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Human activities at sea are intensifying and diversifying. This is leading to more complex interactions of anthropogenic impacts requiring adaptable management interventions to mitigate their cumulative effects on biodiversity conservation and restoration objectives. Bycatch remains the dominant conservation threat for coastal cetaceans. Additionally, the indirect impact of repeated exposure to disturbances, particularly acoustic disturbances, can affect cetacean population growth and therefore conservation objectives. Pingers are used to ensonify nets to provide an effective mitigation of bycatch risk. As those become more prevalent across fisheries at risk to catch for example harbour porpoises, pingers become contributors to the anthropogenic noise landscape which may affect the vital rates of this species as well. Currently, we do not know how to best balance pinger prevalence to minimise both bycatch rate and the population consequences of acoustic disturbance (PCoD). Here we use an agent-based model to determine how pinger prevalence in nets can be adjusted to minimise bycatch rate and noise disturbance propagating to affect population growth for harbour porpoises. We show that counter-intuitively bycatch rate can increase at lower pinger prevalence. When ecological conditions are such that PCOD can emerge, higher prevalence of pingers can lead to indirect effects on population growth. This would result from condition-mediated decreased reproductive potential. Displacing fishing effort, via time-area closure, can be an effective mitigation strategy in these circumstances. These findings have important implications for current management plans which, for practical consideration, may lead to lower overall pinger prevalence at sea. This study also shows that estimating the reproductive potential of the species should be incorporated in bycatch monitoring programmes. We now need to better understand how physiological condition affect reproductive decisions and behavioural responses to noise in cetaceans to better appraise and estimate the cumulative impacts of bycatch and its mitigations.

Management procedures (MPs) based on data-limited methods (DLMs) recently developed to give management advices for data-limited stocks worldwide are scarce or yet to be implemented on freshwater species. In this study, case studies (CSs) were developed using length-frequency data (LFD) of common carp species harvested from Dianshan Lake to estimate life-history parameters from existing methods. These CSs were later used to examine their influences when tested with various MPs under scenarios when operating models (OMs) were subjected to observation and estimation uncertainties. The results after management strategy evaluation (MSE) was run for various defined OMs showed that three MPs emerged best for providing managing advice. For high yield to be maintained during short-term periods, MinlenLopt1 suggested the smallest length at full retention (sLFR) to be 42.11 cm; while Slotlim and matlenlim2 suggested that to maintain biomass and stable spawning biomass (SBMSY) and also avoid overfishing from occurring in this fishery, sLFR should be 56.1 cm. Values given by these MPs allowed the removal of species that spawned at least once. Also, life-history parameters derived from CS4 presented the best results, being more reliable in presenting better inputs for effective management of the said fishery.

The key to the conservation of harvested species is the maintenance of reproductive success. Yet for many marine species large, old, individuals are targeted despite their disproportionate contribution to reproduction. We hypothesized that a combination of no-take marine protected areas (MPAs) and harvest slot limits (maximum and minimum size limits) would result in the conservation of large spawning individuals under heavy harvest. We tested this approach under different harvest intensities with a 2-sex, stage-structured metapopulation model for the Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus). P. argus is intensively harvested in the Caribbean, and in many localities large, mature individuals no longer exist. No-take MPAs and harvest slot limits combined, rebuilt and maintained large mature individuals even under high harvest pressure. The most conservative model (a 30% MPA and harvest slot limit of 75-105 mm) increased spawner abundance by 5.53EConservación de Stocks Reproductivos por medio de Límites de Espacios de Producción y Áreas Protegidas de Cero Captura Resumen La clave para la conservación de las especies en criaderos es la manutención del éxito reproductivo. Aún así, para muchas especies marinas los individuos grandes y viejos son seleccionados a pesar de su contribución desproporcionada para la reproducción. Nuestra hipótesis supone que una combinación de áreas marinas protegidas (AMPs) de cero captura y los límites de espacio de producción (límites máximos y mínimos de tamaño) resultaría en la conservación de individuos reproductivos grandes durante una producción intensiva. Probamos esta estrategia bajo diferentes intensidades de crianza con un modelo metapoblacional de dos sexos y estructurado por etapas aplicado a la langosta espinosa del Caribe (Panulirus argus). P. argus es producida intensivamente en el Caribe y en muchas de las localidades, los individuos grandes y maduros ya no existen. La combinación de las AMPs de cero captura y los límites de espacio de producción regeneró y mantuvo individuos grandes y maduros incluso bajo una presión alta de producción. El modelo más conservador (un 30% de MPA y un límite de espacio de producción de 75-105 mm) incrementó la abundancia de individuos reproductivos por 5.53E保护被捕捞物种的关键是保障其成功繁殖。然而, 对于许多海洋物种来说, 体型大的老龄个体尽管对繁殖贡献的比例更大, 但仍是捕捞的目标。我们假设, 将禁止捕捞的海洋保护区和捕捞箱限制 (最大和最小尺寸限制) 相结合, 可以在捕捞量较大的情况下保护产卵的大型物种。我们用加勒比海的眼斑龙虾 (Panulirus argus) 两种性别、有年龄结构的复合种群模型检验了这一方法。眼斑龙虾在加勒比海地区被广泛捕捞, 许多地点已不存在大型成熟个体。结果显示, 结合禁止捕捞的海洋保护区和捕捞箱限制, 即使在高捕捞压力下也能重建和维持成熟个体数量。最保守的模型 (30% 海洋保护区和75-105毫米的捕捞箱限制) 相比于继续维持现状, 在30年后产卵雌性的数量可以增加5.53E12。而单独建立海洋保护区, 也可以在30年的高捕捞强度下使产卵种群数量增加2.76-9.56E12只个体。我们的结果证明, 海洋保护区和捕捞箱限制在某些海洋和淡水环境中对大型繁殖个体具有较好的保护潜力。不过, 对渔场的最适管理战略决策还需要在生态和经济、社会方面之间取得平衡。【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】.

