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In the operational conduct of a company, especially those relating to the storage of materials and goods in warehouses, the occupational health and safety OHS) aspects are critical factors that cannot be neglected. Fire was one of the consequences of a non-standard OHS application. The purpose of this research was to provide a proposal for the design of fire protection systems in the Archives and Documents Company, which are light fire extinguishers, sprinkler systems, hydrants, and reservoirs. This research method is observational-descriptive. In conceptual planning, layout, and coordination with the company, the researchers directly perform observations on the PT Archives and Documents to analyze and identify the deficiencies of fire protection equipment owned by the associated companies. ADC requires a total of 9 light fire extinguishers, 192 sprinkler points, 6 hydrants, and a reservoir size of 343,000 liters as a fire protection system according to the National Fire Protection Association standards (NFPA). All buildings that are occupied by humans and have a risk of fire must be equipped with fire protection. for future research in the field of fire safety research to design an emergency response plan for a building by simulating it with advanced technology. By implementing the proposed fire protection, the Company can prevent fire and spread of fire more widely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functional layout of fire safety equipment in technical spaces of ships is a time-consuming process. When designing a ship fire protection system, the designer must manually position each system component in such a way as to meet the requirements of regulations arising from the technical specification, various legal regulations of maritime conventions and classification societies of the vessel to be designed. Layout of fire hydrants assisted by a computer that is based on pre-defined criteria and various constraints could significantly support the designer in working easier and faster. This paper presents a prototype computer-aided design system that enables optimal placement of fire hydrants using the metaheuristic Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. This algorithm was used in Rhinoceros 3D software with its Grasshopper plugin for visualizing the arrangement of fire safety equipment. Various solution arrangements compared with the fire hydrant placement in real ships are illustrated by a case study. Demonstrating how design work can be facilitated and what potential benefits can be achieved are presented as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities is the property of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fire safety is one of the major concerns in the public transport and thus passenger trains in the UK seek continuous improvement in passenger safety and comfort. In order to combat fire, there is a legal requirement in most countries across the global to install a fire suppression system within passenger railroad cars. In the event of fire, the thermal sensors trigger high pressure flow of hydrant through nozzles into the railroad car, thus supressing the fire. The efficient design of fire suppression system is highly dependent on the operational parameters of the system. The published literature, although abundant in investigating the flow characteristics through nozzles, severely lacks in conjugating this with fire suppression. Thus, in the present study, extensive parametric investigations have been carried out on the operational and design parameters of a conventional fire suppression system using an integrated approach i.e., hydrant flow and combustion. Advanced numerical techniques have been employed to evaluate the hydrodynamic characteristics of the fire suppression system based on the size of droplets of the hydrant from exiting the nozzles and the flow rate of the hydrant. The effects of these parameters on the temperature and the concentration of soot particles within the passenger railroad car have been evaluated. The results show that smaller sized hydrant droplets (250um) are more effective in supressing the fire in enclosures compared to larger droplets (750um), while higher flow rates tend to supress the fire more efficiently. It is envisaged that the results obtained in the present study will help in developing more efficient fire suppression systems for passenger railroad cars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tunnel Construction / Suidao Jianshe (Zhong-Yingwen Ban) is the property of Tunnel Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hydrant water supply is one of the most common water sources used by the fire fighters at fire scenes. The severe earthquakes in history were often accompanied by fires immediately. However, the fire departments were often stuck in the trouble of lacking water sources by the damage of water pipelines which worsened the fire-relieving work. Through the design of questionnaire, we have got some results of the actual preparations and integrations of fire departments. The results indicate that, over 80% of interviewees approve the establishment of 12 diversified fire water sources which combine natural water sources and artificial water sources; 87.7% of interviewees agree with the establishment and installation of fire-control water supply system especially belongs to the fire departments; About mastering the hydrant instantly supplying water state, 57.5% of interviewees choose the item of water at scene. About the reason of disapproving the fire water source should be listed on the management and checking options, most of interviewees agree that fire departments do not have the rights of water management. The most frequently chosen reason that the natural water sources from rivers within the jurisdiction are not listed on the regulation and checking options is that personnel are not easy to access the water source. In addition, the solution to the problem of the insufficient hydrants in some areas is to investigate in advance as priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects on the role of fire protection in distribution of safe drinking water. It highlights the need of inspection of fire hydrants in cold weather, and mentions that a pump with suction hose is used to prove that there is no water in the barrel of the hydrant. It states that hydrants set have standard steamer nozzles.

