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This article explores the founding and financing of national Indigenous organizations during the shift in Canadian politics towards the ideal of participatory democracy during the late 1960s and early 1970s. It investigates the emergence of two separate organizations, the National Indian Brotherhood (nib) for "status Indians" and the Native Council of Canada (ncc) for "non-status Indians" and Métis, following the collapse of the pan-Indigenous National Indian Council (nic) in 1968. It highlights the key role that funding played in the structuring of national-level Indigenous politics but argues that accepting federal funding did not simply equate to government control. Instead, both the nib and ncc successfully resisted and – in limited ways – shaped federal policies towards Indigenous peoples. The issue of federal funding opened questions regarding Indigenous rights and self-determination, concepts that were employed in differing ways by the leaders of these organizations and federal officials. While marking a stark shift away from the earlier suppression of Indigenous political movements, federal funding was used to integrate different Indigenous groups as citizens into the Canadian settler state. Nevertheless, federal funding served not only to limit, but also to expand, the practical possibilities of Indigenous organizing, with political leaders recasting government money as the right of Indigenous peoples and a tool for self-determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most Indigenous women in Canada (61%) experience intimate partner violence (IPV), which is significantly worse than the high rate of 44 percent for other women in Canada. Despite the great risk for IPV, only three unfunded second-stage shelters for more than 600 First Nation reserves exist in Canada to provide First Nation women and their children a safe home. Second-stage housing offers IPV survivors transitional homes for an extended period that provide safety and renewal after their initial emergency shelter stays. This article documents the need for safe, nurturing, and culturally appropriate second-stage shelters for Indigenous women and their families to heal and rebuild. The authors provide two second-stage prototype designs based on domestic environmental analysis and concepts of houselessness, home, and co-housing. We discuss how these designs are one step in an action plan to protect Indigenous women and stop the genocide of Indigenous Peoples by supporting cultural, economic, health, and social development. The literature review and design concepts form an agenda to have design goals for housing IPV survivors that answers the "Calls to Justice for Murdered and Missing Women" and expands this needed service to every reserve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Accounting Perspectives is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health is the property of Canadian Periodical for Community Studies Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: First Nations communities are known to have high rates of diabetes. The rural First Nations communities in northwest (NW) Ontario are particularly affected. Regional studies in 1985 and 1994 found a high prevalence of diabetes. More recently, they are estimated to have the highest prevalence in Ontario at 19%, double the provincial norm. The purpose of this study is to examine the epidemiology and prevalence of diabetes in the total population and cardiovascular comorbidities in the adult population of 25 First Nations communities in NW Ontario. Methods: This retrospective diabetes prevalence study used primary care electronic medical record data for a 3-year period, 1 August 2014--31 July 2017. Diabetes prevalence was calculated for both the total and the adult (18+) populations and comorbid hypertension and dyslipidaemia were identified in adults. Results: The age-adjusted diabetes prevalence for the total population was 15.1% versus a Canadian prevalence of 8.8%. The age-adjusted adult prevalence was 14.1%, double Canada's average of 7.1%. The average age of adults with diabetes was 52 years (±14.9); 57% were female. Comorbid hypertension (58%) and dyslipidaemia (73%) were common. Metformin was the most commonly used medication (58%), followed by insulin/analogues (23%) and sulphonylureas (13%). Conclusion: The diabetes prevalence in the First Nations population of NW Ontario is double Canada's norm. Addressing it will require addressing relevant social determinants of health, including poverty and food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay analyzes Aboriginal and settler landscapes within what became the Treaty #3 area of northwestern Ontario, during the late nineteenth century and after, and the tensions that exist between those landscapes. The Aboriginal landscape served the First Nations within their local framework but also included the international network of the fur trade. The settler landscape was created by people interested in expanding Canada, from Ontario into the West, through a road or railroad network, and in the development of the natural resources within the newly acquired territories in ways that represented the loss of control of the First Nations over their lands. This essay situates itself within William Turkel's ideas of continuity in change, meaning that while the colonial landscape came to dominate, the preceding Aboriginal landscape continued into the present day--a point that must be acknowledged and respected, if the current tensions over land that exist between First Nations and settler societies are to be resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 20 years after treaty-making recommenced in British Columbia, only four treaties have been fully ratified. All but one of these treaties provoked legal challenge due to overlapping claims. The British Columbia Treaty Commission has identified overlapping claims as a critical challenge to finalizing negotiated agreements. Through a study of several cases, we discuss the causes and implications of such contestations. We underscore the role of diverse and dynamic Indigenous socio-spatial identities of varying temporal depth. We argue the need for change to the current approach to treaty negotiation that may privilege some indigenous groups to the detriment of others, and invites indigenous groups fighting among themselves and in conventional courts for recognition of territorial jurisdiction. By offering a detailed consideration of causes and implications of the "overlap problem," we hope to provide a foundation for considering alternative approaches that provide more just solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Recherches Sociographiques is the property