The concept of an optimum yield at intermediate levels of fishing (the so called maximum sustainable yield or MSY) has been with us since the 1930s and is now enshrined in legislation as a key objective of fisheries management. The concept seems intuitively reasonable and is readily applicable to a single stock treated in isolation and assuming a constant environment. However, translating this concept into a mixed and multispecies fishery, where there are complex tradeoffs between fleets and stocks and in general no simple optimum solution, has been problematic. Here I introduce a framework for thinking about multispecies MSY in terms of an integrated risk of stock depletion and expected long-term yield. Within this framework I consider the performance of a set of simple harvest control rules based upon a single-limit fishing mortality rate (F) which is common to all stocks and a target biomass which is a set fraction of a stock’s virgin biomass. Using a multispecies management strategy evaluation, I compare expected outcomes for a set of these harvest control rules with alternative scenarios, in which each stock has its own F based on the assessment process. I find that the simple framework can produce outcomes that are similar to those from the more sophisticated estimates of F. I therefore conclude that achieving multispecies MSY may depend more upon setting reasonable biomass targets and faithfully applying a harvest control rule approach rather than determining the best possible Fs for each stock.

Simulation models have been widely adopted in fisheries for management strategy evaluation (MSE). However, in catchment management of water quality, MSE is hampered by the complexity of both decision space and the hydrological process models. Empirical models based on monitoring data provide a feasible alternative to process models; they run much faster and, by conditioning on data, they can simulate realistic responses to management actions. Using 10 years of water quality indicators from Queensland, Australia, we built an empirical model suitable for rapid MSE that reproduces the water quality variables’ mean and covariance structure, adjusts the expected indicators through local management effects, and propagates effects downstream by capturing inter-site regression relationships. Empirical models enable managers to search the space of possible strategies using rapid assessment. They provide not only realistic responses in water quality indicators but also variability in those indicators, allowing managers to assess strategies in an uncertain world.

The increasing focus of marine biosecurity agencies on transferring management responsibilities to citizens and industry begs the question whether devolved responsibility is a viable option for creating biosecurity outcomes. We examined recreational marine users’ self-declared awareness of non-indigenous marine species (NIMS) at six locations in Tasmania, Australia and evaluated the accuracy of their awareness through recognition of four well-known NIMS with active awareness campaigns. We also investigated whether the activities of recreational marine users influence the accuracy of their NIMS recognition skills. We generally found that respondents declare NIMS awareness (70.45%), yet we found their recognition accuracy was variable ranging from low to fair (

The poor management of natural resources has led in many cases to the decline and extirpation of populations. Recent advances in fisheries science could revolutionize management of harvested stocks by evaluating management scenarios in a virtual world by including stakeholders and by assessing its robustness to uncertainty. These advances have been synthesized into a framework, management strategy evaluation (MSE), which has hitherto not been used in terrestrial conservation. We review the potential of MSE to transform terrestrial conservation, emphasizing that the behavior of individual harvesters must be included because harvester compliance with management rules has been a major challenge in conservation. Incorporating resource user decision-making required to make MSEs relevant to terrestrial conservation will also advance fisheries science.

Fishery management policies need to be based on historical summaries of stock status which are well correlated with the size of the group of individuals who will be affected by any harvest. This paper is motivated by the problem of managing stocks of Atlantic salmon, which can be accurately monitored during the riverine stages of their life-history, but which spend a lengthy period at sea before returning to spawn. We begin by formulating a minimal stochastic model of stock-recruitment driven population dynamics, which linearises to a standard ARMA form. We investigate the relation between maturity dispersion and the auto-covariance of stock fluctuations driven by process noise in the recruitment process and/or random variability in survival from recruitment to spawning. We demonstrate that significant reductions in fluctuation intensity and/or increases in long-run average yield can be achieved by controlling harvesting in response to the value of a historical summary focussed on lags at which the uncontrolled population dynamics produce strong correlations. We apply our minimal model to two well-characterised Atlantic salmon populations, and find poor agreement between predicted and observed stock fluctuation ACF. Re-examination of the ancilliary data available for one of our two exemplary systems leads us to propose an extended model which also linearises to ARMA form, and which predicts a fluctuation ACF more closely in agreement with that observed, and could thus form a satisfactory vehicle for policy discussion.

Yodzis discusses how the differing biological assumptions as to predator interference on the forms of predator-prey models can influence the conclusion to be drawn from multispecies population models with respect to the way predators affect human harvesting of natural populations. To deal with these intricacies related to biological assumptions and fishery management policies, a specific management strategy called threshold policy is proposed. It is shown that its application to the same models analysed by Yodzis leaves the behaviour of the managed population less sensitive to the underlying biological features and assumptions as well as parameter uncertainties. The same management strategy is proposed for the same models in the context of the timely issue of predator culling in fisheries. Interestingly, the fishery yield for each model is exactly the same despite their different biological assumptions.