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The article informs about the history of the M61A1 Rotary Cannon in RAAF service, tracing its origins back to Dr. Richard Jordan Gatling's invention in 1862. Topic include that It discusses the evolution of Gatling's gun, its incorporation of an electrical motor in 1893, and its resurgence in the post-World War II era with the development of the M61A1 Rotary Cannon for aircraft use.

The article discusses that the 20 mm HS 404 cannon and its extended family deserve their place in the history of the aircraft cannon. The 20mm Hispano Cannon served the British and many of her allies throughout the Second World War, Korea, and into the jet age. The search started in May 1935 when Britain became aware of the Swedish Government searching Europe for a single-seat fighter-type aircraft fitted with a 20mm cannon.

The article examines after several years of World War II both the German Luftwaffe and Allied air forces recognized the need for aircraft guns and cannon to swiftly deliver accurate fire if an enemy aircraft was to be disabled or destroyed during aerial conflict. Topics include considered requirement translated to a high rate of fire, a short projectile flight time and projectiles having sufficient kinetic or explosive energy to disable or severely damage an aircraft on impact.

The paper discusses a recent find of a copper alloy light cannon discovered at the Old Castle in Grodno, Belarus. The research aim was to analyse the artefact in all its possible aspects, including archaeological and historical contexts, possible analogies, and the gun's technology of manufacture. This latter was done against a broad comparative background of what is known on manufacturing technologies of late medieval and modern period copper alloy firearms. First, the archaeological and historical contexts of the discovery are dealt with. Then, the morphology and typochronology of the cannon are discussed and relevant analogies are proposed. Next, the technology of manufacture of the cannon is studied on the basis of metallographic examinations and EDS analyses of the metal's elemental composition. It was found out that the artefact had been made of leaded copper. The cannon can be dated with reasonable certainty to the late 14th c., as implied both by the find context, the morphology and the chemical composition of the artefact. Its deposition can be related to fights over the Old Castle in Grodno in this period, waged by Teutonic, Polish and Lithuanian forces. It can tentatively be proposed that the cannon was manufactured in a Teutonic Order's workshop, but further research is necessary to verify this supposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Rifle Association (NRA) faces a challenge in its battle to expand the gun culture: incorporating women. While NRA content aimed at women once focused on self-defense, recent communications materials have shifted toward recreational shooting and hunting. How can we understand this shift? How does the NRA use narrative to challenge gender ideologies that discourage women's participation in the gun culture? Drawing on the Narrative Policy Framework, this paper presents a thematic analysis of three NRATV programs. It argues that the gun culture is a source of support that the NRA draws upon to achieve its primary policy goal of expanding access to firearms. The organization mobilizes narratives that frame participation in the gun culture as both enjoyable and empowering for women in order to overcome barriers posed by masculinist norms. This case study has theoretical implications for our understanding of the connection between collective actors, cultures, and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After manufacturing technology and the use of firearms flowing into the Malay world, the Malay community in the various group’s especially metal experts have produced traditional cannons in its own way based on local wisdom. Thus, the size, design, and motif of cannons are produced by local elements. Based on the observations in the field, the difference in size and design led to the types of traditional Malay cannon. In the process of recording and analyzing the size and design of the traditional cannon, the researcher has used qualitative research methods. Thus, there are several types of traditional Malay cannon that was produced by a group of experts in the Malay world. Each type of cannon is proved to have different functions in which the difference in size and design as key factors to the difference function of each type of Malay traditional cannon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, we evaluate the effectiveness of firearm regulations in curbing the number of homicides and suicides committed both with and without firearms. We develop a gun control index that enables us to compare the restrictiveness of firearm regulations across time and space. We model the effects of gun control on figures of (gun) homicide and (gun) suicide gained from public health records in 16 West European countries between 1980 and 2010. We thus shift the analytical focus away from the United States, which can be considered an extreme case in many ways and analyze the effects of gun control in a least likely setting: a world region in which gun control is comparably strict to begin with. Our analysis demonstrates that stricter gun control entails a strong and robust negative effect not only on homicides and suicides committed with firearms, but also on overall homicide and suicide rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Victoria Cross, Britain's highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy, is commonly believed to be cast from the bronze of Russian cannon captured at Sebastopol during the Crimean War. There is no corroboration for this belief beyond an entry in The Times in 1857. Historical sources suggest that neither the Queen nor her Prime Minister would have favoured an association of the medal with Sebastopol. From 1914, however, it is likely that many Victoria Crosses were indeed sourced from captured ordnance, but probably using Chinese guns. Some may even have been cast from entirely unprovenanced metal. Recent examination of VCs and putative sources of their metal by X-ray fluorescence suggest multiple sources of material, presenting medals variously of bronze, brass and