of Recherches Sociographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forestry Chronicle is the property of Canadian Institute of Forestry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: We sought to evaluate a translation of anxiety-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to a First Nations children's mental health provider in rural Ontario and to enhance our understanding of CBT challenges and adaptations unique to the First Nations context. Methods: The study was conceptualized as a mixed methods sequential explanatory approach using a quasi-experimental (before and after) design with quantitative and qualitative components. Data were produced in two ways: questionnaires completed by therapists, parents and clients pre- and post-training, and through a focus group with therapists working with First Nations clients. Participants of this study were a subset of a larger knowledge translation study involving ten agencies, and comprised nine therapists (two males and seven females), and seven children (six males and one female) from a single First Nations agency. The mean age of children was 11.8 years (±2.71), comparable to children in other agencies. Results: First Nations therapists' scores on a child CBT knowledge questionnaire post-training did not differ from those of therapists in other agencies when controlling for initial values, suggesting comparable training benefit. Children did not differ between groups on any key measures, and all key measures showed improvement from pre- to post-training. Four key themes emerged from therapist focus groups: client challenges, value of supervision, practice challenges, and Northern/rural/remote challenges. Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of delivering a culturally appropriate CBT program to First Nations populations in Northern Ontario, and provides preliminary evidence of its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the exhibition Man Turned to Stone: T'xwelátse and how through a combination of contemporary visual art, alternative history and community collaboration, it established a critical dialogue that challenged a dominant cultural narrative. The author utilizes Russian literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin's (1981) concept of dialogue and his theory of how we incorporate other people's thoughts in our daily conversations to reveal conflicting voices and make visible varied and opposing world views, in this case, in the exhibition. The author also examines how through the exhibition, The Reach Gallery Museum Abbotsford was temporarily transformed into a public space that stimulated social interaction, dialogue, debate, and exploration of community issues relevant to First Nation and non-First Nation communities in the Fraser Valley, situated in southwestern British Columbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike the historic settlement of the rest of Canada, treaties with the First Nations originally occupying most of present-day British Columbia have never been finalized. Since 1993, the federal government of Canada, the provincial government of British Columbia, and approximately two-thirds of the First Nations in British Columbia have been engaged in treaty and land claim negotiations under a unique British Columbia treaty process. To date the process has produced only five agreements, three of which are fully ratified, one of which is in the ratification process, and one of which was rejected by the First Nations membership. This article reviews the history of treaties in British Columbia and uses exploratory illustrative case studies to examine two of these recent treaty negotiations-the Lheidli T'enneh First Nations and the Tsawwassen First Nations. These case studies demonstrate that treaty negotiations are very complex processes and do not always achieve mutual agreement, yet features of governance and land ownership included in these agreements have implications for land use policy and planning that affect all First Nations people in British Columbia, in Canada, and around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine conservation is a global challenge and marine protected areas (MPAs) are one means of addressing this challenge. Progress in MPA designation is slow, partially due to objections to MPA establishment by local stakeholders and Indigenous peoples. This article suggests that a values-based paradigm to conservation that emphasizes active management and further engagement of First Nations, as rights-holders, should be given more emphasis. The re-introduction of clam gardens into Gulf Islands National Park Reserve (GINPR) is used as an example of this approach. Clam gardens were constructed by First Nations on the Pacific Coast to augment the productivity of clam growth. Several former clam gardens are within GINPR. The primary mandate of national parks is to protect ecological integrity, potentially forbidding the re-introduction of clam gardens. The literature suggests that there would be minimal ecological impacts at the park level from the re-introduction of clam gardens. There could also be significant advantages both for conservation and First Nations communities. With a greater degree of decision-making input and the opportunity to re-introduce cultural practices, a values-based paradigm may contribute to the acceptability of coastal PAs and promote the expansion of conservation values in the landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community resilience in first Nations includes ties to people both inside and outside the community, intergenerational communication, the sharing of stories, and family and community connectedness. This study, based on a survey of Internet users in the Sioux Lookout region of Northwestern Ontario, explores the link between social networking sites and community resilience. The region is home to some of the most isolated First Nation (indigenous) communities in Canada. Cultural and familial links between these communities are strong, yet until recent use of the Internet, maintaining regular communications to strengthen cultural ties was challenging. This study examines the links between travel and communication online, the ways in which social media are used to preserve culture and maintain communication, and the implications of social networking for community resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the implications of the environmental discrimination case of safe and clean drinking water for the First Nations communities living on reserves in Canada. It analyzes the Supreme Court jurisprudence related to equality provisions of the Canada Charter that guarantees a remedial solution for accession to clean drinking water to all Canadian citizens.

