Search

In this paper, we extend our investigation about the generalized comaximal graph introduced in Biswas et al. (Discrete Math Algorithms Appl 11(1):1950013, 2019a). The generalized comaximal graph is defined as follows: given a finite commutative ring R, the generalized comaximal graph G(R) is an undirected graph with its vertex set comprising elements of R and two distinct vertices u, v are adjacent if and only if there exists a non-zero idempotent e ∈ R such that u R + v R = e R . In this study, we focus on identifying the rings R for which the graph G(R) exhibits planarity. Moreover, we provide a characterization of the class of ring for which G(R) is toroidal, denoted by γ (G (R)) = 1 . Furthermore, we also evaluate the energy of the graph G(R). Finally, we demonstrate that the graph G(R) is always Hamiltonian for any finite commutative ring R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let Fq be a finite field, where q is a power of a prime p such that p ≥ 5. Let α be a root of a monic polynomial of a minimal degree over Fq. In this paper, we will study elliptic curves over (Fq[α];+; *), where + is the usual addition and * represent a non-standard product law over Fq[α]. Using elliptic curves over this ring can result in a cryptographic method that is fast, simple and secure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We give a constructive sufficient condition for a matrix over a commutative ring to be von Neumann regular, and we show that it is also necessary over local rings. Specifically, we prove that a matrix A over a local commutative ring is von Neumann regular if and only if A has an invertible ρ (A) × ρ (A) -submatrix if and only if the determinantal rank ρ (A) and the McCoy rank of A coincide. We deduce consequences to (products of local) commutative rings, and we determine the number of von Neumann regular matrices over some finite rings of residue classes and group algebras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that any finite commutative ring is isomorphic to a direct product of local rings via the Chinese remainder theorem. Hence, there is a great significance to the study of character sums over local rings. Character sums over finite rings have applications that are analogous to the applications of character sums over finite fields. In particular, character sums over local rings have many applications in algebraic coding theory. In this paper, we firstly present an explicit description on additive characters and multiplicative characters over a certain local ring. Then we study Gaussian sums, hyper Eisenstein sums and Jacobi sums over a certain local ring and explore their properties. It is worth mentioning that we are the first to define Eisenstein sums and Jacobi sums over this local ring. Moreover, we present a connection between hyper Eisenstein sums over this local ring and Gaussian sums over finite fields, which allows us to give the absolute value of hyper Eisenstein sums over this local ring. As an application, several classes of codebooks with new parameters are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove a necessary condition and a sufficient condition for an n × n -matrix A with determinantal rank ρ (A) = t over an arbitrary commutative ring to be (von Neumann) strongly regular in terms of the trace of its t th compound matrix C t (A). In particular, a non-zero n × n -matrix A with ρ (A) = t over a local commutative ring R is strongly regular if and only if Tr (C t (A)) is a unit in R , and in this case we construct a strong inner inverse of A. We derive applications to products of local commutative rings and group algebras. Finally, we count strongly regular matrices over some finite rings of residue classes and group algebras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let R be a finite commutative ring with unity and x = R. We study the probability that the product of two randomly chosen elements (with replacement) of R equals x. We denote this probability by Probx(R). We determine some bounds for this probability and also obtain some characterizations of finite commutative rings based on this probability. Moreover, we determine the explicit computing formulas for Probx(R) when R = Zm × Zn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let R be a commutative ring, I an ideal of R and k ≥ 2 a fixed integer. The ideal-based k -zero-divisor hypergraph H I k (R) of R has vertex set Z I (R , k) , the set of all ideal-based k -zero-divisors of R , and for distinct elements x 1 , x 2 , ... , x k in Z I (R , k) , the set { x 1 , x 2 , ... , x k } is an edge in H I k (R) if and only if x 1 x 2 ⋯ x k ∈ I and the product of the elements of any (k − 1) -subset of { x 1 , x 2 , ... , x k } is not in I. In this paper, we show that H I 3 (R) is connected with diameter at most 4 provided that x 2 ∉ I for all ideal-based 3-zero-divisor hypergraphs. Moreover, we find the chromatic number of H I k (R) when R is a product of finite fields. Finally, we find some necessary conditions for a finite ring R and a nonzero ideal I of R to have H I 3 (R) planar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By modifying the existing definition of a compressed zero-divisor graph Γ E (K) , we define a compressed zero-divisor graph Θ (K) of a finite