copper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gun violence remains a significant public health problem that is both understudied and underfunded, and plagued by inadequate or inaccessible data sources. Over the years, numerous trauma centers have attempted to use local registries to study single-institutional trends, however, this approach limits generalizability to our national epidemic. In fact, even easily accessible, health-centered data from the CDC lack national relevance because they are limited to those enrolled states only. We sought to examine how publicly available law enforcement data from all 50 states might complement our understanding of circumstances and demographics surrounding national firearm death and help forge the first step in partnering law enforcement with trauma centers.Methods: All homicide that occurred in the US during a 37-year period ending in 2016 was analyzed. Primary data files were obtained from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and comprised the database. Data analyzed included homicide type, situation, circumstance, firearm type, and demographic characteristics of victims and offenders. The proportion of firearm-related homicide was stratified by year and compared over time using simple linear regression.Results: There were 485,288 incidents of firearm homicide analyzed (64% of 752,935 total homicides). Most victims were male (85%), black (53%), and a mean age of 33 years; offenders were predominantly male (67%), black (39%), and a mean age of 30 years. Fifty-four percent of all homicide involved a single victim and single offender, followed by a single victim and unknown offender(s) (31%); 4% of firearm homicide had multiple victims. Overall, handguns, shotguns, and rifles accounted for 76%, 7%, and 5% of all firearm homicide, respectively; 11% had no firearm type listed and <1% were other gun or unknown. Linear regression analysis identified a significant increase in the proportion of firearm-related homicide from 61% in 1980 to 71% in 2016 (β = 0.25; p < 0.0001).Conclusions: Gun violence represents an ongoing public health concern, with the proportion of firearm homicide steadily and significantly increasing from 1980 to 2016. Homicide data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation can serve to supplement trauma registry data by helping to define gun violence patterns. However, stronger partnerships between local law enforcement agencies and trauma centers are necessary to better characterize firearm type and resultant injury patterns, direct prevention efforts and firearm policy, and reduce gun-related deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research has established that women involved in criminal social networks and streetlife subculture tend to have high levels of personal victimization. Despite high levels of risk, and an apparent wide availability, these women typical neither carry nor use firearms, specifically handguns. Drawing upon interviews with 31 criminally involved women, this paper explores these women's victimization experiences and their experiences with, and attitudes towards, firearms, especially handguns. Overall, we find that many norms held by women towards firearms in mainstream culture are shared by their peers involved in streetlife subculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the bombardment of the Constantinople Theodosian Walls by the great cannon of Orban is numerically reproduced deploying Structural Mechanics. Overall gun dimensions were assessed based on historical reports, whereby, the gunpowder charge p was estimated at 177 kg, and the gun was placed at 500 m from the Inner Walls. Gun ballistics and effect on target have been evaluated analytically. The analysis has verified Orban’s gun muzzle velocity, cannonball trajectory and its effect on Constantinople Walls by successfully calculating the length of the breach in the wall, referred in historical reports, as well as the cannon ball penetration into soil. The evaluated sound pressure level inside Constantinople, produced by the bombard, confirmed the tremendous psychological effect of the cannon’s blast on the City’s population. A numerical effort was made to assess the combined effect of powder chamber internal pressure with associate temperature produced by powder ignition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study characterizes the current firearm-related anticipatory guidance practices of pediatricians-in-training and the factors affecting those practices. In this study of Pediatric residents in the Mid-Atlantic region, surveys were distributed to 189 trainees at three hospitals. Eighty-one responses were collected between June 2017 and March 2018. The survey gathered information about the residents' values related to firearms, firearm-specific counseling practices, barriers to providing counseling, and educational needs related to firearms. The residents surveyed overwhelmingly agreed (96%) that physicians have a responsibility to counsel patients on the risks posed by firearms. However, most (63%) never provide firearm-related counseling or do so in only 1-5% of well-child visits. Their unfamiliarity with safe storage devices contributes to a lack of comfort providing counseling. For pediatricians to provide potentially lifesaving counseling on firearm safety, they must be well-versed in the subject and feel comfortable and confident in doing so. Educational interventions addressing physician self-efficacy are necessary to accomplish this. There is an urgent need to develop a comprehensive firearm safety education program for physicians and trainees to improve firearm counseling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the activities of Thomas Green, a London gunmaker, and the prejudice against Catholics during his time. Green, who was accused of being a popish recusant, had his firearms seized and faced a warrant for his arrest. The article also mentions the discovery of evidence related to arms seized in Bath during the 1715 Jacobite rising, which were engraved with Green's name. It is suggested that Green, as a gunmaker to the Ordnance, may have produced civilian firearms like the one found in Bath, but this does not make him a participant in the Jacobite rising. Green's petition to the King in 1722 was granted, and the firearms seized from his shop were returned due to a lack of evidence. [Extracted from the article]

