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Phytic acid as an efficient, green and renewable bio-based flame retardant. However, in view of the large number of toxic fumes generated during combustion and the easy loss of flame retardants, to tackle these issues, the current study employed a straightforward two-step process to generate phytate metal salt wood composites (PAN-M, M = Mg, Cu, Fe, Ai and Ni) in cell walls. Compared with natural wood (Control), PAN-M has good leaching resistance of 15~50%, lower hygroscopicity of 15~30% and improved mechanical strength. The total heat release and smoke emission of PAN-Cu are reduced by 34.54% and 83.05% respectively, the LOI of PAN-Cu is increased by 117%, the smoke density SDR is only 8.38 and the weight gain is 16.9%. This is mainly due to the apparent surface coke protection of metal phytates and catalytic graphitisation of solid residues by metal ions. The improved carbon layer plays an effective insulating role, limiting flue gas emissions, flame retardant loss and water contact. In addition, results show that PAN-Cu can significantly enhance the dehydration effect of carbon compared to other metal ions. Therefore, PAN-M is an efficient, green and sustainable flame retardant for wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In continuation of our former study on a novel combined treatment of nitrogen–phosphorus fire retardant and thermomechanical densification on wood, this study focuses on the dynamic wettability and the bonding strength. The contact angle was measured using the sessile drop method and the surface energy was calculated according to the van Oss method. Water surface penetrating and spreading is analyzed by both the Shi and Gardner model and the droplet volume changing model. The results reveal that the combined treatment increased the surface energy, especially the acid–base component. The contact angle declined and the water droplet spread more easily on the surface. Meanwhile, the rate of relative droplet volume decreased by 32.6% because the surface layer was densified and stabilized by the combined process. Additionally, the surface possesses the lowest roughness and highest abrasion resistance on the tangential section. Thus, the bonding strength of the combined treated poplar decreased by 29.7% compared to that of untreated poplar; however, it is still 53.3% higher than that of 220 °C heat-treated wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance compression stability and fire retardancy of densified wood, a new modification method i.e., combined nitrogen–phosphorus (NP) fire retardant pre-impregnation with surface thermo-mechanical densification is used to fabricate a certain thickness of functionalized surface layer on poplar. This combined treated wood is investigated via vertical density profile (VDP), and the compression stability is revealed by both soaking test and cone analysis. Results demonstrate that the combined treatment hardened the surface of wood and reformed the interface combination of the NP with the wood cell wall, thus making the surface tissue more close-grained. Fire retardancy was also enhanced; the total heat release and CO generation values decreased by 21.9% and 68.4%, respectively, when compared with that of solely NP-treated wood. Moreover, surface hardness increased by 15.8%, and the recovery of surface hardness and thickness were 56.8% and 77.2% lower than that of simply densified wood. It appears that this NP-involved thermal densification could be considered as an alternative approach to enhance both the compression stability and fire resistance of wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]