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In today's business environment, companies cannot operate without an efficient supply offinancial resources. Financial assets are the lifeblood of all organizations. Accounting and finance as separate departments are at the center of every company and are responsible for ensuring efficient financial management and financial controls necessary to support the realization of business activities.The accounting andfinance departments is at the centre of any organization and is responsible for ensuring the efficient financial management andfinancial controls necessary to support all business activities. For companies to achieve financial success, it's important for them to have a financial strategy with thorough oversight for the entire company. The finance department oversees income and expenses throughout a company to ensure that it can sustain its operations and invest in expansion. Running a company requires effective management of resources. Finances, human, industry knowledge, and infrastructure are the resources required for running a business. Financial resources are the most important for starting and running a business. The finance function refers to practices and activities directed to manage business finances. The functions are oriented toward acquiring and managing financial resources to generate profit. The financial resources and information optimized by these functions contribute to the productivity of other business functions, planning, and decision-making activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This article surveys the evolution of commercial finance in Ming-Qing China and responds to the debates about the role of finance in the “Great Divergence” between China and Europe. Methodology: Based on new historical materials, especially commercial documents, we study the evolution of financial organizations at different levels as delineated by Fernand Braudel. We also analyze the long-run trends of commercial interest rates in the Ming-Qing eras based on a novel historical database of interest rates in China. Originality: This article explores capital market developments since the 16th century and their relationship with the state —a topic that has been almost entirely neglected in the existing literature. We also find improvements in market integration in China before the late 19th century when Western financial institutions began to enter China, and the prime commercial interest rate in the capital market was much lower than the dominant accounts in the “Great Divergence” debate. Conclusions: While current comparative studies either emphasize the financial stagnation of Ming-Qing China relative to the West or emphasize its special development through non-market mechanisms, e.g., clans, this article shows that the capital market played a similar key role in the evolution of finance in Ming-Qing China as it did in advanced parts of Europe. Thus, we suggest that the difference in financial development between China and the West lies in the organizational structure of the financial sector and the relationship between finance and the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ayer: Revista de Historia Contemporánea is the property of Asociacion de Historia Contemporanea and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper analyses development and drivers of accelerated growth of peer-to-peer (P2P) lending in Lithuania and its impact on the consumer credit market with a focus on related sustainability issues. Legislative discrepancies between the P2P and banking segments are analysed and their role in predetermining the different development trends within the segments is highlighted. The research is composed of several steps, where each step analyses a certain problem with the aim to compare the processes in both segments, and is using two different approaches based on macroeconomic data and legislative environment analysis. The applied setup of the research allows for distinguishing and quantitative evaluation of the impact on the segments caused by various internal and external factors, such as macroeconomics, technological advantages of P2P platforms, and discrepancies within business regulation. The obtained results could fill in the scientific literature gaps by providing quantitative evidence of the influence the analysed internal and external drivers have on the growth rate of the consumer credit market segments in Lithuania and how this could affect the performance of the whole market, including its sustainability. Conclusions made could be of interest to researchers and practitioners in other countries too, especially those which have similar legislation and regulations within the consumer credit market. Methods used: a scientific literature analysis and generalisation, comparative analysis, statistical data analysis, correlation–regression analysis, mathematical modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A promising field of housing finance innovation is digital approaches to assessing the creditworthiness of low-income borrowers, based on the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence to 'alternative' customer data. These reduce the risk of lending to underserved customers, many of whom work in the informal sector and lack formal credit histories. This article introduces and explores the emerging application of digital credit scoring technologies to affordable housing in India, through the practitioner lens of Syntellect - a Mumbai-based fintech firm - and their investor Reall, an innovator in climate-smart affordable housing. Syntellect has developed proprietary software called RightProfile - a unique customer profiler that caters to the unbanked, new to banking, and new to credit segment with a focus on informal micro-entrepreneurs. The article shares Syntellect and Reall's experience to date, situating these within broader affordable housing trends and reflecting on the transferability of RightProfile outside India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Fatec Zona Sul (REFAS) is the property of Revista Fatec Zona Sul (REFAS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since multiple-borrowing often leads to over-indebtedness, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issued new directives to Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) including restrictions against lending to borrowers having two or more outstanding loans. We argue that such conditions will push productive borrowers to exit the market. We examine whether potential errants can be flagged from available borrower information collected by a Credit Information Company (CIC). We find that borrowers with higher counts of active loans are more likely to furnish different ID cards for taking loans and also take multiple loans on the same ID card. We, therefore, recommend the gradual softening of RBI's curbs and suggest incentivizing MFIs to train errant borrowers to better manage their finances before loan disbursal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The financial crisis of 2008-09 intensified interest in how relationships within the financial system can amplify and transmit shocks. At a basic level, firms took advantage of rising real estate [...]

This paper establishes empirically the existence of specialization in private-market corporate lending, adding a new dimension to the public versus private debt distinctions now common in the literature. Comparing corporate loans made by banks and by finance companies, we find that the two types of intermediaries are equally likely to finance information-problematic firms. However, finance companies tend to serve observably riskier borrowers, particularly more leveraged borrowers. Evidence supports both regulatory and reputation-based explanations for this specialization. In passing, we shed light on various theories of debt contracting and intermediation and present facts about finance companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that growth opportunities which cannot be converted to cash under conditions of financial distress (Gz) are a critical determinant of an intermediary's choice of risk. Financial institutions in which Gz is a low proportion of total assets will be much more likely to engage in go-for-broke behavior. The model leads to a reevaluation of the effectiveness of several traditional remedies for dealing with banks that take excessive risks such as raising insurance premiums, intervening before capital is depleted, and restricting investment options. The model also has implications about a new approach to the examination of financial intermediaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For most companies, before their business and financial activities become stable and relatively predictable, traditional funding sources are expensive and difficult to obtain. Adverse conditions in the capital markets represent an almost insurmountable obstacle to finance the company through the issuance of debt and equity securities as the case of companies which are not quoted on the stock exchange. Lack of understanding for entrepreneurs by standard lender creates a bottleneck to business ideas into reality. The aim of this paper is to awake interest in the business financing venture capital funds, which is an alternative for traditional forms of inancing. Risk capital is the capital that comes from specialized funds with a strategy of investing in innovative small and medium-sized businesses that have high growth potential. Although funds are primarily driven by the idea to make a large profit, it may be noted that almost every investment fund contributed to the development of individual sectors or the economy as a whole. A number of countries invested efforts to promote the activities of venture capital, innovation and entrepreneurship and thus counteract the recession carried by the global economic crisis. Venture capital in the United States over the years proved to be a significant driver of economic development. The European Union has recognized its importance and may in the future expect dynamic growth of venture capital in the entire territory of Europe. Unenviable economic situation, a series of administrative problems and high tariffs quoted Serbia as the fifth country among the former states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the attractiveness of venture capital, leaving behind only Montenegro. This paper will analyze indicators of economic activity of the country, taxation, entrepreneurial culture, depth of a capital market, the social environment and the protection of investors, who make the business environment more attractive for venture capital investors. Key factors will present alarming situation in Serbia to the carriers of economic policy.

We suggest new tools for financing small business newcomers that struggle to overcome bank's unwillingness to finance their operations and clients fear that suppliers may choose willful litigation by breaching the contract. We suggest a commitment mechanism based on a commitment to a bank that makes the newcomer supplier's obligations reliable. We show how the purchase contracts and obligations to banks can be priced, and how the commitment mechanism may provide the banks new tools to spread the risk of newcomers' bankruptcy by selling the obligations as binary options in an options market or by securitization of the purchase contracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]