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We examine whether initial loan sales in the secondary loan market relate to borrowing firms’ accounting conservatism. We find that borrowing firms exhibit a significant decline in accounting conservatism after the initial loan sales. We show that the decline in borrower conservatism is more pronounced for firms borrowing from lenders with lower monitoring incentive and for firms with lower incentive to supply conservatism. The baseline results are robust to a battery of sensitivity tests. Collectively, we provide corroborative evidence that lead lenders’ monitoring incentive is a mechanism through which accounting conservatism is enforced in the private debt market, and that lead lenders play a more prominent role than secondary loan market participants in shaping corporate (conservative) reporting.

Exploiting staggered interstate banking deregulation as exogenous shocks to bank geographic expansion, we examine the causal effect of geographic diversification on systemic risk. Using the gravity-deregulation approach, we find that bank geographic diversification leads to higher systemic risk measured by the change in conditional value at risk ($\Delta$CoVaR) and financial integration (Logistic($R^{2}))$. Furthermore, we document that geographic diversification affects systemic risk via its impact on asset similarity. The impact of geographic diversification on systemic risk is stronger in BHCs located in states comoving less with the U.S. aggregate economy.

By integrating staggered interstate banking deregulation into a gravity model following Goetz, Laeven, and Levine (2013), (2016), we construct a time-varying, bank-specific instrument for geographic diversification and investigate its causal effect on corporate innovation via the lending channel. We find that bank geographic diversification spurs corporate innovation and enhances the economic value of innovation. We identify relaxing debt covenants and alleviating borrowers’ financial constraints as the two underlying mechanisms explaining the documented effects. Moreover, by offering lenient covenants, geographically diversified banks provide greater financial and operational flexibility to borrowing firms, enabling them to engage in future mergers and acquisitions.

We examine shareholder litigation and the price and nonprice terms of bank loan contracts. After filing a lawsuit, defendant firms pay higher loan spreads and up-front charges, experience more financial covenants, and are more likely to have a collateral requirement. These findings are consistent with reputational losses associated with shareholder litigation. The magnitude of a firm’s lost market value when the lawsuit is filed is positively related to the increase in the firm’s future borrowing costs. We investigate whether the lawsuit allegations and its merit affect future bank loan terms. Our results do not appear to be affected by self-selection.

We examine how CEO turnover and changes in information uncertainty affect the price and non-price terms of bank loan contracts. Firms face worsened loan terms following the departure of a CEO. Interestingly, the negative effect that CEO departures have on loan terms largely stems from forced CEO turnovers. Following forced CEO departures, firms pay higher loan spreads, see an increase in covenants, and are more likely to be subject to collateral requirements, when compared to voluntary turnover and non-turnover matched firms. We find that changes in information uncertainty helps to explain the observed worsened terms following these dismissals. Furthermore, a superior capital market information environment helps to mitigate the adverse effect of the forced departure on bank loan terms and weakens the channel effect of accounting information quality. Our results are robust to a number of controls for endogeneity and outline the importance of public information for bank loan contracting.

In this study, we investigate the relationship between various dimensions of diversification and the cost of debt for publicly traded bank holding companies (BHCs). We find that both domestic geographic diversification of deposits and diversification of assets lead to a lower bond yield-spread. Diversification of non-traditional banking activities leads to a lower cost of debt only when yield-spread and diversification are estimated simultaneously. In addition, we find that medium-sized BHCs experience a greater reduction in bond yield-spread than small-sized and large-sized BHCs. This is consistent with the too-big-to-fail (TBTF) effects in the banking industry. Furthermore, we document that the association between diversification and yield-spread is bidirectional with higher yield-spreads being associated with greater asset and activity diversification and lower geographic deposit dispersion. The effect of diversification on bond yield-spread is robust after accounting for cross-sectional and serial correlation, and the endogeneity of diversification.

We use the geographically-constrained holdings of single-state municipal-bond mutual funds in order to compare the performance of local and non-local mutual fund managers. In general, we find that local managers display worse performance and significantly different risk profiles than non-local fund managers. Despite their lower returns overall, locally-managed muni bond funds display a relative advantage in markets that are financially illiquid, spatially compact, and with more population. Overall, locally-managed muni bond funds may survive in a competitive market for investment management because they provide a product that is relatively low-cost, more financially stable, and with distinct benefits in certain regional markets.