commutative unital ring K , where the compression is performed by means of the associatedness relation (a refinement of the relation used in the definition of Γ E (K)). We prove that this is the best possible compression which induces a functor Θ , and that this functor preserves categorial products (in both directions). We use the structure of Θ (K) to characterize important classes of finite commutative unital rings, such as local rings and principal ideal rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let (A, M) be any finite local (nonzero commutative unital) ring. Then the set of A-algebra isomorphism classes represented by (equivalently, consisting of) rings B such that A ⊂ B is a decomposed (minimal ring) extension is in one-to-one correspondence with the collection of sets { I 1 , I 2 } of ideals I 1 and I 2 of A such that M = I 1 ⊕ I 2 (internal direct sum), with any such { I 1 , I 2 } corresponding to the class represented by the ring B = A / I 1 × A / I 2. If A is not a field, then the (finite) set of A-algebra isomorphism classes represented by (equivalently, consisting of) rings B such that A ⊂ B is a ramified (minimal ring) extension has cardinality at least 2; known examples show that this bound cannot be improved. If X denotes an indeterminate over the field F 4 , then R : = F 2 + X F 4 [ X ] / (X 2) is of minimal cardinality in the class of finite local rings A such that A is not a field and the A-algebra isomorphism classes represented by a ramified extension of A constitute fewer than half of the (finitely many) A-algebra isomorphism classes represented by a minimal ring extension of A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The equivalence class[r]o f an element r ∈ R is the set of zero-divisors s such that ann(r) = ann(s), that is, [r] = {s ∈ R : ann(r) = ann(s). The compressed zero-divisor graph, denoted by Γc(R), is the compression of a zero-divisor graph, in which the vertex set is the set of all equivalence classes of nonzero zero-divisors of a ring R, that is, the vertex set of Γc(R) is Re-{[0],[1]}, where Re={[r] :r∈R} and two distinct equivalence classes [r] and [s] are adjacent if and only if rs = 0. In this article, we investigate the planarity of Γc(R) for some finite local rings of order p²,p³ and determine the planarity of compressed zero-divisor graph of some local rings of order 32, whose zero-divisor graph is nonplanar. Further, we determine values of m and n for which Γc(Zn)and Γc(Zn[x]/(xm)) are planar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let A be a finite local (commutative unital) ring. If A is not a field, there exists a positive integer N such that | B | ≤ N for each ring B such that A ⊂ B is an inert (minimal ring) extension. It follows that A is a (finite) field ⇔ the inert extensions of A form infinitely many (equivalently, denumerably many) A-algebra isomorphism classes ⇔ the minimal ring extensions of A form infinitely many (equivalently, denumerably many) A-algebra isomorphism classes ⇔ there exists a minimal ring extension A ⊂ B such that B is a flat A-module ⇔ there exists a minimal ring extension A ⊂ B such that B is a local ring and A ⊂ B is a Galois ring extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The zero-divisor graph of a finite commutative ring with unity is the graph whose vertex set is the set of zero-divisors in the ring, with a and b adjacent if a b = 0. We show that the class of zero-divisor graphs is universal, in the sense that every finite graph is isomorphic to an induced subgraph of a zero-divisor graph. This remains true for various restricted classes of rings, including boolean rings, products of fields, and local rings. But in more restricted classes, the zero-divisor graphs do not form a universal family. For example, the zero-divisor graph of a local ring whose maximal ideal is principal is a threshold graph; and every threshold graph is embeddable in the zero-divisor graph of such a ring. More generally, we give necessary and sufficient conditions on a non-local ring for which its zero-divisor graph to be a threshold graph. In addition, we show that there is a countable local ring whose zero-divisor graph embeds the Rado graph , and hence every finite or countable graph, as induced subgraph. Finally, we consider embeddings in related graphs such as the 2-dimensional dot product graph. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let $$R$$ be a commutative chain ring. We use a variation of Gröbner bases to study the lattice of ideals of $$R[x]$$ . Let $$I$$ be a proper ideal of $$R[x]$$ . We are interested in the following two questions: When is $$R[x]/I$$ Frobenius? When is $$R[x]/I$$ Frobenius and local? We develop algorithms for answering both questions. When the nilpotency of $$\text {rad}\,R$$ is small, the algorithms provide explicit answers to the questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let R be a commutative ring with identity. The nilpotent graph of R, denoted by ΓN(R), is a graph with vertex set , and two vertices x and y are adjacent if and only if xy is nilpotent, where is nilpotent, for some y ∈ R*}. In this paper, we determine all isomorphism classes of finite commutative rings with identity whose ΓN(R) has genus one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]