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Paper has gained popularity as a packaging material due to its reduced environmental impact compared with non-degradable alternatives. However, its flammability poses safety risks, prompting research on enhancing its flame retardancy. This work introduces a diffusion-driven self-assembly strategy (DDSAS) to create a functional graphene oxide (GO) coating on various packaging papers. DDSAS involves infiltrating the paper's cellulose microfiber network with branched polyethyleneimine (b-PEI), which binds firmly to cellulose microfibers. Electrostatic interactions between GO and b-PEI then drive GO assembly into a densely stacked, layered structure on the paper surface. This GO structure provides a physical barrier against flames and generates incombustible gases (CO2, H2O, NO2, and NO) when heated, diluting the surrounding oxygen concentration and acting as a heat insulation layer. These factors increase the flame retardancy of treated papers ten-fold. Additionally, the gradual reduction of GO upon heating forms reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on the paper, significantly increasing its electrical conductivity. As a result, the flame-retardant papers not only prevent the fire from spreading but can also act as fire sensors by triggering an alarm signal at the early stages of contact with fire. In summary, this work offers a rational strategy for designing and manufacturing flame-retardant paper packaging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functionalized layered double hydroxides (LDHs) based on a multimodifier system composed of itaconic acid (ITA) and titanate coupling agent (NDZ-201) were designed and fabricated in this paper with the aim to develop high-performance fire retardant paper. The structure of LDHs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopic analysis, cone calorimetry, and laser particle size analysis. The results showed that carbonate anions were partially replaced by ITA, whereas the titanate coupling agent was attached to the surfaces of the hydrotalcites. The limiting oxygen index (LOI), TGA curves, total heat release rate (THR), and heat release rate (HRR) indicated that as the addition of hydrotalcites increased, the modified LDHs' LOI value and thermal stability noticeably increased compared to the unmodified hydrotalcites, and the HRR and THR of the material decreased. When the addition amount was 25%, the LOI of ITALDHs was 26.9%. However, the Mg-Al hydrotalcites adversely affected the strength index of flame-retardant paper; the modified hydrotalcites clearly reduced this effect, and the whiteness of paper increased and reached 83%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND For the first time, green coconut shell extract ( GCSE) has been employed along with boric acid ( BA) as a novel fire retardant agent to be applied to cellulosic paper. Green coconut shell extract can be considered a condensed phase based flame retardant agent as it contains silicate, other metals like potassium, zinc, copper and magnesium in the form of metallic salts, oxides etc. When GCSE was applied on paper, combine synergistic action of all these metal salts and oxides catalyze dehydration of the treated paper and also increased char formation. RESULTS The treated papers were evaluated for their flame retardant properties by measurement of the limiting oxygen index ( LOI) and vertical flammability. A GCSE and 2% BA application was found to enhance the oxygen required for burning the paper as it showed an LOI value of 42 and also reduced its burning rate by promoting more dehydration and char formation. The thermal degradation and pyrolysis mechanisms were studied using thermo-gravimetric analysis ( TGA). The imparting of a flame resisting property to a paper by use of the GCSE and BA, along with its charring behaviour, is discussed and the mechanisms operating postulated. CONCLUSION As GCSE is a wastage product and available abundantly in India, making fire retardant cellulosic material by using GCSE is an attractive proposition © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flame retardancy of the mixture of hexa(N-hydroxymethyl)amidocyclotriphosphazene and partially methylated melamine formaldehyde resin (HHMATP/PMMM) in paper was proposed by limiting oxygen index measurement (LOI), the vertical burning test and cone calorimetry test (CCT). In our research, the LOI of washed FR-paper could still be up to 33.5%; the after flame time, and burning time were reduced to 4.8 s & 0 s, and the char length was only 12.0 mm. While the results of CCT imply that compared with non-flame retarded paper, the heat release rate (HRR) of FR-paper with HHMAPT/PMMM increases gently; the mass loss becomes significantly slow, and the prolonged maximum heat release rate (PHRR), average heat release rate (MHRR), average effective heat of combustion (MEHC) and total heat release (THR) drop greatly. According to the experimental results, HHMATP/PMMM has not only excellent flame retardancy in paper but also good water resistance, with HHMATP/PMMM playing a flame retardant role mainly by means of the condensed phase mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the flame retardancy of hexaamidocyclotriphosphazene (HACTP) in paper was studied by limiting oxygen index measurement, the vertical burning test and cone calorimetry test. Meanwhile the mechanism was discussed by the analysis of residues obtained in the cone calorimeter test. The experimental results revealed that HACTP had excellent flame retardancy in paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flame retardant properties of paper coated with either poly(methylenephosphine) ( PMP) or poly(methylenephosphine oxide) ( PMP-O) are evaluated. Paper sheets made from thermomechanical pulp were coated with PMP ( Mn = 27,000 g mol−1, polydispersity index (PDI) = 1.47), PMP-O ( Mn = 30,000 g mol−1, PDI = 1.24), or monobasic ammonium phosphate (MAP) to achieve an approximate loading of 0.8 mmol P/g paper. Thermal stability studies by thermogravimetric analysis show that the paper degrades in two main stages, with the second thermo-oxidative stage having a slower rate of degradation for paper treated with flame retardants. The flame retardancy of the sheets was evaluated by Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry Standard Method T461 cm-00 and by limiting oxygen index (LOI) according to ASTM D2863. After leaching with water, samples coated with PMP or PMP-O show no loss of flame retardancy, while those coated with MAP lose all flame retardancy. The LOI of paper coated with PMP (23.1%) or PMP-O (25.9%) is higher than those of uncoated paper (19.6%), but lower than MAP-coated paper (34.7%). Analysis of the char provided evidence that the flame retardant mechanism of PMP and PMP-O involves the formation of phosphorus oxides and acids. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study examines the effects of using magnesium chloride as a precipitating agent of sodium silicate on the mechanical, optical and fire retardant properties of the resulting paper sheets. Two types of treatments (internal and external), were carried out to investigate such effects on the paper sheets prepared from wood pulp and from non-wood fibrous, bagasse pulp. The results obtained showed that the treatment of paper sheets with either sodium silicate or sodium silicate-magnesium chloride led to a decrease in the activation energy of the initial main degradation stages. Wood pulp-paper sheets treated with sodium silicate showed better fire retardant properties than the sodium silicate-magnesium chloride treated wood pulp-paper sheets. A reverse trend was noted in the case of paper sheets made from bagasse pulp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]