The Province of Alberta in 2001 implemented the First Nations Gaming Policy (FNGP) to improve First Nations development potential by permitting the construction of reserve casinos. This article argues that during the policy development stages provincial and First Nations leaders failed to consider the geographic placement of reserve communities, both in terms of where casinos would be placed and how gaming revenues would ultimately be distributed. Therefore, a policy intended to assist with First Nations economic rejuvenation in Alberta has benefitted a small proportion of First Nations while exacerbating regional economic difficulties the policy was in part calculated to ameliorate. The authors recommend revisiting the FNGP to establish a more equitable revenue distribution formula, thus resulting in a greater distribution of gaming revenues to a larger number of First Nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Indigenous Policy Journal is the property of Scholarship@Western and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forestry Chronicle is the property of Canadian Institute of Forestry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Une exploration des attitudes qu'adoptent les Hul'qumi'num, peuples autochtones Salish de la côte, devant la création de zones sans prélèvement dans les zones de protection marines de la Mer de Salish, Colombie-Britannique, Canada Le Gouvernement du Canada prévoit la création d'un réseau national de zones de protection marines (ZPM). La procédure engagée pour la création d'aires de protection marines dans la Mer de Salish (Détroit de Géorgie) en Colombie-Britannique progresse toutefois lentement car leur mise en place se heurte à l'opposition des Premières Nations. La raison est que les ZPM peuvent avoir des répercussions sur les droits des Autochtones. Portant sur les Premières Nations des Hul'qumi'num, cette étude de cas explore leurs façons d'envisager la conservation marine et leurs manières de concevoir dans une telle optique les zones sans prélèvement. Dans le but de promouvoir la participation active des communautés, un ensemble de moyens ont été utilisés dans cette étude, dont notamment l'établissement de relations personnelles, l'embauche d'un assistant de recherche Hul'qumi'num, la réalisation d'entrevues individuelles, la mise sur pied de groupes de discussion, et la tenue d'enquêtes de terrain. L'intervention des communautés locales des Premières Nations dans le cadre d'élaboration de plans de gestion pour les ressources halieutiques a fait l'objet d'une large adhésion et s'inscrit dans une démarche de conservation marine. De même, la dépendance des Premières Nations envers les ressources halieutiques pour répondre à leurs besoins alimentaires, sociaux et cérémoniaux et pour soutenir le développement économique est aussi considéré comme un fait établi. Si 35 pour cent des participants s'opposent à la création de quelques zones sans prélèvement permanentes, 48 pour cent d'entre eux se prononcent en faveur. L'énoncé qui a reçu le plus grand appui concernant les zones sans prélèvement se fonde sur le principe qu'elles ne respectent pas les droits des Autochtones. Cependant, l'idée que les zones sans prélèvement permanentes peuvent entraîner une diminution de la surpêche faisait l'unanimité (85 pour cent). La recherche permet de jeter un éclairage sur les intérêts que défendent les Autochtones dans la gestion des ressources halieutiques et sur l'efficacité des ZPM, dont la création est envisagée par le gouvernement, pour faire respecter les cibles et les conceptions de conservation des peuples autochtones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fort Severn First Nation is a remote fly-in community on Hudson Bay. Its lifestyle reflects a deep respect for and connection to the land. The Keewaytinook Okimakanak (KO) Tribal Council has developed the Keewaytinook Mobile (KM) service in remote First Nation communities in Northern Ontario. In November 2009, Fort Severn and KO established the KM service in the community. This study traces the history of KM and its implementation in Fort Severn and describes how and why community members are using the service. The analysis is based on interviews and discussions with community members during three research visits between March 2010 to March 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociologie & Sociétés is the property of Presses de l'Universite de Montreal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the 1930s, sanatorium directors and medical bureaucrats warned of the threat to Canadian society of ‘Indian tuberculosis.’ Long-standing government policy aimed to isolate Aboriginal people on reserves and in residential schools, while their access to medical care was limited by government parsimony and community prejudice. Characterized as ‘racially careless’ concerning their own health, Aboriginal bodies were seen as a menace to their neighbours and a danger to the nation. By the 1940s state-run racially segregated Indian hospitals institutionalized Aboriginal people who were not welcome in provincial sanatoria or in the modernizing community hospitals. The opening of the Charles Camsell Indian Hospital in Edmonton in 1946, one of the first acts of the newly created department of National Health and Welfare, was a very public demonstration of the state's commitment to define and promote ‘national health’ by isolating and institutionalizing Aboriginal people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)