Firth's were the first of the Sheffield steel makers to enter the field armaments. Their involvement with Colt has been outlined in an article in the journal of the Colt Collectors Association in America and their activities as steelmakers to the small-arms industries has been covered in a previous issue of this Journal. This article gives a brief overview of their involvement as manufacturers in the field of heavy armaments, being the first to make all-steel guns and their evolving role in the use of steel for ordnance, culminating in the displacement of wrought iron by the adoption of steel for ordnance manufacture by the Royal Gun Factory in the 1880s. It also highlights their development of stainless steel in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the ongoing debate over tighter firearm regulations, this paper considers the relationship between gun prevalence and suicide. I exploit a reform in Switzerland that reduced the prevalence of military-issued guns in private households. In Switzerland, military service is compulsory for men, and military-issued guns account for nearly half of the total number of firearms available. The results show that the firearm suicide rate decreases by 9% for a reduction in gun prevalence of 1000 guns per 100,000 inhabitants. The elasticity of gun suicides with respect to firearm prevalence is +0.48, but converges towards zero for low levels of gun prevalence. The overall suicide rate is negatively and significantly related to firearm prevalence, which indicates that non-gun methods of suicide are not perfect replacements for firearms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little attention has been paid by historians to the production of firearms in the Tower of London in the fifteenth century before the reign of Henry VII. This is due to the lack of surviving records for the office of the ordnance prior to the 1490s. The discovery of the earliest surviving set of accounts by a Master of the Ordnance based at the Tower, however, means that it is now possible to examine the manufacture and refurbishment of guns at the Tower in the early 1470s. This evidence demonstrates that Edward IV was responsible for the re-establishment of the Tower as the principle facility for the production and storage of firearms in England, which laid important foundations that his Tudor successors built upon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the result of my attempts to dialogue with gun advocates beginning with blogs about gun control forPsychology Today Onlinein 2012, after the Aurora shootings. A review of American history and popular culture in film provides insights into why so many Americans distrust national government, why there is so much fear of “the other,” why there is so much anger, and why Americans are so obsessed with guns. The Revolutionary War and the Civil War created an inherent suspicion of government that still persists, and the country evolved an ongoing fear of the other beginning with Native Americans and slavery, which has continued with fear of the Mafia after WWI, fear of communists after WWII, fear of Muslims after 9/11, and fear of “illegal aliens” after the most recent recession. American film developed while the country was still fighting Native Americans. The industry was influenced by war documentaries and strains to maintain audiences with ever-increasing violence and special effects. Creating a dialogue with gun advocates requires maintaining clear boundaries and constant awareness of historical and cultural fears, myth, repression, splitting, and narcissism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article explored the marine archaeological survey of a European shipwreck that was discovered off the coast of Carmel, Israel carrying Venetian ordnance. The shipwreck site is described as well as the artefacts that were found on the site including Megadim ordnances, wooden gun carriage, and rigging elements. Also discussed are the dating of the wreck-site and artefacts which appear to be from the late 16th to early 17th century.

The recoil from an electromagnetic (EM) railgun is discussed and compared with that from conventional, propellant gas driven cannon. It is shown that, under similar launch conditions, the recoil of the EM gun is less than that of the powder gun; however, use of a muzzle brake on a powder gun can alter this relative behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior studies of the guns-versus-butter trade-off have focused on total military expenditures and subcomponents of welfare spending (education, health, and housing). I extend the analysis to include the major subcomponents of the defense budget. The results are consistent with Clayton's; Domke, Eichenberg, and Kelleher's; and Russett's findings of a lack of defense-welfare trade-off in the 1 94 7-80 era but reveal very specific trade-offs during the Reagan years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the effective use of machine guns. It is stated that the use of machines guns began in land operation during the Russo-Japanese War. In Manchuria, the Russians brought up machine guns to augment the defense of a position bringing up the issue of the mobility of the guns. The author shares that the movement of machine guns under fire in 1904 required reduction in the weight of the gun and improvement in the mounting of the gun to facilitate concealment.

Background: Although gun violence has been identified as a major public health concern, the scope and significance of internet gun advertising is not known.Objective: This study aimed to quantify the characteristics of gun advertising on social media and to compare the reach of posts by manufacturers with those of influencers.Methods: Using a systematic search, we created a database of recent and popular Twitter and YouTube posts made public by major firearm manufacturers and influencers. From our sample of social media posts, we reviewed the content of the posts on the basis of 19 different characteristics, such as type of gun, presence of women, and military or police references. Our content analysis summarized statistical differences in the information conveyed in posts to compare advertising approaches across social media platforms.Results: Sample posts revealed that firearm manufacturers use social media to attract audiences to websites that sell firearms: 14.1% (131/928; ±2.9) of Twitter posts, 53.6% (228/425; ±6.2) of YouTube videos, and 89.5% (214/239; ±5.1) of YouTube influencer videos link to websites that facilitate sales. Advertisements included women in efforts to market handguns and pistols for the purpose of protection: videos with women included protection themes 2.5 times more often than videos without women. Top manufacturers of domestic firearms received 98 million channel views, compared with 6.1 billion channel views received by the top 12 YouTube influencers.Conclusions: Firearm companies use social media as an advertising platform to connect viewers to websites that sell guns. Gun manufacturers appropriate YouTube servers, video streaming services, and the work of YouTube influencers to reach large audiences to promote the widespread sale of consumer firearms. YouTube and Twitter subsidize gun advertising by offering server and streaming services at no cost to gun manufacturers, to the commercial benefit of Google and Twitter's corporate ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]