variation in population abundance overtime of twenty commercial fish species associated with an artificial reef and a reference site. Mean yearly catch rates were computed from data collected monthly from 1988 to 2012 using trammel nets. The log-transformed ratios of catches obtained at the reef and the reference site were calculated for each species. Statistical methods employed to study the changes in abundance of such fish species were multidimensional scaling ( MDS), Min/Max Auto-correlation Factor Analysis ( MAFA), Dynamic Factor Analysis ( DFA) and chronological clustering. The time-series analyses were performed on three groups of species showing similar patterns of temporal cross-correlation. These time-series analytical techniques were utilized to identify common trends, the influence of some environmental variables, and changes in group trends. The analyses indicated a decreasing trend in the catch ratio for two species groups (mostly reef-dwelling species) while the third species group indicated an inverse pattern. Changes in the trends of abundance in some species were likely related to the general deterioration of the artificial reef modules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper there was a twofold hypothesis, i.e. that the deployment of artificial reefs adds value to natural features by diversifying diving sites and thus be a certain propensity concerning the type of added value (either of non-extractive direct or indirect use). Two vessels were used as artificial reefs off Sal Island (Cape Verde) in 2006 and 2008, with the aim of bolstering the local economy through ecotourism. The additional economic value anticipated was to: (i) enhance fish aggregation as well as other marine organisms, and (ii) mitigate human pressure on natural reefs by diverting divers. The supply-side view of diving trips was tested and analysed over a 4-year period (2008-2011) in the choice of divers between natural and artificial reefs, as well as such reef attributes as reef depth, reef distance from the main pier in Santa Maria Bay, and the year-season as well as combinations thereof. Data were also analysed to determine if the deployed reefs off Sal Island had a complementary or a substitute function. It was observed that the presence of artificial reefs created more dive users, but that divers who used these reefs were not deterred from diving at natural reefs. This resulted in a low-diversion effect (low substitutability). Thus, dive operators can offer additional options to divers (moderate to highly complementary). The distance to diving sites was the most influential factor in diving decisions (linear model results indicated 15 more divers at distances closer to Santa Maria Bay than elsewhere). From the log-linear model the number of divers would be expected to change, the distance being the most influential factor (11.7 times higher at closer sites); reef type and depth were less influential (0.2 times fewer divers at artificial reefs; 2.3 times more divers in shallower waters). Also apparent was that the depth of the reef was fundamental in the diver niche allocation throughout the seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial distribution of fish assemblages was investigated through either hydro-acoustic surveys (using a Multibeam Echosounder) or fishing surveys (using trammel nets) carried out at increasing distance from two gas extraction structures in the Adriatic Sea and characterized by different building architecture: one, a four-leg platform; the other a subsea well-site. Both types of surveys were monthly and performed for 1 year starting after installation of the structures. Primary scope of the study was to evaluate whether the combination of the two methodologies could provide a more comprehensive insight into the fish communities associated with artificial structures. The findings showed that associating the Multibeam Echosounder survey with the fishing survey provided complementary information on the spatial distribution and abundance of fish in the water column surrounding the artificial structures. Both methodologies evidenced the presence of a greater abundance and biomass of fish close to the structures in respect to reference sites. In addition, fish abundance and biomass were generally greater in the surroundings of the four-leg platform than at the well-site, a possible consequence of the larger volume of the former. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of an application of a new ultrasonic telemetry method for brown meagre, Sciaena umbra inhabiting an artificial reef ( AR) in the northern Aegean Sea. The objective of the study was the use of Vemco Positioning System ( VPS) methods to determine the short-term movements from August to September 2013 of four brown meagre in an artificial reef site. All S. umbra disappeared from the VPS detection range after a variable number of days (1-19 days of continuous monitoring). It is assumed that they did not colonize the site and left the detection area. From the methodological point of view, the VPS proved to be a suitable tool to determine fine-scale movements of reef species such as Sciaena umbra in artificial reef areas. In conclusion, this study should be considered very preliminary; it is also necessary to increase the number of tagged fish, with additional research on the behavior of reef species to better clarify these aspects. This study will serve as a source for future studies in that it provides data for the understanding of fish movements in artificial reefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in fish assemblages associated with artificial reefs 5-km offshore (Southeast Brazil) were assessed. Bottom gillnets were used for 1 month per year for up to 15 years after the artificial reef had been established. Totals of 552 fishes were caught, with Chloroscombrus chrysurus and Conodon nobilis the dominant species and Scianidae the richest family. Species richness, abundance and biomass varied significantly with time, increasing gradually for several years but decreasing thereafter. The same unimodal response was recorded for abundance and biomass of planktivorous and invertivorous fishes and for Haemulidae, suggesting that this family accounted for most of the temporal variations recorded per species richness and CPUE values. The abundance and biomass of sharks decreased gradually after the first year but increased in the 15th year. While these variables increased steadily toward an apparent stable level in the later part of the study for Scianidae and Ariidae, they decreased linearly with time for Carangidae. Fish use of the artificial reefs may be modulated by a continuous species turnover, since there was no single species recurring throughout the surveys. This study stresses the importance of long-term assessments of artificial marine reefs in order to incorporate the effects of successional patterns of fish colonization into management actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the composition and abundance of fish assemblages associated with seven offshore oil and gas platform jackets in the Gulf of Thailand before (pre-lift and pre-tow), and immediately after relocation (post-tow and reefed). Jackets were cut, lifted until partly out of the water, and attached to the rear of a heavy lift vessel. They were towed at speeds of 2.7 – 3.3 knots for between 133.9 and 205.4 km before being placed on the seafloor at an artificial reef site. Sixteen species of fish were observed both before and after jacket towing. We believe these species have sought refuge in the complex structures out of the current and have remained with the jackets. Ten species of fish were observed before towing, but not after. A further seven species of fish were only observed after the jackets were relocated onto the seafloor and were assumed to be early colonisers to the structures. The paper provides empirical evidence of a much-discussed paradigm that fish can swim great distances following moved structures, and further evidence of the ability of fish to rapidly colonise reefed structures. [Display omitted] • Fish on oil and gas jackets were surveyed before, during and after towing. • 16 species of fish remained with the jackets during relocation (followers). • 10 species of fish did not follow the jackets (deserters). • 7 new species of fish were observed (colonisers) within two days of placement of jackets on the seabed. • "Followers" likely sought refuge in the complex structures out of the current during towing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To overcome anthropogenic impacts which have reduced fisheries productivity due to habitat limitations, artificial reefs have been deployed in increasing numbers throughout the world. A significant body of research has been undertaken to evaluate the response of fish assemblages to reef deployments, however the majority of these studies only cover the first year post-deployment. The few studies spanning 10 years or more suggest these time frames are required to properly document the performance of artificial reefs. We monitored artificial reefs, deployed to enhance recreational fisheries, over two time periods separated by 10 years, with each period lasting two years. In the first two years the fish assemblage on artificial reefs was distinct to those on nearby natural reefs, with this pattern found to remain consistent after 10 years. Recreationally important species were recorded during the first two years, however the abundances of some increased after 10 years and additional species targeted by anglers were only observed during the latter sampling period. No decline in the abundances of recreationally important species were recorded after 10 years. Despite a lack of convergence with fish assemblages at natural reefs, the artificial reefs continued to meet their pre-deployment goals of enhancing local recreational fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]