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a research work which analysed the status of fire precaution systems in hotels in Spain. Our field research involved visits to a total of 146 hotels during 2004. In order to examine the fire safety of these facilities we made use of the official checklist of the Spanish administrative body competent on the matter. The checklist monitors documentary and technical requirements as stated by the current fire protection regulations for buildings. As far as fire precaution systems are concerned, most of the defects detected had to do with either documentary issues (for example, absence of a technical installation project or certificates of compulsory maintenance contracts for the equipment) or technical issues, such as the absence of smoke detection and alarm devices, defective signage or difficult access to firefighting equipment (fire extinguishers and hydrants). Beach hotels present a higher safety level than city hotels. The lowest safety standards are found in isolated hotels, i.e., neither beach nor city hotels, usually in small towns or away from centres of population. Of all the hotels visited, the safety level was also higher in those subject to the regulations inspiring the checklist. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Computational framework for the assessment of the fire resilience is proposed. • Multi-layer zone model is used for evaluating hazard in a fire environment. • Recovery time of a fire-affected building is estimated using statistical correlations. • Response in an early stage of a fire is important to enhance the fire resilience. Fire resilience is a measure that quantifies functional continuity of a building damaged by a fire. Despite its numerous advantages, only a few studies have attempted to assess fire resilience. In this study, a computational framework using the multi-layer zone model was developed for assessing the fire resilience of buildings. The multi-layer zone model is an advanced form of the classical one-layer and two-layer zone models; the model divides rooms of analysis into multiple horizontal control volumes, called zones, for the governing equations of the fire induced environment behavior. This model is suitable for evaluating damage of building components in the fully developed stage of a fire with almost uniform temperature distribution inside the rooms and in the earlier stages with vertically stratified temperature distributions. This is an important feature of fire hazard evaluation because a small rise in temperature or dispersion of smoke can cause damage to certain types of building components, such as non-structural members, equipment systems, and stored items with relatively low fire resistivity. All the components should remain undamaged for the functional continuity of buildings. The framework assesses the damage ratio of a building by aggregating the building components of each zone that is calculated using vulnerability functions. Based on recent statistics on fire incidents and building refurbishment in Japan, the damage ratio is further converted to recovery cost and time required for calculating the fire resilience. Hazard mitigating functions of fire protection equipment systems, i.e., fire extinguisher, indoor fire hydrant, sprinkler system, mechanical smoke exhaust system, and fire alarm system, were incorporated in the framework considering occupants' response to a fire. As a case study, the fire resilience of a five-story office building was assessed using the Monte Carlo approach, where uncertain parameters associated with the fire source, fire protection equipment systems, occupants, and fire service were considered as variables. As a result, although a building component with relatively high fire resistivity (i.e., structural members) is a major factor influencing the cost and time required for recovery, extinguishment in the early stage of a fire was particularly important to improve the fire resilience of buildings. In this study, the damage ratios of building components were evaluated by the multi-layer zone model; the proposed framework provides an overview of the computational procedure for assessing the fire resilience of buildings, which can be a guide for the other types of fire hazard models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks in the basic and essential aspects in initiating fire protection programs in state schools for mentally retarded children in the U.S. Significantly, the emphasis would be in planning procedures in achieving assurance of the best possible program. Hydrants, automated sprinkler system, and fire extinguisher as necessary for fire protection. The author suggested ways in avoiding fire in state schools.

AWWA Library offers Opflow readers a sneak peek at new books from AWWA and other publishers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]